The Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE) is the main examination to qualify students for admission into secondary and vocational schools in Ghana , and Nigeria . It is written after three years of junior secondary education. It is administered by the Ghana Education Service under the Ministry of Education . In Nigeria, it is administered by the state ministry of education in each state under the supervision of the National Examinations Council (NECO) . NECO directly organizes examinations for Unity Schools, Armed Forces Secondary Schools, and other Federal Government schools. Candidates in the third year of junior high schools approved by the Ghana Education Service are eligible for the examination. It is conducted annually in June (Ghana and , May/June (Nigeria).
48-840: All subjects questions and answers (Optional) Schools approved by the Ghana Education Service, or NECO are eligible to register students for the BECE each year. The six-week entry period begins in October and ends in November. Participating schools upload their Statement of Entries and School Choice Files via the Internet for processing. Continuous Assessment Scores are submitted to the council on compact discs. The examination consists of multiple-choice and written questions, and Continuous (Internal) Assessment marks provided by
96-696: A cellular mobile telephone number to sign up. In January 2018, WhatsApp released a standalone business app called WhatsApp Business which can communicate with the standard WhatsApp client. The service was created by WhatsApp Inc. of Mountain View, California , which was acquired by Facebook in February 2014 for approximately US$ 19.3 billion. It became the world's most popular messaging application by 2015, and had more than 2 billion users worldwide by February 2020, confirmed four years later by new 200M registrations per month. By 2016, it had become
144-401: A crash , or system crash , occurs when a computer program such as a software application or an operating system stops functioning properly and exits . On some operating systems or individual applications, a crash reporting service will report the crash and any details relating to it (or give the user the option to do so), usually to the developer(s) of the application. If the program is
192-485: A hardware exception occurs that cannot be handled . Operating system crashes can also occur when internal sanity-checking logic within the operating system detects that the operating system has lost its internal self-consistency. Modern multi-tasking operating systems, such as Linux , and macOS , usually remain unharmed when an application program crashes. Some operating systems, e.g., z/OS , have facilities for Reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS) and
240-427: A video game ) unexpectedly quits, abruptly taking the user back to the desktop . Usually, the term is applied only to crashes where no error is displayed, hence all the user sees as a result of the crash is the desktop. Many times there is no apparent action that causes a crash to desktop. During normal function, the program may freeze for a shorter period of time, and then close by itself. Also during normal function,
288-663: A $ 1.5 billion valuation, Facebook, Inc. (now Meta Platforms ) announced it was acquiring WhatsApp for US$ 19 billion, its largest acquisition to date. At the time, it was the largest acquisition of a venture-capital-backed company in history. Sequoia Capital received an approximate 5,000% return on its initial investment. Facebook, which was advised by Allen & Co, paid $ 4 billion in cash, $ 12 billion in Facebook shares, and, advised by Morgan Stanley , an additional $ 3 billion in restricted stock units granted to WhatsApp's founders Koum and Acton. Employee stock
336-507: A barrier faced by users without payment cards . He also said that the app would not display any third-party ads, and that it would have new features such as the ability to communicate with businesses. On May 18, 2017, the European Commission announced that it was fining Facebook €110 million for "providing misleading information about WhatsApp takeover" in 2014. The Commission said that in 2014 when Facebook acquired
384-533: A controversial new Privacy Policy allowing WhatsApp to share data with its parent company, Facebook; users who did not accept by February 8, 2021, would lose access to the app. This led many users to ditch WhatsApp and move to other services such as Signal and Telegram . However, Facebook said the WhatsApp policy would not apply in the EU, since it violates the principles of GDPR . Facing criticism, WhatsApp postponed
432-575: A critical part of the operating system, the entire system may crash or hang, often resulting in a kernel panic or fatal system error . Most crashes are the result of a software bug . Typical causes include accessing invalid memory addresses, incorrect address values in the program counter , buffer overflow , overwriting a portion of the affected program code due to an earlier bug, executing invalid machine instructions (an illegal or unauthorized opcode), or triggering an unhandled exception . The original software bug that started this chain of events
480-417: A dialogue box (such as the one shown to the right) with the option to attach a debugger if one is installed. Some applications attempt to recover from the error and continue running instead of exiting . An application can also contain code to crash after detecting a severe error. Typical errors that result in application crashes include: A "crash to desktop" is said to occur when a program (commonly
528-602: A keynote presentation at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona in February 2014, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said that Facebook's acquisition of WhatsApp was closely related to the Internet.org vision. A TechCrunch article said about Zuckerberg's vision: The idea, he said, is to develop a group of basic internet services that would be free of charge to use – "a 911 for the internet". These could be
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#1732790365862576-561: A new Status feature similar to Snapchat and Facebook stories. In July 2017, WhatsApp added support for file uploads of all file types, with a limit of 100 MB. Previously between March 2016 and May 2017, only limited file types categorised as images (JPG, PNG, GIF), videos (MP4, AVI), and documents (CSV, DOC/DOCX, PDF, PPT/PPTX, RTF, TXT, XLS/XLSX), were allowed to be shared for file attachments. Later in September 2018, WhatsApp introduced group audio and video call features. In October,
624-555: A new design consisting of a darker palette. In October 2020, WhatsApp rolled out a feature allowing users to mute both individuals and group chats forever. The mute options are "8 hours", "1 week", and "Always". The "Always" option replaced the "1 year" option that was originally part of the settings. In March 2021, WhatsApp started rolling out support for third-party animated stickers, initially in Iran, Brazil and Indonesia, then worldwide. Crash (computing) In computing ,
672-415: A new job. Acton encouraged him to wait for a "few more months". In June 2009, when the app had been downloaded by only a handful of Fishman's Russian-speaking friends, Apple launched push notifications , allowing users to be pinged even when not using the app. Koum updated WhatsApp so that everyone in the user's network would be notified when a user's status changed. This new facility, to Koum's surprise,
720-449: A partnership with Startup India to provide 500 startups with Facebook ad credits of $ 500 each. In December 2019, WhatsApp announced that a new update would lock out any Apple users who hadn't updated to iOS 9 or higher and Samsung, Huawei, Sony and Google users who hadn't updated to version 4.0 by February 1, 2020. The company also reported that Windows Phone operating systems would no longer be supported after December 31, 2019. WhatsApp
768-711: A phone's Contacts menu, showing if a person was at work or on a call. Their discussions often took place at the home of Koum's Russian friend Alex Fishman in West San Jose. They realized that to take the idea further, they would need an iPhone developer. Fishman visited RentACoder.com, found Russian developer Igor Solomennikov, and introduced him to Koum. Koum named the app WhatsApp to sound like " what's up ". On February 24, 2009, he incorporated WhatsApp Inc. in California. However, when early versions of WhatsApp kept crashing , Koum considered giving up and looking for
816-411: A slate of improvements for the iOS version of WhatsApp were released: including the ability to search for messages in your chat history, trimming long videos to a sendable size, the ability to cancel media messages as they upload or download, and previewing photos before sending them. In March 2012, WhatsApp improved its location-sharing function, allowing users to share not only their location, but also
864-469: A social networking service like Facebook, a messaging service, maybe search and other things like weather. Providing a bundle of these free of charge to users will work like a gateway drug of sorts – users who may be able to afford data services and phones these days just don't see the point of why they would pay for those data services. This would give them some context for why they are important, and that will lead them to pay for more services like this – or so
912-442: Is typically considered to be the cause of the crash, which is discovered through the process of debugging . The original bug can be far removed from the code that actually triggered the crash. In early personal computers, attempting to write data to hardware addresses outside the system's main memory could cause hardware damage. Some crashes are exploitable and let a malicious program or hacker execute arbitrary code , allowing
960-603: The Facebook Messenger platform. In January 2018, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Business for small business use. In April 2018, WhatsApp co-founder and CEO Jan Koum announced he would be leaving the company. By leaving before November 2018, due to concerns about privacy, advertising, and monetization by Facebook, Acton and Koum gave up $ 1.3 billion in unvested stock options. Facebook later announced that Koum's replacement would be Chris Daniels. On November 25, 2019, WhatsApp announced an investment of $ 250,000 through
1008-511: The "Swipe to Reply" option was added to the Android beta version, 16 months after it was introduced for iOS. On October 25, 2018, WhatsApp announced support for Stickers. But unlike other platforms WhatsApp requires third-party apps to add Stickers to WhatsApp. In October 2019, WhatsApp officially launched a new fingerprint app-locking feature for Android users. In early 2020, WhatsApp launched its "dark mode" for iPhone and Android devices –
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#17327903658621056-484: The German word " Abend " meaning "evening". Depending on the application, the crash may contain the user's sensitive and private information . Moreover, many software bugs which cause crashes are also exploitable for arbitrary code execution and other types of privilege escalation . For example, a stack buffer overflow can overwrite the return address of a subroutine with an invalid value, which will cause, e.g.,
1104-472: The Internet, such as abend.org . This usage derives from the ABEND macro on IBM OS/360 , ..., z/OS operating systems. Usually capitalized, but may appear as "abend". Some common ABEND codes are System ABEND 0C7 (data exception) and System ABEND 0CB ( division by zero ). Abends can be "soft" (allowing automatic recovery) or "hard" (terminating the activity). The term is jocularly claimed to be derived from
1152-538: The OS can recover from the crash of a critical component, whether due to hardware failure, e.g., uncorrectable ECC error, or to software failure, e.g., a reference to an unassigned page. An Abnormal end or ABEND is an abnormal termination of software , or a program crash. Errors or crashes on the Novell NetWare network operating system are usually called ABENDs. Communities of NetWare administrators sprung up around
1200-481: The app to launch an in-app shopping process, where they can order groceries. In 2022, WhatsApp added the ability for users to turn off their online status. In March 2024, Meta announced that WhatsApp would let third-party messaging services enable interoperability with WhatsApp, a requirement of the EU's Digital Markets Act (DMA). This allows users to send messages between other messaging apps and WhatsApp while maintaining end-to-end encryption. In November 2010,
1248-474: The authorization of a school's head or its accredited representative. Certificates for successful candidates are produced within a month after results are released, and are sent to schools for collection by individual candidates. Certificates lost or damaged after collection are not replaced. The 2015 BECE began Monday, June 15, with the English Language and Religious and Moral Education papers, and
1296-541: The company to start a nonprofit group, later revealed as the Signal Foundation , which developed the WhatsApp competitor Signal . He explained his reasons for leaving in an interview with Forbes a year later. WhatsApp also announced a forthcoming business platform to enable companies to provide customer service at scale, and airlines KLM and Aeroméxico announced their participation in the testing. Both airlines had previously launched customer services on
1344-696: The company. In October 2009, Acton persuaded five former friends at Yahoo! to invest $ 250,000 in seed funding , and Acton became a co-founder and was given a stake. He officially joined WhatsApp on November 1. Koum then hired a friend in Los Angeles , Chris Peiffer, to develop a BlackBerry version, which arrived two months later. Subsequently, WhatsApp for Symbian OS was added in May 2010, and for Android OS in August 2010. In 2010 Google made multiple acquisition offers for WhatsApp, which were all declined. To cover
1392-555: The cost of sending verification texts to users, WhatsApp was changed from a free service to a paid one. In December 2009, the ability to send photos was added to the iOS version. By early 2011, WhatsApp was one of the top 20 apps in the U.S. Apple App Store. In April 2011, Sequoia Capital invested about $ 8 million for more than 15% of the company, after months of negotiation by Sequoia partner Jim Goetz . By February 2013, WhatsApp had about 200 million active users and 50 staff members. Sequoia invested another $ 50 million, and WhatsApp
1440-466: The error in a separate window when the user has returned to the desktop. The software running the web server behind a website may crash, rendering it inaccessible entirely or providing only an error message instead of normal content. For example: if a site is using an SQL database (such as MySQL ) for a script (such as PHP ) and that SQL database server crashes, then PHP will display a connection error. An operating system crash commonly occurs when
1488-617: The hope goes. Three days after announcing the Facebook purchase, Koum said they were working to introduce voice calls. He also said that new mobile phones would be sold in Germany with the WhatsApp brand, and that their ultimate goal was to be on all smartphones . In August 2014, WhatsApp was the most popular messaging app in the world, with more than 600 million users. By early January 2015, WhatsApp had 700 million monthly users and over 30 billion messages every day. In April 2015, Forbes predicted that between 2012 and 2018,
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1536-815: The internet. It was also not available for iOS users on launch, due to limitations from Apple. Voice calls between two accounts were added to the app in March and April 2015. By June 2016, the company's blog reported more than 100 million voice calls per day were being placed on WhatsApp. On November 10, 2016, WhatsApp launched a beta version of two-factor authentication for Android users, which allowed them to use their email addresses for further protection. Also in November 2016, Facebook ceased collecting WhatsApp data for advertising in Europe. Later that month, video calls between two accounts were introduced. On February 24, 2017, (WhatsApp's 8th birthday), WhatsApp launched
1584-438: The location of places, such as restaurants or hotels. In August 2013, WhatsApp added voice messages to their apps, giving users a way to send short audio recordings directly in their chats. In January 2015, WhatsApp launched a web client that allowed users to scan a QR code with their mobile app, mirroring their chats to their browser. The web client was not standalone, and required the user's phone to stay on and connected to
1632-493: The messaging app, it "falsely claimed it was technically impossible to automatically combine user information from Facebook and WhatsApp." However, in the summer of 2016, WhatsApp had begun sharing user information with its parent company, allowing information such as phone numbers to be used for targeted Facebook advertisements. Facebook acknowledged the breach, but said the errors in their 2014 filings were "not intentional". In September 2017, WhatsApp's co-founder Brian Acton left
1680-587: The primary means of Internet communication in regions including the Americas , the Indian subcontinent , and large parts of Europe and Africa . WhatsApp was founded in February 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum , former employees of Yahoo! A month earlier, after Koum purchased an iPhone , he and Acton decided to create an app for the App Store . The idea started off as an app that would display statuses in
1728-441: The program may become a black screen and repeatedly play the last few seconds of sound (depending on the size of the audio buffer ) that was being played before it crashes to desktop. Other times it may appear to be triggered by a certain action, such as loading an area. Crash to desktop bugs are considered particularly problematic for users. Since they frequently display no error message, it can be very difficult to track down
1776-425: The replication of viruses or the acquisition of data which would normally be inaccessible. An application typically crashes when it performs an operation that is not allowed by the operating system. The operating system then triggers an exception or signal in the application. Unix applications traditionally responded to the signal by dumping core . Most Windows and Unix GUI applications respond by displaying
1824-470: The schools. In Ghana, candidates are graded on a nine-point scale, with Grade 1 for highest performance and Grade 9 for lowest. From 2017–Date, Candidates in Nigeria have been graded on a non-linear 5 point scale from Before 2017, it was graded on a non-linear 4 point scale: Scripts (graded tests) are kept for three months, then destroyed. During this time, they may be examined, for a fee, though by
1872-545: The source of the problem, especially if the times they occur and the actions taking place right before the crash do not appear to have any pattern or common ground. One way to track down the source of the problem for games is to run them in windowed-mode. Windows Vista has a feature that can help track down the cause of a CTD problem when it occurs on any program. Windows XP included a similar feature as well. Some computer programs, such as StepMania and BBC's Bamzooki , also crash to desktop if in full-screen, but display
1920-500: The telecommunications industry would lose $ 386 billion because of "over-the-top" services like WhatsApp and Skype . That month, WhatsApp had over 800 million users. By September 2015, it had grown to 900 million; and by February 2016, one billion. On November 30, 2015, the Android WhatsApp client made links to messaging service Telegram unclickable and uncopyable. Multiple sources confirmed that it
1968-721: The test was so widespread, some questions had been shared on the WhatsApp messaging platform. The following papers were cancelled: The cancelled papers were re-administered on June 29 and June 30, 2015. WhatsApp WhatsApp (officially WhatsApp Messenger ) is an instant messaging (IM) and voice-over-IP (VoIP) service owned by technology conglomerate Meta . It allows users to send text , voice messages and video messages, make voice and video calls, and share images, documents, user locations, and other content. WhatsApp's client application runs on mobile devices , and can be accessed from computers. The service requires
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2016-491: The update to May 15, 2021, but said they had no plans to limit functionality of users, nor nag users who did not approve the new terms. On October 4, 2021, Facebook had its worst outage since 2008 , which also affected other platforms owned by Facebook, such as Instagram and WhatsApp. In August 2022, WhatsApp launched an integration with JioMart , available only to users in India. Local users can text special numbers in
2064-556: Was announced to be the 3rd most downloaded mobile phone app of the decade 2010–2019. In March, WhatsApp partnered with the World Health Organization and UNICEF to provide messaging hotlines for people to get information on the 2019–2020 coronavirus pandemic . In the same month WhatsApp began testing a feature to help users find out more information and context about information they receive to help combat misinformation. In January 2021, WhatsApp announced
2112-434: Was intentional, not a bug, and that it had been implemented when the Android source code that recognized Telegram URLs had been identified. (The word "telegram" appeared in WhatsApp's code. ) Some considered it an anti-competitive measure; WhatsApp offered no explanation. On January 18, 2016, WhatsApp's co-founder Jan Koum announced that it would no longer charge users a $ 1 annual subscription fee, in an effort to remove
2160-612: Was scheduled to end Friday, June 19, with the Information Communication Technology (ICT) paper. On Wednesday, June 17, two days into the examinations, the West Africa Examinations Council cancelled five subjects, claiming the papers had been 'compromised' and that cancellation was necessary to safeguard both the integrity of the examinations and subsequent certificates. In its official statement, WAEC explained that leakage of
2208-590: Was scheduled to vest over four years subsequent to closing. Days after the announcement, WhatsApp users experienced a loss of service, leading to anger across social media. The acquisition was influenced by the data provided by Onavo , Facebook's research app for monitoring competitors and trending usage of social activities on mobile phones, as well as startups that were performing "unusually well". The acquisition caused many users to try, or move to, other message services. Telegram claimed that it acquired 8 million new users. and Line , 2 million. At
2256-412: Was used by users to ping "each other with jokey custom statuses like, 'I woke up late' or 'I'm on my way.'" Fishman said "At some point it sort of became instant messaging". WhatsApp 2.0, released for iPhone in August 2009, featured a purpose-designed messaging component; the number of active users suddenly increased to 250,000. Although Acton was working on another startup idea, he decided to join
2304-429: Was valued at $ 1.5 billion. Some time in 2013 WhatsApp acquired Santa Clara–based startup SkyMobius, the developers of Vtok, a video and voice calling app. In a December 2013 blog post, WhatsApp claimed that 400 million active users used the service each month. The year 2013 ended with $ 148 million in expenses, of which $ 138 million in losses. On February 19, 2014, one year after a venture capital financing round at
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