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Big Bear Solar Observatory

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Big Bear Solar Observatory ( BBSO ) is a university-based solar observatory in the United States. It is operated by New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT). BBSO has a 1.6-meter (5.2 ft) clear-aperture Goode Solar Telescope (GST), which has no obscuration in the optical train . BBSO is located on the north side of Big Bear Lake in the San Bernardino Mountains of southwestern San Bernardino County, California , approximately 120 kilometers (75 miles) east of downtown Los Angeles . The telescopes and instruments at the observatory are designed and employed specifically for studying the activities and phenomena of the Sun .

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77-497: The observatory location, on Big Bear Lake in the San Bernardino Mountains , was chosen for its combination of high altitude and daytime stabilizing influence of the lake, which were found to be ideal for solar observation. The location at Big Bear Lake is optimal due to the clarity of the sky and the presence of a body of water. The lake has more than a mile of water to the west, which is the direction from which

154-563: A Bachelor of Science program (four years, 124 credits), a Master of Science in management program (30 credits), and two Master of Business Administration (MBA) programs: One regular (48 credits; two years for full-time students, three or four years for part-time students) and the other an accelerated 18-month Executive MBA program for managers and professionals. MTSM also offers a PhD. degree in Business Data Science. Research areas include fintech, innovation management, and

231-468: A 24,000-square-foot (2,200 m ) Life Sciences and Engineering Center; a 10,000-square-foot (930 m ) Makerspace , and a parking garage with spaces for 933 cars. The admission criteria consists of: The average SAT score (math + verbal only) for enrolling freshmen in fall 2021 is 1307. The average SAT score (math + verbal only) for enrolling freshmen in the Honors College in fall 2021

308-694: A Local Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1972. New Jersey Institute of Technology New Jersey Institute of Technology ( NJIT ) is a public research university in Newark, New Jersey , with a graduate-degree-granting satellite campus in Jersey City . Founded in 1881 with the support of local industrialists and inventors especially Edward Weston , NJIT opened as 'Newark Technical School' ('NTS') in 1885 with 88 students. As of fall 2022

385-445: A demonstrator phase for wide-field correction. It is the only MCAO system in operation with three deformable mirrors. Light corrected by adaptive optics is fed to either the visible (VIS) or near-infrared (NIRIS) spectro-polarimeter. Additionally, uncorrected light can be fed to a cryogenic spectrograph (CYRA) operating out to wavelengths of 5 microns. BBSO also operates full-disk patrol telescopes. The telescopes and instruments at

462-594: A grizzly bear one ridge north of Bear Valley. There he noticed a vein of quartz flecked with gold. When this discovery was revealed, the Southern California gold rush was on, and Holcomb Valley quickly became the largest populated area in San Bernardino County. In 1884 marshy, nearly flat Bear Valley was dammed with a single arch granite impoundment, which held back some 25,000 acre-feet (31,000 dam ) of water for irrigation purposes in

539-520: A hunting party where the men were split into 11 pairs, each pair bringing back a bear hide. Wilson dubbed the grassy expanse "Bear Valley" and one of the nearby shallow seasonal marshes "Big Bear Lake". This same ephemeral feature is today called Baldwin Lake after Elias J. "Lucky" Baldwin of Rancho Santa Anita , who bought the nearby Gold Mountain Mine that was renamed for him in 1876. On Wilson's return trip,

616-677: A multi-faceted collaboration with its neighbor, Rutgers-Newark. The collaboration involves: the Rutgers and NJIT business schools; their federated departments of Biology and History; and the joint Theater Arts Program. In 2008 NJIT began a program with the Heritage Institute of Technology in West Bengal, India under which 20 students come to NJIT for summer internships. In 2009, the New Jersey School of Architecture

693-407: A period of record dating only back to 1960, the highest temperature recorded was 94 °F (34 °C), last recorded on July 15, 1998, while lowest was −25 °F (−32 °C) on January 29, 1979. Due to the 6,790 to 7,200 ft (2,070 to 2,190 m) elevation of the weather station, precipitation is greater than in the lowlands of San Bernardino County, averaging 21.15 in (537 mm)

770-413: A point called The Village, the road turns toward the lake and then curves eastward to Moonridge, the ski resorts at Snow Summit and Bear Mountain, and Stanfield Cutoff, a causeway located near the east end of the lake. Big Bear Boulevard then continues east into Big Bear City , which is an unincorporated community despite its name. Bear Creek and Siberia Creek flow into the lake and Bear Creek flows out of

847-478: A row of automobile chop shops adjacent to campus were demolished. In 2006 construction of an near-campus residence hall by American Campus Communities began in the chop shops' location. The new hall, which opened in 2007, is dubbed the University Centre. In addition to NJIT students, it houses students from Rutgers-Newark, Seton Hall University and Rutgers Law School . Also in 2005, Eberhardt Hall

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924-439: A significant portion of the atmosphere. The main observatory building is in the open waters of the lake with an approximately 200-meter (660 ft) causeway extending south from the north shore. The observatory was originally equipped with four telescopes, including two 10-inch (25 cm) refracting telescopes, a 9-inch (23 cm) reflecting coronagraph , and a 16-inch (41 cm) Cassegrain reflecting telescope. In 1997,

1001-429: A student population that is 20.6% international, 20.2% Hispanic, 8.8% Black and 19.1% Asian (2022), NJIT is ranked among the most ethnically diverse national universities in the country. It has multiple study abroad options along with extensive co-op, internship, and service opportunities. Newark College of Engineering, which was established in 1919, is among the oldest and largest professional engineering schools in

1078-498: A surface elevation of 6,743 ft (2,055 m) above sea level , it has an east–west length of approximately seven miles (11 km) and is approximately 2.5 miles (4.0 km) at its widest measurement, though the lake's width mostly averages a little more than 1 ⁄ 2  mi (0.8 km). These approximations are based on the lake having an optimum retainable water level. At dam's end, Big Bear measures its deepest water at 72 feet (22 m). The region has been

1155-504: A year. The maximum 24-hour precipitation was 9.43 in (240 mm) on December 6, 1966. Measurable precipitation normally occurs 44.9 days a year. Mountain thunderstorms occasionally produce heavy rainfall, even in midsummer (when most southern California lowland locations are quite dry). Big Bear Lake's climate is Csb ( Warm-summer Mediterranean ) under the Köppen climate classification . In contrast to most of southern California,

1232-533: Is 1496. The minimum SAT score (math + verbal only) for enrolling freshmen in the accelerated BS/MD program – run in combination with New Jersey Medical School (Rutgers) – is 1450. The male-to-female student ratio (2021) is about 2.57 to 1. The student-to-faculty ( FTE ) ratio (2021) is 17.1 to 1. Comprising five colleges and one school, the university is organized into 21 departments, three of which, Biological Sciences, History, and Theater Arts are federated with Rutgers-Newark whose campus abuts NJIT's. With

1309-637: Is BBSO director. Funding comes from NASA , the National Science Foundation , the United States Air Force , and other agencies. Big Bear Lake Big Bear Lake is a reservoir in the western United States, located in the San Bernardino Mountains in San Bernardino County , California. It is a snow and rain-fed lake, having no other means of tributaries or mechanical replenishment. At

1386-559: Is accessible via three scenic highways: Highway 330 from San Bernardino, Highway 38 from Redlands, and Highway 18 from Victorville to the west, San Bernardino to the east. Public transit to and from San Bernardino, and among the communities surrounding the lake are provided by Mountain Transit . Big Bear Lake provides an attractive setting for many outdoor activities, including fishing (trout, bluegill, crappie, catfish and largemouth bass), pleasure boating, and water skiing. Because of

1463-838: Is also available in a pre-med option. In December 2019, the school opened a satellite site in Jersey City that focuses on financial technology training for those working in the financial industry on Wall Street and in Jersey City. The Martin Tuchman School of Management was established in 1988 and was accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business in 1997. It offers programs in finance , accounting , marketing , management information systems , international business , technological entrepreneurship , and corporate communications in conjunction with Rutgers University . Degrees available include

1540-828: Is also available. NJIT is classified among the "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". It operates the Big Bear Solar Observatory , home of the Goode Solar Telescope ; the Owens Valley Radio Observatory (both in California); and a suite of automated observatories across Antarctica, South America and the US. NJIT is a member of the Sea grant and Space grant research consortia. It has participated in

1617-521: Is available. The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has developed an advisory for Big Bear Lake because of mercury and PCBs found in fish caught here. The advisory provides safe eating advice for black bass species, common carp, crappie, and rainbow trout. North Shore (west to east) South Shore (west to east) California Historical Landmark at the Big Bear Dam reads: The Bear Valley Dams were also designated as

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1694-899: Is designated a National Center of Academic Excellence (CAE) in Cyber Defense Education through the 2020 academic year by the National Security Agency and Department of Homeland Security . NJIT's Main Library, The Robert W. Van Houten Library, is in the Central Avenue Building, a facility for quiet and group study, researching, and browsing print and online sources. Since 1997 the Van Houten Information Commons has housed 120 computer workstations. The Barbara and Leonard Littman Library for Architecture and Design

1771-762: Is in Big Bear Lake , California , and operates the Owens Valley Solar Array , near Bishop , California . NJIT was home to the Computerized Conferencing and Communications Center (CCCC), a research center that specialized in computer-mediated communication . The systems which resulted from this research are the Electronic Information Exchange System , as well as the continuations: The Electronic Information Exchange System 2 (EIES2), and

1848-475: Is located in Weston Hall. It houses a core collection that includes print and electronic books, journals, maps, drawings, models, e-images, materials samples, and over 70,000 slides. Included among NJIT's information resources are the university's historical archive including items developed and manufactured by Edward Weston , a scientist, prolific inventor, and a founding member of the board of trustees of

1925-545: Is the enabling technology for the first facility-class solar telescope built in the United States in a generation—the Goode Solar Telescope (GST). The GST is a 1.6-metre (63 in) clear-aperture off-axis telescope , which feeds its unobstructed light to visible-light and near-infrared spectro-polarimeters. The GST benefits from three generations of AO, which now includes multi-conjugate AO (MCAO) in

2002-495: The 15 mi (24 km) "Arctic Circle" for a total distance of 33 mi (53 km) . Big Bear Lake can also be accessed by Hwy 38 (referred to as 'The Backside') at the San Bernardino (10) Freeway near Redlands , and takes a 52 mi (84 km) mile route that passes through Big Bear City on the east. From north of Lucerne Valley , it can be accessed by Highway 18 over the pass into Baldwin Lake and through

2079-643: The Big Bear Solar Observatory , past the Big Bear Discovery Center , past the Serrano Campground (U.S.F.S), accessing the public boat launch, and Stanfield Cutoff. North Shore Drive continues east into Big Bear City and Baldwin Lake . The primary approach to Big Bear is via Highway 330 out of San Bernardino through Running Springs where it intersects Highway 18. Highway 18 proceeds past Arrowbear and Snow Valley, over 7,200 ft (2,190 m) Lake Vista Summit and across

2156-538: The Martin Tuchman School of Management , focuses on utilizing technology to serve business needs. The school, which is an AACSB -accredited business school, benefits from its proximity to New York City and lower Jersey City aka, " Wall Street West ". Wall Street itself (lower Manhattan) is twenty-five minutes away via Newark Light Rail and the PATH system's Newark-World Trade Center line. NJIT has

2233-565: The McNair Scholars Program since 1999. NJIT is a designated Asian American Native American Pacific Islander serving institution (AANAPISI) and a designated Hispanic-serving institution . The New Jersey Institute of Technology has a history dating back to the 19th century. Originally introduced from Essex County, New Jersey , on March 24, 1880, and revised with input from the Newark Board of Trade in 1881, an act of

2310-540: The New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) would run the BBSO. The agreement was signed in early 1997 to have NJIT lease the land and buildings from Caltech until 2048. The instruments and grants, worth about $ 1.6 million per year at that time, were transferred to NJIT on July 1, 1997. After the transfer, the directorship of BBSO passed to NJIT professor Philip R. Goode . Currently NJIT professor Wenda Cao

2387-493: The New Jersey State Legislature drew up a contest to determine which municipality would become home to the state's urgently needed technical school . The challenge was straightforward: the state would stake "at least $ 3,000 and not more than $ 5,000" and the municipality that matched the state's investment would earn the right to establish the new school. The Newark Board of Trade, working jointly with

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2464-460: The Redlands area. Redlands citrus growers found that the 1884 dam produced insufficient water. The Bear Valley Mutual Water Company (successor to Bear Valley Irrigation Company) hired John S. Eastwood to design a new dam. In 1912 (112 years ago)  ( 1912 ) a 72 ft (22 m) multiple arch dam was constructed about 300 ft (91 m) downstream of the old dam and increased

2541-436: The prevailing winds come. The cool lake provides a natural inversion that greatly reduces ground-layer turbulence and stabilizes images taken by the telescope (the water provides a cooling effect on the atmosphere surrounding the building and helps eliminate ground heat radiation waves that normally would cause optical aberrations ). The lake surface is about 2,055 meters (6,742 ft) above sea level , putting it above

2618-621: The 10-centimetre (3.9 in) Full Disk H-alpha (FDHA) Patrol Telescope, located in an additional small building called the Ash Dome. It is co-mounted with another small telescope dedicated to observing earthshine . The observatory also hosts a station of the Global Oscillation Network Group , an experiment in helioseismology operated by the National Solar Observatory . It is located at

2695-481: The Big Bear Lake region normally receives significant winter snow because of its high elevation. Snowfall, as measured at lake level, averages 72 in (180 cm) per season; upwards of 100 in (250 cm) can accumulate on the forested ridges bordering the lake, at elevation above 8,000 ft (2,400 m). In February 1990, 59.5 in (151 cm) of snow were recorded. The most snow in 24 hours

2772-741: The CCCC and EIES were terminated in the mid-90s. The university currently operates a Class-10 cleanroom and a Class-1000 cleanroom on campus for academic and research purposes including counter- bioterrorism research. The university maintains an advanced 67-node supercomputer cluster in the Mathematics Department for research purposes. NJIT conducts cybersecurity research in a number of areas including cross-domain information sharing, data security and privacy, data mining for malware detection, geospatial information security, secure social networks, and secure cloud computing. The university

2849-675: The Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research is a world leader. A key agent in regional economic development, NJIT hosts VentureLink, formally the Enterprise Development Center (EDC), an on-campus business incubator that houses over 90 start-ups, and the New Jersey Innovation Institute (NJII) which offers R&D services to business. The university has engaged in research in nanotechnology , solar-terrestrial physics , polymer science , and

2926-546: The Newark City Council, launched a campaign to win the new school. Many of the city's industrialists, along with other private citizens, supported the fund-raiser. By 1884 the necessary funds were raised. Newark Technical School opened its doors in February 1885. The first 88 students, mostly evening students, attended classes in a rented building at 21 West Park Street. That facility soon became inadequate for

3003-518: The School of Architecture (SOA) and the School of Art and Design. The college offers undergraduate degrees in architecture, digital design, industrial design, and interior design as well as graduate degrees in architecture, infrastructure planning, and urban systems. HCAD is the only college at NJIT to have its own designated library. The library contains materials related to the majors offered in HCAD in

3080-607: The South having been offered the presidency of the University of Alabama in Huntsville . On January 9, 2012, NJIT Trustees named Joel Bloom president. In 2003, the opening of the new Campus Center on the site of the former Hazell Hall centralized campus social events. Construction of a new Atrium , Bookstore, Dining Hall, computer lab, Information Desk facility, and new student organization offices continued into 2004. In 2005

3157-645: The Spanish landholder family, the Yorbas, and bought a portion of Rancho Jurupa ( Riverside ) from Juan Bandini . He became a local rancher statesman. Wilson had signed on as Justice of the Peace of the Inland Territory and was commissioned by the territorial authorities to locate and pursue Native Americans suspected of raiding ranches in nearby Riverside. This group, led by the fierce Chief Walkara , drove

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3234-545: The Tailorable Electronic Information Exchange System (TEIES) . One of the foremost developments of EIES was that of the "Virtual Classroom", a term coined by Dr. Starr Roxanne Hiltz in the context of Connected Education . This was the first e-learning platform in the world and was unique in that it evolved onto an existing communications system, rather than having a system created specifically for it. Their missions completed,

3311-482: The United States. It offers 13 undergraduate degree programs, 16 master's and 10 doctoral degree programs. Undergraduate enrollment is more than 2,500, and more than 1,100 are enrolled in graduate study. The faculty includes engineers and scholars who are widely recognized in their fields. An estimated one in four professional engineers in the State of New Jersey are NCE/NJIT alumni. The College of Science and Liberal Arts

3388-794: The advancement of technologies in the business domain including deep learning and distributed ledgers. MTSM hosts entrepreneurship programs for the regional community, including the NSF I-Corps, the New Venture Assistance Program, and the Greater Newark–Jersey City Regional Business Model Competition. NJIT's R&D expenditures were $ 142 million in 2017 and $ 162 million in 2018. Areas of focus include applied mathematics , materials science , biomedical engineering , cybersecurity , and solar-terrestrial physics – of which

3465-433: The ancestral home of the indigenous Serrano people for approximately 2,500 years. They referred to the territory as "Yuhaviat" which translates into "Pine Place". They inhabited small villages of 10 to 30 round buildings located along fresh water sources and subsisted on berries, nuts, tubers, acorns, and plentiful game harvested along the lush valley. The Serrano looked at the native grizzly bears as ancestors and did not eat

3542-569: The corrected field of view—MCAO is essential for studies requiring wide-field correction with high temporal cadence. The GST was the largest clear-aperture solar telescope in the world, able to resolve features on the Sun less than 50 km (31 mi) across, until it was replaced by the 4-meter Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope , which saw first light in 2019. The telescope was named the Goode Solar Telescope in July 2017. Other telescopes in BBSO include

3619-607: The dam and other assets from the Mutual Water Company in 1977. The unregulated hunting of grizzly bear in the San Bernardinos took a heavy toll upon the once significant population, and by 1906 all the local Ursus californicus were killed off. Tourism began with the onset of the automobile and the eventual establishment of highways accessing the remote area. Hollywood soon discovered Big Bear, and several movies, particularly westerns, have been filmed in

3696-554: The development of a smart gun technology. The university research centers include the National Center for Transportation and Industrial Productivity and SmartCampus. The university hosts the Metro New York FIRST Robotics office. NJIT also hosts the Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research which owns and operates the Big Bear Solar Observatory , one of the world's largest solar observatories which

3773-469: The form of periodicals, reference materials, rare books, visual materials, including architectural drawings, prints, postcards, and maps, digital databases, and a materials library. The college offers a pre-college summer program for high school students. The Computer Science department, part of the Ying Wu College of Computing Sciences, is the largest at NJIT, comprising more than one fifth of

3850-403: The growing number of students. A second fundraiser, the institution's first capital campaign, was launched to support the construction of a home for Newark Technical School. In 1886, under the leadership of the school's first director, Charles A. Colton , the cornerstone was laid at the intersection of High Street and Summit Place for a three-story building later to be named Weston Hall in honor of

3927-689: The herd into the Lucerne Valley on the north side of the San Bernardinos. In 1845, Wilson gathered a posse of 44 men, 22 of whom he sent through the Cajon Pass while he engineered a pincer movement with the other 22 men into the headwaters of the Santa Ana River , effectively cutting the Utes off at the other end of Lucerne. On the trip Wilson came upon a broad watershed teeming with wildlife, particularly bear. His posse immediately became

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4004-489: The institution's early benefactor. A laboratory building called Colton Hall was added to the campus in 1911. Allan Cullimore led the institution from 1920 to 1949 transforming Newark Technical School into Newark College of Engineering ( NCE ), a name change that was adopted in 1930. Campbell Hall was erected in 1925. Due to the Depression and World War II , only the former Newark Orphan Asylum, now Eberhardt Hall ,

4081-497: The lake capacity to 73,000 acre-feet (90,000 dam ). The original granite dam still remains, usually under about 20 feet of water. A highway bridge (SR 18) was built over the arches of the new dam in 1923. A new bypass bridge was built next to the old bridge in 2009, and the old bridge on top of the new dam was removed. Elevation at the surface is 6,750 ft (2,060 m), but this level fluctuates according to annual snowmelt and runoff. Big Bear Municipal Water District acquired

4158-468: The lake, traveling about 9 miles (14 km) southwest to the Santa Ana River . North Shore ( Highway 38 ) begins at the Dam Junction of Highway 18. It travels east past the historic location of Gray's Landing, a famous 1920s fishing camp. It turns north around Grout Bay and travels through the small unincorporated town of Fawnskin . The road meanders across North Shore through Forestry lands, past

4235-531: The meat or wear the fur of these massive animals. Several communities in the area feature place names reflecting the Big Bear region's rich Native history. These include Yucaipa , Cucamonga , and Muscupiabe. European explorers first saw the area when a Native American hunting party was formed by Benjamin Wilson . Wilson moved to California during the days of Mexican territorial Alta California . He married into

4312-592: The north side, into Big Bear City. According to the National Weather Service, the warmest month at Big Bear is July, with a daily average temperature of 64.7 °F (18.2 °C). The coolest month is January, with a daily average temperature of 34.1 °F (1.2 °C). There are an average of 1.7 days each year with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher. Freezing temperatures have occurred in every month and occur on an average of 186 days each year, on average from September 24 to June 4. With

4389-587: The observatory are designed and employed specifically for studying the activities and phenomena of the Sun . Construction of the GST began in 2005 and the telescope saw first light in January 2009, with first AO-corrected imaging in the summer of 2010 in the near-infrared. Second-generation AO corrected visible light in the summer of 2012. In summer 2016, the first successful MCAO observations were made, which roughly tripled

4466-551: The party took 11 more bear pelts. In 1859, the valley became a venue for gold prospectors. William F. Holcomb , a prospector from Indiana, moved to Los Angeles from the Northern California mines where he heard about the prospecting at Big Bear. He moved to Starvation Flats , where he had little luck the first winter. Because of his marksmanship, he was hired by several of the other miners to hunt bear for meat. With his Indian companion, Holcomb tracked, shot and wounded

4543-471: The primary BBSO telescope was in the 50-centimetre (20 in) class, as were the world's other high-resolution solar telescopes. However, to resolve the fundamental scale in the Sun's atmosphere (photon mean free path of 100 km (62 mi) at the Solar surface), an aperture of at least 1.5 m (59 in) is required. Correction of distortion by the terrestrial atmospheric via adaptive optics (AO)

4620-594: The region. Big Bear Lake is geophysically defined by its North and South Shore. Big Bear Boulevard follows the South Shore and leads into the Big Bear Valley as a continuation of Highway 18 (the so-called Rim of the World Highway, which approaches from the west). Big Bear Boulevard winds east through Papoose Bay, Boulder Bay and Metcalf Bay, then leads directly east to the city of Big Bear Lake. At

4697-418: The shore end of the causeway and began operating in 1995. In 1995, when professor Zirin announced his intent to retire as the director, Caltech began to search for a successor. Eventually, the university decided to change the focus of what had been a solar-physics slot in the astrophysics department and to look for another organization to take over the observatory. By the spring of 1996, Caltech announced that

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4774-403: The student population. It is also the largest computer science department among all research universities in the New York metropolitan area. The department offers a full range of degree programs in computer science (BA/BS, MS and PhD), in addition to emerging interdisciplinary programs: Telecommunication (MS), Bioinformatics (BS/MS), and Computing and Business (BS/MS). The Bioinformatics degree

4851-530: The university enrolls 12,332 students from 92 countries, about 2,500 of whom live on its main campus in Newark's University Heights district. NJIT offers 51 undergraduate (Bachelor of Science/Arts) majors and 71 graduate (Masters and PhD) programs. Via its Honors College, it also offers professional programs in Healthcare and Law in collaboration with nearby institutions including Rutgers Medical School and Seton Hall Law School . Cross-registration with Rutgers University-Newark which borders its campus

4928-412: The university. Dr. Weston's collection of artifacts and rare books is housed in the Van Houten Library and is available to scholars interested in the history of science and technology. About 80% of NJIT students commute to campus. The Residence Life (on-campus) community currently includes a little over 2,500 students. There are six residence halls on the NJIT campus. Redwood Hall, constructed in 1978,

5005-505: The very cold water and the presence of underwater obstacles near the shorelines, swimming is discouraged. The lake is patrolled by the BBMWD Lake Patrol. Many lakeside residents have private docks, and visiting boaters obtain mooring in several of the marinas found on both shores. Big Bear Municipal Water District (a special district of the State of California) provides public launches on the east end and west end of North Shore. Local marinas rent various sport and pleasure boats, and parasailing

5082-400: Was 27.0 in (69 cm) on March 27, 1991. The greatest snow depth was 58 in (150 cm) on February 3, 1979. Snow has fallen in every month except July and August. There are normally 18 days each year with measurable snow of .1 in (0.25 cm) or more. Located 100 miles (160 km) east of Los Angeles and surrounded by the San Bernardino National Forest , Big Bear Lake

5159-460: Was completed. With the addition of the New Jersey School of Architecture in 1973, the institution had evolved into a technological university, offering a widening range of graduate and undergraduate degrees and an increasing focus on research and public service. William Hazell , president at the time, decided the school's name should be changed to more clearly reflect its ongoing evolution. Alumni were solicited for suggestions. The winning suggestion

5236-421: Was converted into a pedestrian walkway. Since then the high school building was extensively renovated, preserved, and updated per the Campus Master Plan. Between 2016 and 2018, several facilities opened, including a 209,000-square-foot (19,400 m ) multi-purpose Wellness and Events Center , "The WEC", which features a retractable-seating arena that can accommodate 3,500 spectators or 4,000 event participants;

5313-426: Was enlarged and reorganized as the College of Architecture and Design (COAD). Within the college, the New Jersey School of Architecture continues, along with the newly established School of Art + Design. In June 2010, NJIT purchased the old Central High School building which is located between the NJIT and Rutgers–Newark campuses. With the completion of the purchase, Summit Street, from Warren Street to New Street,

5390-441: Was established in 1994, and the newest school, the College of Computing Sciences, was created in 2001. Also, three residential halls, Cypress, Oak, and Laurel which house about 1500 students in total, were placed in service in the 1990s. On May 2, 2003, Robert Altenkirch was inaugurated as president. He succeeded Saul Fenster who was named the university's sixth president in 1978. In September 2011 Altenkirch elected to return to

5467-400: Was formed in 1982. It was originally known as the Third College having been preceded by Newark College of Engineering and the New Jersey School of Architecture. In 1986 its name was changed to the College of Science and Liberal Arts as a result of a more sharply defined mission and direction. The College of Science and Liberal Arts is located inside a building sharing the same name. The building

5544-575: Was fully renovated and re-inaugurated as the Alumni Center and the symbolic front door to the university. Its restored tower was the logo of the former Newark College of Engineering. A rebranding campaign with the current slogan, "NJIT – New Jersey's Science and Technology University – The Edge in Knowledge", was launched to emphasize NJIT's position as New Jersey's science-and-technology-focused public research university. NJIT's business school,

5621-763: Was originally named Cullimore Hall, and is still referred to as that by students. Growing steadily ever since, JHCSLA has spawned two of NJIT's colleges: the Albert Dorman Honors College, which evolved out of the Honors Program that was founded in JHCSLA in 1985, and the College of Computing Sciences, which developed out of JHCSLA's Computer and Information Science Department. Today the college consists of six academic departments: JHCSLA also houses: The College of Architecture and Design houses

5698-479: Was purchased and modestly renovated in the succeeding decades. Cullimore left an unpublished history of the institution dated 1955. In 1946, about 75% of the freshman class had served in the U. S. Armed Forces . Cullimore Hall was built in 1958 and two years later the old Weston Hall was razed and replaced with the current seven-story structure. Doctoral level programs were introduced in 1960. Six years later, in 1966, an 18-acre (7.3 ha), four-building expansion

5775-435: Was retained for NJIT's engineering school. The establishment of a residential campus and the opening of NJIT's first dormitory (Redwood Hall) in 1979 began a period of steady growth that continues today under an evolving Master Plan. Two new schools were established at the university during the 1980s, the College of Science and Liberal Arts in 1982 and the School of Industrial Management in 1988. The Albert Dorman Honors College

5852-458: Was submitted by Joseph M. Anderson '25. Anderson's suggestion, New Jersey Institute of Technology, emphasized the increasing scope of educational and research initiatives at the institution. The Board of Trustees approved the name change in September 1974. Newark College of Engineering officially became New Jersey Institute of Technology on January 1, 1975. The Newark College of Engineering name

5929-435: Was the first, followed by Cypress, Oak, and Laurel (constructed in 1997 and extended in 1999). Cypress and Redwood are primarily used for freshman students, while Laurel and Oak house upperclassmen. The fifth, Warren Street Village, which opened in the fall of 2013, provides housing for Dorman Honors College students and several Greek houses which together provide space for about 600 students. The Warren Street Village also houses

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