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26-584: The official names of towns in Val d'Aran are in Occitan; for example, the municipality of Vielha is known by its Occitan name on maps and road signs, rather than its Catalan/Spanish name, Viella . The Aran Valley is the only territory in the language domain of Occitania where Occitan has official recognition and institutional protection. According to Law 35/2010 passed by the Parliament of Catalonia, Occitan

52-455: A hiatus. Since the Val d'Aran is located within Spanish and Catalan territory, Aranese is subject to certain influences from Spanish and Catalan. As such, Aranese has adopted several neologisms from them: Spanish and Catalan have also created deformations of words such as abans > abantes or dempús > despuès . Some Hispanicisms are directly adopted into Aranese: hasta . Aranese

78-631: Is also the initiator of the classical standard of Occitan, adopted by the Institute of Occitan Studies (IEO) in 1945. Alibert was born in Bram in the Aude , in Lauragais , on 12 October 1884, to a family of peasants who spoke Occitan . He completed his studies in pharmacy, philology and history. He graduated from méridional and history studies. Postponed in 1905 and 1906, Alibert was incorporated into

104-457: Is considered an official language not only in Val d'Aran, but in all of Catalonia, and is given precedence in the territory where it is spoken (Val d'Aran). Article 3.4 of Catalonia's 1979 Statute of Autonomy establishes that the "Aranese language will be the object of education and of special respect and protection." Subsequently, Law 7/1983, on linguistic normalization, declares Aranese the language of Aran, proclaims certain linguistic rights of

130-582: Is regulated under classic unifying standards of Occitan, defined initially by Loís Alibèrt . These standards of the Conselh de la Lenga Occitana (Occitan Language Council) have officially been recognized by the Conselh Generau d'Aran (General Council of Aran) since 1999. In practice, several details standards diverge due to the popular or preferred usage of Aranese, in relation to other Gascon varieties. For instance: The Institut d'Estudis Aranesi

156-636: Is situated in the valley of the Garonne ( Garona ). The Noguera Ribagorçana has its source on the territory of the municipality, on the opposite side of the watershed . The ajuntament (town hall) is in Vielha, spelled Vielha in Occitan and Viella in Catalan and Spanish , which is also the capital of Aran and also the seat of the Conselh Generau d'Aran . The municipality is linked to France and to

182-589: Is the language of this territory and is official in Catalonia, in accordance with the provisions of this Statute and the laws of linguistic normalization." In 2010, Law 35/2010 was subsequently passed, with specific provisions concerning Occitan in Catalonia reflecting the new constitutional framework. In 2011, the Spanish Government, specifically that of the Popular Party and Citizens, opposed

208-665: Is the recognized language academy by the Conselh Generau d'Aran. A reference on usage and conjugation of Aranese verbs entitled Es Vèrbs conjugadi : morfologia verbau aranesa was written by Verònica Barés Moga and published in 2003. A descriptive and normative reference grammar book, written in Aranese by Aitor Carrera , was published in March 2007. It includes a detailed breakdown of phonological and grammatical differences between varieties of Aranese in different villages in

234-493: The 81st Infantry Regiment in 1907. He made his classes in availability on July 11, 1908, then was placed in reserve on October 1, 1908, until his recall to the flag at the beginning. of August 1914. He carried out his first period of exercises from August 17, 1910, to September 13, 1913, in the 113th Infantry Regiment and the second in the 148th Infantry Regiment. Alibert took part in the First World War , during which he

260-513: The Aranese and directs public service to guarantee its usage and teaching. Aranese is taught on all levels of compulsory education and has been the medium of instruction in the Aran Valley since 1984. A certain degree of autonomy was granted to the Aran Valley in 1990. Law 16/1990, concerning the special regime of the Val d'Aran, grants to the Valley an administrative autonomy. This law affirms

286-580: The Office of Southern Relations of the Generalitat of Catalonia published in Barcelona his work Gramatica occitana segon los parlars lengadocians , dedicated exclusively to the speakers of Languedoc , which served as the base for the purification of the rest of the Occitan dialects. After World War II , in 1946, Alibert was convicted of Indignité nationale as a collaborator with Nazi Germany. He

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312-463: The Val d'Aran are required to have two hours each of Spanish, Catalan, and Aranese per week. At some levels of education, a foreign language is added to the three official languages —usually French due to proximity— and sometimes even two additional hours of English. General Gascon characteristics: Specific Aranese characteristics: Notes: Notes: Aranese orthography denotes where two consecutive vowels do not diphthongize, but rather form

338-584: The Vielha tunnel in 1948. The municipality is composed of thirteen distinct settlements. Populations are given as of 2001 : Lo%C3%ADs Alib%C3%A8rt Adrien Louis Marie Alibert , known as Louis Alibert ( Loís Alibèrt in Occitan ; 1884–1959) was a French linguist, born on October 12, 1884, in Bram in the Aude and died on April 16, 1959, in Montpellier. He specialized in Occitan and Languedocien . He

364-556: The indicators of the towns and the names of their streets are written in this language. Since May 2001, there is an official regulation of the General Council of Aran that promulgates the certification system of the different levels of knowledge of Occitan. In 2006, a new Statute of Autonomy was promulgated in Catalonia. Concerning Aranese, article 6.5 of the organic law establishes that "the Occitan language, called Aranese in Aran,

390-475: The language when he traveled to Val d'Aran. A detailed one-volume Catalan–Occitan and Occitan–Catalan dictionary was published under the auspices of the governments of Catalonia ( Generalitat de Catalunya ) and Val d'Aran ( Conselh Generau d'Aran ). Although it calls the language "Occitan", it uses Aranese spelling and its preface says that special attention is given to the Aranese variety. A local monthly magazine Toti and local newspapers are published partly in

416-487: The language, with those between 25 and 34 years old having the lowest rate, at around 80% (excluding those under the age of 4). Between 60 and 65% of the population can speak it; however, only 26% reported being able to write in Aranese. In 2008, the Generalitat of Catalonia surveyed the population (15 years old or older) in the Val d'Aran. The survey reported that 78.2% of the population could understand Aranese, 56.8% could speak it, 59.4% could read it, and 34.8% could write

442-573: The language. The number of people that can speak Aranese grew to the 61% of the population in 2020, according to a survey of the Public Office for the Occitan Language. Once considered to be an endangered language spoken mainly by older people, it is now experiencing a renaissance; it enjoys co-official status with Catalan and Spanish within Val d'Aran, and since 1984 has been taught bilingually alongside Spanish in schools. Students in

468-424: The language. The online newspaper Jornalet also publishes a fair deal of articles and opinions in Aranese. Vielha Vielha e Mijaran ( Occitan pronunciation: [ˈbjeʎa e miʒaˈɾan] ) is a municipality in central Aran , Catalonia , Spain. It is the capital and largest municipality of the region, with 5,581 inhabitants as of 2022. It is part of the terçons of Castièro and Marcatosa . It

494-470: The official status of Aranese, further guarantees its use and teaching, and affirms the general mandate to promote its normalization in Aran. Law 1/1998, on linguistic policy, includes specific provisions related to place names, anthroponymy , and the media. Although the localities of Catalonia have their official names in Catalan, the localities of the Aran Valley have their official names in Occitan. Thus,

520-429: The preference given to Aranese by the 2010 law, questioning the constitutionality of articles 2.3, 5.4, 5.7 and 6.5. In 2018, the constitutional court ruled that while article 2.3 was found to be constitutional, the "preferential" status given found in the other concerned articles are unconstitutional. According to a 2001 linguistic census by the Aranese government, about 90% of the inhabitants of Val d'Aran can understand

546-557: The rest of Catalonia (via the Vielha tunnel ) by the N-230 road. The C-28 (old name: C-142) road continues up the valley to Naut Aran , and on over the Port de la Bonaigua (2,072 m, 6,798 ft) to the comarca of Pallars Sobirà . This road, the higher stretches of which are impassable in winter, was the only route between the Aran valley and the rest of Spain before the opening of

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572-586: The territorial army reserve until 1925. He was appointed 1st class assistant pharmacist in 1924, and released from his military service obligations in 1932. He dedicated his career to the restoration and normalization of the modern Occitan language . He was secretary general of the Societat d'Estudis Occitans, created in Toulouse in 1930, and followed the methods of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans . In 1935,

598-410: The valley. A dictionary of Aranese was written by the Catalan linguist Joan Coromines as his doctoral thesis. A simple four-language Spanish–Aranese–Catalan–French dictionary exists, written by Frederic Vergés Bartau (see Bibliography). An Aranese-English and English–Aranese dictionary was published in 2006. It was written by Ryan Furness, a young man from Minnesota , after he became curious about

624-528: Was appointed corporal on August 10, 1914, an auxiliary pharmacist on March 1, 1916, 2nd class assistant pharmacist temporarily on October 19, 1918, in the Territorial Army. He was placed at the disposal of the health service of the 16th Army Corps on February 14, 1919, which assigned him to the complementary hospital n ° 12 in Castelnaudary . He was demobilized on June 17, 1919, but remained in

650-465: Was created in 1970 by the merger of the municipalities of Arròs e Vila, Betlan, Escunhau, Gausac, Vielha and Vilac as Viella – Mitg-Aran : some of the former municipalities retain some privileges as "decentralised municipal entities" ( entitats municipals descentralitzades , EMD), as does the village of Betren. Mijaran literally means "Middle Aran" in Aranese , as the inhabited part of the municipality

676-471: Was given a five-year prison sentence. He was freed in 1951 after the completion of his sentence. Alibert also worked toward the creation of a common literary language, a goal partially reached after the Second World War by the new Institut d'Estudis Occitans , successor to the Societat. In his later years he recompiled materials for an Occitan dictionary, destined to end with the fragmentation of

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