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48-558: In 1920, Azerbaijani composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov began a movement aimed at propagating classical music among the people. His report presented at the Azerbaijani People's Commissariat of Education (early Soviet analogue of a Ministry of Education ) offering the establishment of a high-level music education institution resulted in the approval of his proposal. Thus, the Azerbaijan State Conservatoire

96-517: A body shape similar to the Instrument called panduri in Georgia. According to the historian Hammer, metal strings were first used on a type of komuz with a long fingerboard known as the kolca kopuz in 15th-century Anatolia. This was the first step in the emergence of the çöğür (cogur), a transitional instrument between the kopuz and the bağlama. According to 17th-century writer Evliya Çelebi ,

144-471: A child in Shusha came from the best singers and saz -players. At that time I sang mughams and tasnifs. The singers liked my voice. They would make me sing and teach me at the same time." Uzeyir Hajibeyov's first teacher was his uncle Aghalar Aliverdibeyov, an excellent connoisseur of Azeri folk music. In 1897–1898, when Azerbaijani playwright Abdurrahim bey Hagverdiyev and singer Jabbar Garyaghdioglu staged

192-607: A religious school ( madrasah ), where he perfected his Arabic and Persian . Later he studied at a two-year Russian-Azerbaijani school. Here, with the help of his favorite teacher Mirza Mehdi Hasanzadeh , he familiarized himself with the heritage of the famous classic writers of the East and the West. The richness of the musical performance tradition of Shusha greatly influenced the musical education of Hajibeyov. He would later reflect on his experiences: "The first musical education I got as

240-571: A role of Majnun at the next performance. “Koroghlu opera” premiered firstly on 30 April 1937, at the Azerbaijan Opera and Ballet Theatre. This is the first classical opera that based on the motives of heroic epic in Azerbaijan. In this opera, Hajibeyov created arias, mass choral scenes, various ensembles, ballet numbers and recitatives. In the next years of his life, he worked on "Firuza" opera. The first musical comedy of Hajibeyov

288-482: Is a family of plucked string instruments and long-necked lutes used in Ottoman classical music , Turkish folk music , Turkish Arabesque music , Azerbaijani music , Bosnian music ( Sevdalinka ), Kurdish music , and Armenian music . It is played in several regions in the world such as Europe, Asia, Black Sea , Caucasus regions and many countries including Syria , Iraq , Iran and Bosnia and Herzegovina . It

336-550: Is a synthesis of historical musical instruments in Central Asia and pre-Turkish Anatolia . It is partly descended from the Turkic komuz . The kopuz , or komuz , differs from the bağlama in that it has a leather-covered body and two or three strings made of sheep gut, wolf gut, or horsehair. It is played with the fingers rather than a plectrum and has a fingerboard without frets. Bağlama literally translates as "something that

384-603: Is commonly used by the ashiks . Bağlama ( pronounced [baːɫaˈma] ) is derived from the Turkish word bağlamak meaning "to tie". Used notably in Azerbaijan, the alternative name, Saz ( Persian : ساز , romanized :  sāz ) means "musical instrument", derived from a Persian verb that means "to make, to compose". According to The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , "the terms 'bağlama' and 'saz' are used somewhat interchangeably in Turkey. 'Saz'

432-561: Is generally used interchangeably with 'enstrüman' (instrument) and it is used to refer single or group of musical instruments like 'üflemeli sazlar' ( wind instruments ). Like the Western lute and the Middle-Eastern oud , bağlama has a deep round back, with a much longer neck. It can be played with a plectrum or with a fingerpicking style known as şelpe . In the music of Greece the name baglamas ( Greek : μπαγλαμάς )

480-638: Is given to a treble bouzouki , a related instrument. The Turkish settlement of Anatolia from the late eleventh century onward saw the introduction of a two-string Iranian dutar that Turkmen people adopted which in turn was played in some areas of Turkey until recent times. The most commonly used string folk instrument in Turkey , the bağlama has seven strings divided into courses of two, two and three. It can be tuned in various ways and takes different names according to region and size: Bağlama, Divan Sazı, Bozuk, Çöğür, Kopuz Irızva, Cura, Tambura, etc. The cura

528-525: Is revered for adapting the written masterpiece to the theatre. Uzeyir Hajibeyov was born in Aghjabadi , near Shusha of Azerbaijan , on 18 September 1885. His father, Abdulhuseyn bey Hajibeyli, was the secretary to Khurshidbanu Natavan for many years, and his mother, Shirin, grew up in the Natavan household. Growing up, Hajibeyov was strongly influenced by Natavan's work. Shusha , often dubbed as

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576-555: Is still devoted to the synthesizing Eastern and Western musical traditions. In 1931, Hajibeyov helped in establishing the Azeri Folk Instruments Orchestra affiliated with the Radio Committee. This orchestra performed European classical pieces, such as those by Mikhail Glinka , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Franz Schubert , Georges Bizet and others. Hajibeyov thus was the first musician to adapt

624-479: Is the smallest member of the bağlama family: larger than the cura is the tambura, tuned an octave lower. The Divan sazı, the largest instrument in the family, is tuned one octave lower still. A bağlama has three main parts, the bowl (called tekne ), made from mulberry wood or juniper , beech , spruce or walnut , the spruce sound board ( göğüs ) and a neck of beech or juniper ( sap ). The tuning pegs are known as burgu (literally screw ). Frets are tied to

672-409: Is tied up", probably a reference to the tied-on frets of the instrument. The word bağlama is first used in 18th-century texts. The French traveler Jean Benjamin de Laborde, who visited Turkey during that century, recorded that "the bağlama or tambura is in form exactly like the cogur, but smaller." The Çoğur/Çöğur was in many ways a transitional Instrument between old Komuz and new Bağlama style and has

720-622: Is “Husband and wife” which consists of three scenes. This is the first example of Azerbaijani musical comedy. The first premiere of it was in 1910. H.Sarabski and A.Aghdamski performed in the roles of Marjan and Minnat. Hajibeyov wrote the sketch of the comedy himself. After “Husband and wife” opera, he began to write the second operetta of him. The first premiere of it was at the theatre of Mailovs brothers in Baku in 1911. “Mən nə qədər qoca olsam da” song and “Uzundere” national folk music are sounded in this opera with some changes on it. Later, this opera

768-556: The Azerbaijani saz has been a mainstay of ashiqs , minstrels who combine poetry, storytelling, dance and vocal/instrumental music into a performance art that's considered one of the symbols of Azerbaijani cultural , literary and musical identity. Since 2009 the art of Azerbaijani Ashiqs has been inscribed on Unesco's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity . The bağlama

816-587: The National Bank of Azerbaijan minted a 100 manat gold commemorative coin dedicated to Hajibeyov's memory. In June 2011 President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev and President of Serbia Tadic unveiled a monument of Hajibeyov on the Dunavski kej in Novi Sad , Serbia. On the occasion of the 130th birthday anniversary of the composer, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti proclaimed 18 September 2015 as

864-567: The Saint Thaddeus and Bartholomew Armenian Cathedral of Baku was demolished as part of the early Soviet atheist policy to make way for the construction of the new academy building. During World War II , the conservatoire executives organized hundreds of concerts for military units and soldiers who recovered in hospitals. It was enhanced with the Bulbul Specialized Secondary Music School in 1931,

912-414: The sap with fishing line, which allows them to be adjusted. The bağlama is usually played with a mızrap or tezene (similar to a guitar pick ) made from cherrywood bark or plastic. In some regions, it is played with the fingers in a style known as Şelpe or Şerpe . There are also electric bağlamas, which can be connected to an amplifier. These can have either single or double pickups. Traditionally

960-512: The tar , zurna and kamancha , Hajibeyov and his colleagues pushed to incorporate them into the Western orchestra, thereby, giving them an even higher status and ultimately a chance to survive. Hajibeyov had the opportunity to open music schools that combined various educational systems. In these schools, national cadres who could integrate into the world music culture were trained. The history and music theory of Azerbaijani music were researched, and education classes were written. Uzeyir Hajibeyov in

1008-548: The "Uzeyir Hajibeyli Memorial Day" in the City of Los Angeles and called on all residents to join this celebration. Also U.S. Congressman Paul Gosar from Arizona extended a Congressional Record recognizing Hajibeyov's achievements. 18 September is celebrated as "Uzeyir Music Day" after national leader Heydar Aliyev's decree in 1995. Different events and celebrations are usually held on this day with participation of world-famous musicians. Baglama The bağlama or saz

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1056-542: The 1920s when the Soviet regime prohibited them. The opera art was established art not only in Azerbaijan, but also in the entire Muslim East by means of Hacibeyov's opera "Leyli and Majnun" which premiered on 12 January 1908, at the theatre of Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev . Hajibeyov wrote with his brother Jeyhun Hajibeyli this libretto of the opera based on a poem of the same name written by Fuzuli . The first performance

1104-473: The Investigation of Professional Oral Music Traditions Laboratory, established in 1992. 40°22′38″N 49°50′40″E  /  40.37722°N 49.84444°E  / 40.37722; 49.84444 Uzeyir Hajibeyov Uzeyir bey Abdulhuseyn bey oghlu Hajibeyov (18 September 1885 – 23 November 1948) was an Azerbaijani composer, musicologist and teacher. He is recognized as

1152-612: The Music Studio School in 1980, and the Mammadova Opera Studio in 1984. In 1991, it was renamed Hajibeyov Baku Academy of Music. There are three faculties and 18 departments. The academy offers graduating students master's , kandidat's , and doctorate degrees . There are two research laboratories — the Restoration and Improvement of Ancient Musical Instruments Laboratory, established in 1991 and

1200-477: The age of 63, and was buried at the Alley of Honor in Baku. On 18 September 1995, the 110th anniversary of Hajibeyov's birth has been celebrated. No one in the history of modern music in Azerbaijan is recognized for having done more to lay the foundation for Azerbaijani music as it exists today, especially with its unique synthesis of Eastern and Western traditional musical instruments and musical forms. In 2008,

1248-466: The alphabet systems for writing Azerbaijani were changed three times — from Arabic to Latin, and from Latin to Cyrillic — a process which greatly hindered and interrupted the educational and cultural process, and may well have been one of the factors influencing Uzeyir Hajibeyov to present his ideas verbally on the musical stage. Throughout all the tumultuous change in Azerbaijan that took place between 1900 and 1940, one characteristic consistently reflects

1296-456: The bağlama, with strings double or tripled. These string groups can be tuned in a variety of ways, known as düzen (literally, "order"). For the bağlama düzeni , the most common tuning, the courses are tuned from top downward, A-G-D. Some other düzen s are Kara Düzen (C-G-D), Misket Düzeni (A-D-F#), Müstezat (A-D-F), Abdal Düzeni , and Rast Düzeni . The musical scale of the bağlama differs from that of many western instruments – such as

1344-613: The character of Uzeyir Hajibeyov. He always searched for ways to merge and integrate the past with the present, rather than to discard either form. Rather curiously, even files at the Gori Pedagogical Seminary have shown his persistence in holding on to his own roots even under pressure. On 3 December 1900, when he was 15, it is noted that "the student, Uzeyir Hajibeyov, was rebuked because he was talking in his native language." Conversely, when Russian-influenced musicians tried to ban traditional Azerbaijani instruments like

1392-552: The cradle of Azerbaijani music and culture, had a reputation for its musical heritage. The town was also referred to as "the Music Conservatory of the Caucasus" because of its many talented musicians and singers. And the fact that Hajibeyov grew up in Shusha explains how at 22, in 1908, with very little formal musical education, he was capable of writing a full-length opera. Hajibeyov received his early education in

1440-564: The episode Majnun on Leyli's grave from Leyli and Majnun , 13-year-old Uzeyir sang in the choir. From 1899 to 1904 Uzeyir Hajibeyov studied at the Gori Pedagogical Seminary . There, along with general education, he also acquired music. In this school, Hajibeyov learned to play the violin , the violoncello and the brass instrument . After his graduation from the Pedagogical Seminary, Uzeyir Hajibeyov

1488-571: The father of Azerbaijani classical music. Hajibeyov composed the music of the national anthem of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (which was re-adopted after Azerbaijan regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991). He also composed the anthem used by Azerbaijan during the Soviet period . He was the first composer of an opera in the Islamic world. He composed the first oriental opera Leyli and Majnun in 1908 and since then he

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1536-489: The field of music education combined and created in Azerbaijan Western and East traditions. In 1908, Hajibeyov wrote his first opera, Leyli and Majnun , based on the tragic love story by the 15th century poet Fuzûlî . This would be the first of 7 operas and 3 musical comedies that Hajibeyov would compose throughout his life. In Leyli and Majnun , the uniqueness of the traditional modal music of mugham

1584-527: The film was Tofiq Taghizade and Fikrat Amirov performed as a music redactor. It was translated into many languages such as English, German, Chinese, Arabic, Persian, Polish etc. From 1919 to 1920 Hajibeyov served as editor-in-chief for the newspaper Azerbaijan , the main governmental media body of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan . In 1927, Hajibeyov published Collection of Azerbaijani Folk Songs along with composer Muslim Magomayev . For

1632-401: The first time, more than 300 pieces of Azeri folk music were documented by notation. In 1945, he published the book entitled Principles of Azerbaijan Folk Music , which has been translated into several languages including English in 1985 devoted to the centenary of his birth. In 2013, Google celebrated Hajibeyov's 128th Birthday with Google Doodle on its Azerbaijani version. Hajibeyov

1680-862: The musical comedy Arshin Mal Alan ("The Cloth Peddler") by Uzeyir Hajibeyov, written in 1914, was announced to be performed on western stages for the first time. One of Hajibeyov's greatest legacies was bringing forward the idea of establishing a professional music school. Hence, the Baku Academy of Music (known then as the Azerbaijan State Conservatoire), was founded in 1920 and named after Hajibeyov after his death. The school has trained Azerbaijan's finest composers such as Gara Garayev , Fikrat Amirov , Jovdat Hajiyev , Soltan Hajibeyov , Tofig Guliyev , and Vagif Mustafazade . His statue sits in front of this grand building that

1728-696: The note system to traditional Azerbaijani musical instruments. In 1936, Hajibeyov assisted in the founding of the Azerbaijani State Choir within the Azerbaijan Philharmonic Society . One of the most serious problems he faced was the mono-voiced repertoire of Azerbaijani folk songs, which allowed harmonization to distort style of the song and, on occasion, even alter the melody line when it changed modes. Hajibeyov resolved this problem by using contrapuntal polyphony and unison -doubling rather than four-part singing in

1776-405: The problematic sections. Hajibeyov devoted much energy to the idea of integrating woman's role and status into the male-dominated world. The concept of women's emancipation runs through many of his works, often in the form of comedy or satirization, as in the case when he makes fun of the process of selecting marriage partners, a process hindered by the fact that women were still wearing veils until

1824-734: The realization that he had outpaced his generation too much this time. As a result, he made a drastic decision and burned the score. When asked by Ramazan Khalilov , his assistant, how he could do that, Hajibeyov replied: "I didn't destroy my opera. It's my own creation, so it's always in my head." Khalilov said that Hajibeyov went on to use this same magnificent music 27 years later to create Koroghlu , an opera that many acclaim to be his finest. In contrast to Sheikh Sanan , Hajibeyov's operas Rustam and Sohrab (1910), Asli and Karam (1912), Shah Abbas and Khurshid Banu (1912), and Harun and Leyli (1915) were entirely based on Azerbaijani folk music elements, primarily mugham . In October 2006,

1872-643: The textbook Arithmetic Problems in 1908, and had them published by the Orujov Brothers Publishing House in Baku . Hajibeyov was no stranger to the tragic chaos of war; he lived through the Revolutions of 1905 and 1917 , the fall of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan in 1920, and both World Wars. The political repercussions of these military conquests often manifested in other forms of chaos. For example, between 1920 and 1940,

1920-494: The çöğür was first made in the city of Kütahya in western Turkey. To take the strain of the metal strings the leather body was replaced with wood, the fingerboard was lengthened and frets were introduced. Instead of five hair strings there were now twelve metal strings arranged in four groups of three. Today, the çöğür is smaller than a medium-size bağlama. Çöğür is also used to refer medium sized short necked bağlama (kısa sap bağlama). There are three string groups, or courses , on

1968-703: Was also head in 1928–1929 and 1939–1948) and Active Member of the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan . For the last 10 years of his life, he was Chairman of the Composers Union of Azerbaijan . Hajibeyov joined the Communist Party in 1938. He served twice as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union , the highest legislative institution in the Union. Hajibeyov died of diabetes at

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2016-468: Was another form of integration. But this time, it backfired. The story line follows a religious sheikh on his way to Mecca who meets a very beautiful Georgian lady. To his horror, the lovely creature's father turns out to be a swineherd, caring for what, to him, was a forbidden animal. In the end, the sheikh denounces his religion to win the woman. It is said that when the opera was performed, many people were offended and walked out, leaving Hajibeyov with

2064-592: Was appointed a teacher to the village of Hadrut in Upper Karabakh . Having worked there for a year, Hajibeyov permanently settled in Baku , where he carried on his career in teaching mathematics , geography , history , Azerbaijani and Russian languages, and music . He wrote the Turkic-Russian and Russian-Turkic Dictionary of Political, Legal, Economic and Military Terms, Used in Press in 1907 and

2112-541: Was founded on 25 May 1920. Hajibeyov became one of its first instructors. In the 1920s, he established the Oriental Department, where Azeri folk music was taught both traditionally (orally) and by European methods, i.e., using notes . Along with composer Muslim Magomayev , he developed the textbook Azeri Folk Songs, published in 1927. In 1939, Hajibeyov was made head of the Conservatoire. In 1930,

2160-488: Was incorporated into a Western genre with the use of instruments indigenous to both traditions. Hajibeyov's second opera Sheikh Sanan was written in 1909 in a form that was entirely opposite to the first. This time Hajibeyov employed a purely European style. Sheikh Sanan received raves as a musical composition, but the content was too progressive for the period. In this opera, Hajibeyov advocated that marriage should not be bound by nationality or religion - in essence, it

2208-696: Was made by actor and director Huseyn Arablinski . The band-master was the writer-dramatist Abdurrahim bey Hagverdiyev . Huseynqulu Sarabski was in the role of “Majnun” and Abdurrahim Farajov in the role of “Leyli”.In next performances, Hajibeyov himself and his close friend and colleague, composer Muslim Magomayev, performed as band-master. This role was acted for the first time by Huseyinqulu Sarablinski. Then, these people - Sidghi Ruhulla, Khanlar Hakhverdiev, Aliovsat Sadigov, Shirzad Huseynov, Gulagha Mammadov, Mais Salmanov, Gulu Asgerov, Bakir Hashimov, Ali Mehdiyev, Arif Babayev, Baba Mirzaev, Janali Akbarov , Safa Gahramanov, Alim Gasimov and Mansum Ibrahimov performed in

2256-650: Was the creator of the first operas and operettas in the Orient . In 1938, he was awarded with the title of People's Artist of the USSR . He was also honored with the Order of Lenin and the Stalin Prize which he won twice, once in 1941 for the opera Koroghlu (1936), and the other time in 1946 for the 1945 film based on his opera Arshin Mal Alan . Hajibeyov was a professor at the Baku Academy of Music (of which he

2304-557: Was translated into various languages, performed in Caucasian countries, Turkey, Bulgaria and other countries. The first feature film based on “Arshin Mal Alan” Musical comedy was shot in 1916. This film was the silent film. For the next time it was screened at "Baku movie studio" in 1945 with some changes on it. The main role of the film belonged to Rashid Behbudov. This comedy again was screened in Baku, in 1965. The director of

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