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48-485: [REDACTED] Look up BIA in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. BIA or Bia may refer to: Acronym or abbreviation [ edit ] Organizations and companies [ edit ] Board of Immigration Appeals , an American immigration appellate court Bohemia Interactive Australia , a computer simulation software company Border and Immigration Agency ,

96-463: A firmware mechanism. Many network interfaces, however, support changing their MAC addresses. The address typically includes a manufacturer's organizationally unique identifier (OUI). MAC addresses are formed according to the principles of two numbering spaces based on extended unique identifiers (EUIs) managed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): EUI-48 —which replaces

144-597: A computer simulation software company Border and Immigration Agency , a defunct British government agency Braille Institute of America , a non-profit organization headquartered in Los Angeles Brazilian Intelligence Agency Bridgeport International Academy , a U.S. high school British Institute in Amman , a British research institute in Amman, Jordan British Island Airways ,

192-656: A defunct British airline Brunei Investment Agency , a corporation under the Government of Brunei Bureau of Indian Affairs , an American government agency Burma Independence Army , a name for the predecessor of the Burma National Army in World War II Bus Industries of America Security Intelligence Agency (Serbian: Bezbednosno Informativna Agencija ), Serbian intelligence agency Beijing Institute of Aerodynamics ,

240-403: A defunct British government agency Braille Institute of America , a non-profit organization headquartered in Los Angeles Brazilian Intelligence Agency Bridgeport International Academy , a U.S. high school British Institute in Amman , a British research institute in Amman, Jordan British Island Airways , a defunct British airline Brunei Investment Agency , a corporation under

288-1022: A former research organization in Beijing, China Airports [ edit ] Baghdad International Airport Bahrain International Airport Bandaranaike International Airport Bangkok International Airport (disambiguation) Bangor International Airport , Bangor, Maine Bastia – Poretta Airport (IATA: BIA), on the island of Corsica Beirut International Airport Belfast International Airport Bengaluru International Airport , Bangalore, India Birmingham Airport , Birmingham, England Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport , Birmingham, Alabama, United States Blackpool International Airport , Lancashire, England Bristol Airport Brussels International Airport Other acronyms [ edit ] Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act ,

336-510: A genus of brush-footed butterflies Bia (mythology) , a Greek mythological figure Bia (plant) , a genus of plants Bia , a synonym for a genus of beetles, Bius Bia (TV series) , an Argentine telenovela Bia , a Filipino name for the Long-finned goby See also [ edit ] Biar (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

384-451: A genus of brush-footed butterflies Bia (mythology) , a Greek mythological figure Bia (plant) , a genus of plants Bia , a synonym for a genus of beetles, Bius Bia (TV series) , an Argentine telenovela Bia , a Filipino name for the Long-finned goby See also [ edit ] Biar (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

432-502: A globally unique network address assigned to a device at time of manufacture Business impact analysis , a component of business continuity planning Business improvement area , a defined area within which businesses pay an additional tax or fee in order to fund improvements within the area Business–IT alignment , a dynamic state in which a business organization is able to use information technology (IT) effectively to achieve business objectives Places [ edit ] Bīā ,

480-502: A globally unique network address assigned to a device at time of manufacture Business impact analysis , a component of business continuity planning Business improvement area , a defined area within which businesses pay an additional tax or fee in order to fund improvements within the area Business–IT alignment , a dynamic state in which a business organization is able to use information technology (IT) effectively to achieve business objectives Places [ edit ] Bīā ,

528-784: A particular wireless MAC address. Randomized MAC addresses can be identified by the "locally administered" bit described above. Using wireless access points in SSID -hidden mode ( network cloaking ), a mobile wireless device may not only disclose its own MAC address when traveling, but even the MAC addresses associated to SSIDs the device has already connected to, if they are configured to send these as part of probe request packets. Alternative modes to prevent this include configuring access points to be either in beacon-broadcasting mode or probe-response with SSID mode. In these modes, probe requests may be unnecessary or sent in broadcast mode without disclosing

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576-405: A target lifetime of 100 years (until 2080) for applications using EUI-48 space and restricts applications accordingly. The IEEE encourages adoption of the more plentiful EUI-64 for non-Ethernet applications. The distinctions between EUI-48 and MAC-48 identifiers are in name and application only. MAC-48 was used to address hardware interfaces within existing 802-based networking applications; EUI-48

624-957: A village in Iran Bia, Togo , a village Bia District , a former district of western Ghana Bia National Park , a national park in Ghana Bia (Ghana parliament constituency) Bia River in western Africa Phou Bia , the highest mountain in Laos People [ edit ] Bïa , a Brazilian-born singer Bia (Brazilian footballer) Bia (rapper) Maria Francisca Bia , 19th-century Dutch ballet dancer, opera singer and actress Bia de' Medici (1536–1542), daughter of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Beatriz Haddad Maia (commonly known as Bia; born 1996), Brazilian tennis player Beatriz Vaz e Silva (commonly known as Bia; born 1985), Brazilian soccer player Other uses [ edit ] Bia (butterfly) ,

672-784: A village in Iran Bia, Togo , a village Bia District , a former district of western Ghana Bia National Park , a national park in Ghana Bia (Ghana parliament constituency) Bia River in western Africa Phou Bia , the highest mountain in Laos People [ edit ] Bïa , a Brazilian-born singer Bia (Brazilian footballer) Bia (rapper) Maria Francisca Bia , 19th-century Dutch ballet dancer, opera singer and actress Bia de' Medici (1536–1542), daughter of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Beatriz Haddad Maia (commonly known as Bia; born 1996), Brazilian tennis player Beatriz Vaz e Silva (commonly known as Bia; born 1985), Brazilian soccer player Other uses [ edit ] Bia (butterfly) ,

720-455: Is 0 (zero), the frame is meant to reach only one receiving network interface . This type of transmission is called unicast . A unicast frame is transmitted to all nodes within the collision domain . In a modern wired setting (i.e. with switches , not simple hubs ) the collision domain usually is the length of the Ethernet cabling between two network interfaces. In a wireless setting,

768-698: Is an inactive registry which has been replaced by the MA-S ( MAC address block, small ), previously named OUI-36 , and has no overlaps in addresses with the IAB registry product as of January 1, 2014. The IAB uses an OUI from the MA-L ( MAC address block, large ) registry, previously called the OUI registry. The term OUI is still in use, but the IEEE Registration Authority does not administer them. An OUI

816-722: Is called multicast addressing. The IEEE has built in several special address types to allow more than one network interface card to be addressed at one time: These are all examples of group addresses , as opposed to individual addresses ; the least significant bit of the first octet of a MAC address distinguishes individual addresses from group addresses. That bit is set to 0 in individual addresses and set to 1 in group addresses. Group addresses, like individual addresses, can be universally administered or locally administered. The U/L and I/G bits are handled independently, and there are instances of all four possibilities. IPv6 multicast uses locally administered, multicast MAC addresses in

864-408: Is concatenated with 12 additional IEEE-provided bits (for a total of 36 bits), leaving only 12 bits for the organisation owning the IAB to assign to its (up to 4096) individual devices. An IAB is ideal for organizations requiring not more than 4096 unique 48-bit numbers (EUI-48). Unlike an OUI, which allows the assignee to assign values in various different number spaces (for example, EUI-48, EUI-64, and

912-465: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages BIA [REDACTED] Look up BIA in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. BIA or Bia may refer to: Acronym or abbreviation [ edit ] Organizations and companies [ edit ] Board of Immigration Appeals , an American immigration appellate court Bohemia Interactive Australia ,

960-425: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Burned-in address MAC addresses are primarily assigned by device manufacturers, and are therefore often referred to as the burned-in address , or as an Ethernet hardware address , hardware address , or physical address . Each address can be stored in the interface hardware, such as its read-only memory , or by

1008-489: Is now used for 802-based networking and is also used to identify other devices and software, for example Bluetooth . The IEEE now considers MAC-48 to be an obsolete term. EUI-48 is now used in all cases. In addition, the EUI-64 numbering system originally encompassed both MAC-48 and EUI-48 identifiers by a simple translation mechanism. These translations have since been deprecated. The Individual Address Block (IAB)

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1056-561: Is optional. The following network technologies use the EUI-48 identifier format: Every device that connects to an IEEE 802 network (such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi) has an EUI-48 address. Common networked consumer devices such as PCs, smartphones and tablet computers use EUI-48 addresses. EUI-64 identifiers are used in: On broadcast networks, such as Ethernet, the MAC address is expected to uniquely identify each node on that segment and allows frames to be marked for specific hosts. It thus forms

1104-524: Is started with a MAC address set by assigning the last three bytes to be unique on the local network. While this is local administration of MAC addresses, it is not an LAA in the IEEE sense. A historical example of this hybrid situation is the DECnet protocol, where the universal MAC address (OUI AA-00-04, Digital Equipment Corporation) is administered locally. The DECnet software assigns the last three bytes for

1152-442: Is written in transmission order with the least significant bit of each byte transmitted first, and is used in the output of the ifconfig , ip address , and ipconfig commands, for example. However, since IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) and IEEE 802.4 (Token Bus) send the bytes (octets) over the wire, left-to-right, with the least significant bit in each byte first, while IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring) and IEEE 802.6 (FDDI) send

1200-707: The Government of Brunei Bureau of Indian Affairs , an American government agency Burma Independence Army , a name for the predecessor of the Burma National Army in World War II Bus Industries of America Security Intelligence Agency (Serbian: Bezbednosno Informativna Agencija ), Serbian intelligence agency Beijing Institute of Aerodynamics , a former research organization in Beijing, China Airports [ edit ] Baghdad International Airport Bahrain International Airport Bandaranaike International Airport Bangkok International Airport (disambiguation) Bangor International Airport , Bangor, Maine Bastia – Poretta Airport (IATA: BIA), on

1248-399: The MAC address randomization technique vary largely in different devices. Moreover, various flaws and shortcomings in these implementations may allow an attacker to track a device even if its MAC address is changed, for instance its probe requests' other elements, or their timing. If random MAC addresses are not used, researchers have confirmed that it is possible to link a real identity to

1296-574: The US National Security Agency has a system that tracks the movements of mobile devices in a city by monitoring MAC addresses. To avert this practice, Apple has started using random MAC addresses in iOS devices while scanning for networks. Other vendors followed quickly. MAC address randomization during scanning was added in Android starting from version 6.0, Windows 10, and Linux kernel 3.18. The actual implementations of

1344-602: The assignment of a MAC address to network interface when scanning for wireless access points to avert tracking systems. In Internet Protocol (IP) networks, the MAC address of an interface corresponding to an IP address may be queried with the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) for IPv4 and the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) for IPv6, relating OSI layer 3 addresses with layer 2 addresses. According to Edward Snowden ,

1392-482: The attached addresses to activate. Hence, various configuration scripts and utilities permit the randomization of the MAC address at the time of booting or before establishing a network connection. Changing MAC addresses is necessary in network virtualization . In MAC spoofing , this is practiced in exploiting security vulnerabilities of a computer system. Some modern operating systems, such as Apple iOS and Android, especially in mobile devices, are designed to randomize

1440-408: The basis of most of the link layer (OSI layer 2 ) networking upon which upper-layer protocols rely to produce complex, functioning networks. Many network interfaces support changing their MAC address. On most Unix -like systems, the command utility ifconfig may be used to remove and add link address aliases. For instance, the active ifconfig directive may be used on NetBSD to specify which of

1488-650: The bytes over the wire with the most significant bit first, confusion may arise when an address in the latter scenario is represented with bits reversed from the canonical representation. For example, an address in canonical form 12-34-56-78-9A-BC would be transmitted over the wire as bits 01001000 00101100 01101010 00011110 01011001 00111101 in the standard transmission order (least significant bit first). But for Token Ring networks, it would be transmitted as bits 00010010 00110100 01010110 01111000 10011010 10111100 in most-significant-bit first order. The latter might be incorrectly displayed as 48-2C-6A-1E-59-3D . This

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1536-421: The collision domain is all receivers that can detect a given wireless signal. If a switch does not know which port leads to a given MAC address, the switch will forward a unicast frame to all of its ports (except the originating port), an action known as unicast flood . Only the node with the matching hardware MAC address will (normally) accept the frame; network interfaces with non-matching MAC-addresses ignore

1584-522: The complete MAC address to be AA-00-04-00-XX-YY where XX-YY reflects the DECnet network address xx.yy of the host. This eliminates the need for DECnet to have an address resolution protocol since the MAC address for any DECnet host can be determined from its DECnet address. The least significant bit of an address's first octet is referred to as the I/G , or Individual/Group , bit. When this bit

1632-501: The first 28 bits being assigned by IEEE. The first 24 bits of the assigned MA-M block are an OUI assigned to IEEE that will not be reassigned, so the MA-M does not include assignment of an OUI. Addresses can either be universally administered addresses (UAA) or locally administered addresses (LAA). A universally administered address is uniquely assigned to a device by its manufacturer. The first three octets (in transmission order) identify

1680-485: The first octet is 06 (hexadecimal), the binary form of which is 000001 1 0, where the second-least-significant bit is 1. Therefore, it is a locally administered address. Even though many hypervisors manage dynamic MAC addresses within their own OUI , often it is useful to create an entire unique MAC within the LAA range. In virtualisation , hypervisors such as QEMU and Xen have their own OUIs. Each new virtual machine

1728-428: The frame unless they are in promiscuous mode . If the least significant bit of the first octet is set to 1 (i.e. the second hexadecimal digit is odd) the frame will still be sent only once; however, network interface controllers will choose to accept or ignore it based on criteria other than the matching of their individual MAC addresses: for example, based on a configurable list of accepted multicast MAC addresses. This

1776-653: The identity of previously known networks. The standard ( IEEE 802 ) format for printing EUI-48 addresses in human-friendly form is six groups of two hexadecimal digits, separated by hyphens ( - ) in transmission order (e.g. 01-23-45-67-89-AB ). This form is also commonly used for EUI-64 (e.g. 01-23-45-67-89-AB-CD-EF ). Other conventions include six groups of two hexadecimal digits separated by colons (:) (e.g. 01:23:45:67:89:AB ), and three groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by dots (.) (e.g. 0123.4567.89AB ); again in transmission order. The standard notation, also called canonical format, for MAC addresses

1824-468: The island of Corsica Beirut International Airport Belfast International Airport Bengaluru International Airport , Bangalore, India Birmingham Airport , Birmingham, England Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport , Birmingham, Alabama, United States Blackpool International Airport , Lancashire, England Bristol Airport Brussels International Airport Other acronyms [ edit ] Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act ,

1872-742: The obsolete term MAC-48 —and EUI-64 . Network nodes with multiple network interfaces, such as routers and multilayer switches , must have a unique MAC address for each network interface in the same network. However, two network interfaces connected to two different networks can share the same MAC address. The IEEE 802 MAC address originally comes from the Xerox Network Systems Ethernet addressing scheme. This 48-bit address space contains potentially 2 (over 281 trillion) possible MAC addresses. The IEEE manages allocation of MAC addresses, originally known as MAC-48 and which it now refers to as EUI-48 identifiers. The IEEE has

1920-555: The organization that issued the identifier and are known as the organizationally unique identifier (OUI). The remainder of the address (three octets for EUI-48 or five for EUI-64) are assigned by that organization in nearly any manner they please, subject to the constraint of uniqueness. A locally administered address is assigned to a device by software or a network administrator, overriding the burned-in address for physical devices. Locally administered addresses are distinguished from universally administered addresses by setting (assigning

1968-453: The range 3 3 -33-XX-XX-XX-XX (with both bits set). Given the locations of the U/L and I/G bits, they can be discerned in a single digit in common MAC address notation as shown in the following table: IEEE standard 802c further divides the locally administered MAC address block into four quadrants. This additional partitioning is called Structured Local Address Plan (SLAP) and its usage

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2016-594: The statute that regulates the law on bankruptcy and insolvency in Canada Basic indicator approach , a set of operational risk measurement techniques for banking institutions Behavioural investigative advisor, a British term for police psychologist Bilateral Immunity Agreement , a type of treaty involving the United States Bioelectrical impedance analysis , a way to measure body fat using electrical impulses Burned-in address ,

2064-452: The statute that regulates the law on bankruptcy and insolvency in Canada Basic indicator approach , a set of operational risk measurement techniques for banking institutions Behavioural investigative advisor, a British term for police psychologist Bilateral Immunity Agreement , a type of treaty involving the United States Bioelectrical impedance analysis , a way to measure body fat using electrical impulses Burned-in address ,

2112-399: The title BIA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BIA&oldid=1257816059 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Serbian-language text Short description

2160-399: The title BIA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BIA&oldid=1257816059 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Serbian-language text Short description

2208-522: The value 40:D8:55 was used. The owners of an already assigned IAB may continue to use the assignment. The MA-S registry includes, for each registrant, both a 36-bit unique number used in some standards and a block of EUI-48 and EUI-64 identifiers (while the registrant of an IAB cannot assign an EUI-64). MA-S does not include assignment of an OUI. Additionally, the MA-M ( MAC address block, medium ) provides both 2 EUI-48 identifiers and 2 EUI-64 identifiers,

2256-456: The value of 1 to) the second- least-significant bit of the first octet of the address. This bit is also referred to as the U/L bit, short for Universal/Local , which identifies how the address is administered. If the bit is 0, the address is universally administered, which is why this bit is 0 in all UAAs. If it is 1, the address is locally administered. In the example address 06-00-00-00-00-00

2304-595: The various context-dependent identifier number spaces, like for SNAP or EDID ), the Individual Address Block could only be used to assign EUI-48 identifiers. All other potential uses based on the OUI from which the IABs are allocated are reserved and remain the property of the IEEE Registration Authority. Between 2007 and September 2012, the OUI value 00:50:C2 was used for IAB assignments. After September 2012,

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