49-487: Awaara , also written Awāra and known overseas as The Vagabond , is a 1951 Indian crime drama film, produced and directed by Raj Kapoor , and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas . It stars Raj Kapoor along with his real-life father Prithviraj Kapoor , as well as Nargis , Leela Chitnis and K. N. Singh . Other members of the Kapoor family make an appearance, including Raj's youngest brother Shashi Kapoor , who plays
98-652: A lighter , can also be used as improvised weapons for self-defense. Verbal self-defense is defined as using words "to prevent, de-escalate , or end an attempted assault." According to Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics on Rainn, about "80 percent of juvenile victims were female and 90 percent of rape victims were adult women". In addition, women from ages 18 to 34 are highly at risk to experience sexual assault. According to historian Wendy Rouse in Her Own Hero: The Origins of Women's Self-Defense Movement , women's self-defense training emerged in
147-554: A 2009 case ruled the killing of a robber during his escape attempt to be justifiable self-defense because "the robbery was still in progress" at this time. In the United States between 2008 and 2012, approximately 1 out of every 38 gun-related deaths (which includes murders, suicides, and accidental deaths) was a justifiable killing, according to the Violence Policy Center . In Canada , self-defense, in
196-481: A Western stars poll which Roy Rogers topped for the ninth year running. United States release unless stated Self-defense Self-defense ( self-defence primarily in Commonwealth English ) is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from harm . The use of the right of self-defense as a legal justification for the use of force in times of danger
245-491: A car, he hides from the police in a mansion where he meets the same woman. Seeing the same birthday picture, Raj realises that she is his school friend Rita. He tells Rita he's a thief, but his figurative statements make her think he is a finance professional. Rita, now studying law, is a ward of Raghunath, who is suspicious when he hears that Raj doesn't know who his father is. Raj and Rita fall in love. Worrying that Rita will not accept him due to his thievery, Raj starts working at
294-402: A case and Raghunath gives her a case without a necklace, she realises that Raj is indeed a thief. Rita goes to Raj's mother and learns his life story. She decides that Raj is not bad but was forced into committing crimes by bad influences and desperate surroundings. Raj is ashamed, still believing he is no good for her, but Rita forgives him. Raj goes to Raghunath to ask if he can marry Rita, but
343-411: A factory but is fired when the manager finds out that he was a thief. Rita invites him to her birthday party. Raj goes back to Jagga for a loan so that he can buy a gift for her. Jagga mocks his attempts to reform and asks him to commit more crimes. Raj refuses but later steals a necklace from a man on the street, not knowing the man was Raghunath. At Rita's birthday, when Raj gives her a necklace without
392-415: A knife or gun situation or how to break away from a punch, while others train how to attack. To provide more practical self-defense, many modern martial arts schools now use a combination of martial arts styles and techniques and will often customize self-defense training to suit individual participants. A wide variety of weapons can be deployed for use in a defensive capacity. The most suitable depends on
441-415: A license or for certain professions. Non-injurious water-based self-defense indelible dye-marker sprays, or ID-marker or DNA-marker sprays linking a suspect to a crime scene, would in most places be legal to own and carry. Everyday objects, such as flashlights , baseball bats , newspapers , keyrings with keys, kitchen utensils and other tools , and hair spray aerosol cans in combination with
490-448: A sense of physical and personal empowerment through training in boxing and jiu-jitsu. Interest in women's self-defense paralleled subsequent waves of the women's rights movement especially with the rise of Second-wave feminism in the 1960s and 1970s and Third-wave feminism in the 1990s. Today's Empowerment Self-Defense (ESD) courses focus on teaching verbal and psychological as well as physical self-defense strategies. ESD courses explore
539-423: Is a businessman. Raj never forgets Rita, keeping her birthday picture at his home. For a bank robbery , Jagga asks Raj to steal an automobile. He snatches a woman's purse when she steps out of the car but finds no keys. He pretends to pursue the thief in order to ward off any suspicion and returns the purse to the woman, who is charmed by his personality and apparent selflessness. Later, when Raj successfully steals
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#1732797515834588-626: Is available in many jurisdictions . Physical self-defense is the use of physical force to counter an immediate threat of violence. Such force can be either armed or unarmed. In either case, the chances of success depend on various parameters, related to the severity of the threat on one hand, but also on the mental and physical preparedness of the defender. Many styles of martial arts are practiced for self-defense or include self-defense techniques. Some styles train primarily for self-defense, while other combat sports can be effectively applied for self-defense. Some martial arts train how to escape from
637-588: Is currently unknown. In the Soviet Union , Awaara was released in 1954, debuting at Indian film festivals in Moscow and Leningrad which drew about 1.5 million viewers in four days. By the end of the year, it drew an audience of about 64 million viewers in its initial run, the highest for any film in the Soviet Union at the time, until its record was surpassed by Amphibian Man in 1962. At
686-404: Is incomplete and is therefore not representative of the highest-grossing films worldwide in 1951. This list also includes gross revenue from later re-releases. The Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll was published by Quigley Publishing Company based on a poll of U.S. movie theater owners who were asked to name who they felt were the previous year's top 10 moneymaking stars. They also published
735-411: Is part of the martial arts industry in the wider sense, and many martial arts instructors also give self-defense classes. While all martial arts training can be argued to have some self-defense applications, self-defense courses are marketed explicitly as being oriented towards effectiveness and optimized towards situations as they occur in the real world. Many systems are taught commercially, tailored to
784-412: Is struck by a car. Rita collects the testimony from Leela in the hospital, and later Raj is allowed to visit her. Leela tells Raj that Raghunath is his father and asks her son to forgive him. Raj only becomes angry at Raghunath for making him and his mother suffer. Raj escapes from jail and tries to kill Raghunath for revenge but is stopped by Rita. Rita defends Raj in the trial for assault , who reveals
833-606: The Grand Prize at the Cannes Film Festival in 1953. The film is estimated to have sold over 200 million tickets overseas, including more than 100 million in China and about 100 million in the Soviet Union. Owing to its popularity in so many countries, the film is a candidate for the most successful film of all time and is considered to be one of the greatest films of all time . In 2012, Awaara
882-573: The Soviet Union , East Asia , Africa , the Caribbean , the Middle East , and Eastern Europe . In particular, the song " Awaara Hoon " ("I am a Vagabond"), sung by Mukesh with lyrics by Shailendra , became hugely popular across the Indian subcontinent , as well as in countries such as the Soviet Union, China , Bulgaria , Turkey , Afghanistan , and Romania . The film was also nominated for
931-403: The socialist themes expressed in the film. The film Awaara and the song "Awaara Hoon" are believed to have been among Chairman Mao 's favourite films and songs, respectively. Awaara was referenced in the 2000 Chinese film Platform . In 2023, Time Out ranked it #20 on its list of the "100 Best Bollywood Movies." Due to the film's remarkable success with Turkish audiences, Awaara
980-477: The Soviet box office, Awaara remained the most-viewed Indian film , the third biggest foreign hit of all time, and one of the top 20 biggest hits of all time. In terms of gross revenue , Awaara earned 29 million Rbls ( $ 7.25 million, ₹34.5 million ) in its initial run, surpassing Aan to become the highest-grossing Indian film overseas at the time. Awaara ' s 29 million руб
1029-527: The Turkish remake Avare , rather than a direct remake of the original Awaara . 1951 in film The year 1951 in film involved some significant events. The top ten 1951 released films by box office gross in the United States are as follows: The highest-grossing 1951 films in countries outside of North America. The following table lists known worldwide gross figures for several high-grossing films that originally released in 1951. Note that this list
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#17327975158341078-411: The accused has autism (R v Kagan). Second, the act that constitutes the offence is committed for the purpose of defending or protecting themselves or the other person from that use or threat of force. Third, the act that constitutes the offence must have been reasonable in the circumstances. There are a number of indicia which factor into whether the act was reasonable in the circumstances. For one,
1127-436: The accused reasonably perceived there to have been no means of escape (R v Lavalleé). Third, the accused's role in the incident may play into the reasonableness of her or his act. Consideration of the accused's role is not limited to whether he did any provocative or unlawful acts at it was under the old self-defense provisions (R v Khill). Fourth, the nature and proportionality of the accused's response will factor into whether it
1176-419: The child is his. Leela gives birth to Raj on the streets, and they both live in poverty. Raj befriends Rita in school. He is removed from the school rolls while trying to maintain a job as a shoeshiner , and Rita moves to another city. Jagga convinces Raj to steal in order to save his starving mother. Raj grows up into a skilled criminal, going in and out of jail, and works for Jagga's gang. Leela thinks that he
1225-470: The context of criminal law, is a statutory defense that provides a full defense to the commission of a criminal act. It operates as a justification, the successful application of which means that owing to the circumstances in which the act was produced, it is not morally blameworthy. There are three elements an accused must demonstrate to successfully raise self-defense. First, the accused must demonstrate that she or he believed on reasonable grounds that force
1274-408: The cyclical nature of violence in a way allows them to foresee when harm is coming. Second, it's relevant whether there was a reasonable avenue of escape available to the accused. Under the old self-defense provision, there was a requirement for the accused to have believed on reasonable grounds that there was no alternative course] of action open to him at the time, so that he reasonably thought that he
1323-445: The defense that there were no other legal means of responding available. In other words, there may be an obligation to do retreat where there is an option to do so (R v Cain). However, there is an exception to the obligation to retreat which is there is no requirement to flee from your own home to escape an assault to raise self-defense (R v Forde). Moreover, evidence of the accused suffering from battered women's syndrome may evince that
1372-494: The early twentieth century in the United States and the United Kingdom paralleling the women's rights and suffrage movement. These early feminists sought to raise awareness about the sexual harassment and violence that women faced on the street, at work, and in the home. They challenged the notion that men were their "natural protectors" noting that men were often the perpetrators of violence against women . Women discovered
1421-455: The end, Raj is spared execution but sentenced to three years in prison for his crime. He promises that after getting released, he will reform himself for Rita, who promises to wait for him. The music for this film was composed by Shankar Jaikishan while the songs were written by Shailendra and Hasrat Jaipuri . The soundtrack was listed by Planet Bollywood as number 3 on their list of 100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks. The song " Awaara Hoon "
1470-406: The father-son relationship. Raj chooses not to defend his actions and says that he is a bad man. He asks the court not to think of him, but the millions of other children who grow up in poverty and end up turning to crime because high society does not care about them. While he awaits his verdict, Raj is visited by Raghunath, who finally accepts that Raj is his son and tearfully asks for forgiveness. In
1519-525: The film grossed a record of ₹ 2.1 crore in 1951, making it the highest-grossing film in India up until that time. This record was later beaten the next year by Mehboob Khan 's Aan (1952), starring Dilip Kumar , which grossed ₹2.5 crore in 1952. In Turkey , Awaara released in 1955. The film sold 100,000 tickets in its first week of release in Turkey. The total number of box office admissions in Turkey
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1568-477: The film sold 4 million tickets, including 1.43 million admissions earning a distribution rental income of about CN¥ 100,000 in Beijing alone. Its 4 million opening-week ticket sales were equivalent to estimated opening-week rentals of approximately CN¥280,000 ( $ 114,000 ). Prior to its 1978 re-release, the film's initial run had sold a total of 40 million tickets in China. The film's 1978 re-release
1617-534: The judge and Dilip Kumar the son. In the event, Abbas withdrew his script from Mehboob Studios and Raj Kapoor decided to direct it. This film was filmed in RK Studio and Bombay . In his column for the Indian Express , Kapoor wrote, "In Awara I tried to prove that Vagabonds are not born , but are created in the slums of our modern cities , in the midst of dire poverty and evil environment." It
1666-503: The judge turns him away. Meanwhile, Jagga and the gang commit the bank robbery, but it goes wrong and they have to run from the police. Jagga hides in Raj's house, where Leela recognizes him and he attacks her. Raj enters and fights him off, killing Jagga in self-defense . Raj goes on trial for Jagga's death, with Raghunath as the judge. When Leela goes to the courthouse to provide her eyewitness account, she sees Raghunath and chases after him but
1715-534: The movie amongst the "Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films", writing: "Whenever Raj Kapoor and Nargis came together on screen, sparks flew. Their chemistry was electrifying and it crackles with raw passion in Raj Kapoor's Awaara . Nargis's wild and carefree sensuality pulsates and Raj Kapoor's scruffy hair-rebellious persona only adds fuel to the fire". Time magazine included the film among the 20 new entries added to All-Time 100 greatest films in 2012. In India ,
1764-467: The multiple sources of gender-based violence especially including its connections with sexism, racism, and classism. Empowerment Self-Defense instructors focus on holding perpetrators responsible while empowering women with the idea that they have both the right and ability to protect themselves. Self-defense techniques and recommended behavior under the threat of violence are systematically taught in self-defense classes. Commercial self-defense education
1813-402: The needs of specific target audiences (e.g. defense against attempted rape for women, self-defense for children and teens). Notable systems taught commercially include: In any given case, it can be difficult to evaluate whether force was excessive. Allowances for great force may be hard to reconcile with human rights. The Intermediate People's Court of Foshan , People's Republic of China in
1862-510: The privileged Rita (played by Nargis), and Judge Raghunath (played by Prithviraj Kapoor) who is unaware that Raj is his son. In the film, Kapoor's poor " little tramp " character references Charlie Chaplin and was further developed in other Kapoor films such as Shree 420 . Awaara is considered a milestone in the history of Bollywood . The film became an overnight sensation in South Asia , and found even greater success further afield in
1911-590: The threat presented, the victim or victims, and the experience of the defender. Legal restrictions also vary greatly, and influence which self-defense options are available to choose from. In some jurisdictions, firearms may be carried openly or concealed expressly for this purpose, while other jurisdictions have tight restrictions on who can own firearms, and what types they can own. Knives , especially those categorized as switchblades , may also be controlled , as may batons , pepper spray and personal electroshock weapons —although some may be legal to carry with
1960-431: The younger version of his character, and Prithiviraj's father Dewan Basheshwarnath Kapoor, playing a cameo in his only film appearance. The film's music was composed by Shankar Jaikishan . The film expresses socialist themes, and blends social and reformist themes with the crime , romantic comedy and musical melodrama genres. The plot centers on the intertwining lives of a poor thief Raj (played by Raj Kapoor),
2009-429: Was a greater commercial success in China. Following its re-release, the film went on to sell a total of more than 100 million tickets, and was the second highest-grossing Indian film in China behind only Nasir Hussain 's Caravan (1971). The song " Awaara Hoon " and actor Raj Kapoor were widely known across China and the Soviet Union. The film's success in both the Soviet Union and China has been attributed to
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2058-563: Was entered in the 1953 Cannes Film Festival , where it was nominated for the Grand Prize of the Festival (Palme d'Or). In 1955, it was voted the best film of the year by readers of Turkish daily Milliye . In 2003, Time magazine included it in a list of "10 Indian Films to Treasure". Time magazine also chose Raj Kapoor's performance in Awaara as one of the top ten greatest performances of all time. In 2005, Indiatimes Movies ranked
2107-485: Was eventually surpassed by Disco Dancer (1982), which grossed 60 million руб in the Soviet Union. Including re-runs, which were running for 10–12 years, Awaara ' s footfalls in the Soviet Union amounted to about 100 million box office admissions, which remains among the highest for an Indian film in an overseas market. The film was also a success in China , where it first released in 1955. In its opening week,
2156-602: Was going to be used against her or him or another person or that a threat of force is being made against her or him or another person. The reasonableness of the belief is assessed through both a subjective and objective lens. Certain beliefs, including racist beliefs and beliefs induced by self-intoxication are prima facie unreasonable. Other beliefs related to the subjective experience of the accused may, however, be reasonable. These include any relevant military training (R v Khill), heightened awareness of patterns of cyclical violence in intimate relationships ( R v Lavallée ) and whether
2205-637: Was included in the 20 new entries to All-Time 100 greatest films by the Time magazine. Raghunath, a wealthy district judge who believes that " good people are born to good people, and criminals are born to criminals ", convicts Jagga, son of a criminal, of rape with thin evidence. Jagga later escapes and kidnaps the judge's wife, Leela, for revenge. When Jagga finds out that Leela has just become pregnant, he releases her after four days and changes his plan. However, people suspect Leela of adultery and Raghunath throws her out of their house, rejecting her pleas that
2254-414: Was obliged to kill in order to preserve himself from death or grievous bodily harm. Now, even though 34(2)(b) is only one consideration in a non-exhaustive list, the mandatory role it used to play in the common law suggests it carries considerable weight in determining the reasonableness of the act in the circumstances under 34(1)(c) As such, while there is no absolute duty to retreat, it is a prerequisite to
2303-511: Was remade in Turkey a total of eight times. The first and most prominent Turkish film remake was Avare (1964) starring actor Sadri Alışık and actress Ajda Pekkan , another Turkish remake was Benim Gibi Sevenler [ tr ] (1977) by Temel Gürsu. There was also an Iranian film remake, called The Wheel of the Universe (1967). However, this version may have been a remake of
2352-508: Was the violence or threat of violence imminent? Usually, if there is a significant time interval between the original unlawful assault and the accused's response, it undermines the contention that there were no other means available to respond to the potential use of force and one tends to suspect that the accused was motivated by revenge rather than self-defense. However, R v Lavalleé accepted expert evidence demonstrating that people experiencing battered women's syndrome have special knowledge about
2401-468: Was used in the Malayalam film Vishnulokam directed by Kamal and starring Mohanlal . Awaara was the best-selling Bollywood soundtrack album of the 1950s. The film is a collaboration of the famous team of director/producer Raj Kapoor and writer Khwaja Ahmad Abbas . Abbas originally wanted Mehboob Khan to direct the film, but the two disagreed over the casting. Khan wanted Ashok Kumar to play
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