74-544: The Brunei Darussalam–Indonesia–Malaysia–Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area ( BIMP-EAGA ) is a cooperation initiative established in 1994 to spur development in remote and less developed areas in the four participating Southeast Asian countries . It is home to ecologically important areas. The Heart of Borneo , which straddles Indonesia , Malaysia , and parts of Brunei , is the largest contiguous forest area remaining in Southeast Asia. The Sulu – Sulawesi Seas
148-517: A social development organization that is dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth , and regional integration . This is carried out through investments – in the form of loans, grants and information sharing – in infrastructure, health care services, financial and public administration systems, helping countries prepare for
222-541: A $ 4 billion emergency loan to South Korea. In 1999, ADB adopted poverty reduction as its overarching goal. The early 2000s saw a dramatic expansion of private sector finance. While the institution had such operations since the 1980s (under pressure from the Reagan Administration) the early attempts were highly unsuccessful with low lending volumes, considerable losses and financial scandals associated with an entity named AFIC. However, beginning in 2002,
296-542: A combined value of $ 24.23 billion. BIMP-EAGA has an institutional structure that facilitates consultations and dialogue between and among the member countries at both national and sub-regional levels. The BIMP-EAGA Leaders’ Summit, Ministerial Meeting, and Senior Officials’ Meeting provide the overall policies and strategic directions. These are supported by the national secretariats and the BIMP-EAGA Facilitation Center (BIMP-FC), which serves as
370-419: A complex of physical, biological, personal and social components which are in a specific systematic relationship by reason of the cooperation of two or more persons for at least one definite end. The prisoner's dilemma is a model that demonstrates how, in certain conditions, members of a group will not cooperate even though cooperation would mutually benefit them all. It makes clear that collective self-interest
444-517: A evolutionary strategy. We had to not only cooperate to eat, we also readily need to learn other important life skills to be able continue this strategy and had to raise our children that couldn't survive without essential food . Kin selection or related inclusive fitness theory is defined as a reproductive strategy that favors the success of an organism's relatives, even when it is not in an organism's own best interest, it's highly relevant to human social behavior, relationships and cooperation. In
518-924: A highly complex, greater-than-the-sum-of-its-parts system. The phenomenon is generally known as 'emergence' and is considered an outcome of self-organization. Examples: Understanding the mechanisms that create cooperating agents in a system is one of the most important and least well understood phenomena in nature, though there has not been a lack of effort. Individual action on behalf of a larger system may be coerced (forced), voluntary (freely chosen), or even unintentional, and consequently individuals and groups might act in concert even though they have almost nothing in common as regards interests or goals. Examples of that can be found in market trade, military wars, families, workplaces, schools and prisons, and more generally any institution or organization of which individuals are part (out of own choice, by law, or forced). A cooperative system has been defined in organization studies as
592-426: A large amount of funds from commercial sources to finance these projects by holding no more than 25% of any given transaction. ADB partners with other development organizations on some projects to increase the amount of funding available. In 2014, $ 9.2 billion—or nearly half—of ADB's $ 22.9 billion in operations were financed by other organizations. According to Jason Rush, Principal Communication Specialist,
666-522: A ministerial conference in Manila in November/December 1965. In the first round on 30 November, Tokyo failed to win a majority, so a second ballot was held the next day at noon. Although Japan was in the lead, it was still inconclusive, so a final vote was held after lunch. In the third poll, Tokyo gained eight votes to Manila's nine, with one abstention. Therefore, Manila was declared the host of
740-507: A mundane achievement or the greatest achievements, it relies on cooperation. We're biologically geared to ensuring survival by social instincts like much of the food early human beings ate were hunted or gathered , these are aspects of cooperation that alone cannot be done. To avoid the problem of starvation we had to band together like our distant ancestors if we wish to continue existing. However primates largely lived on large salad bowls so they avoided such pressure, narrowing what they need as
814-743: A new financial institution for the region. A year later, Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi announced that Japan intended to sponsor the establishment of a regional development fund with resources largely from Japan and other industrial countries. But the US did not warm to the plan and the concept was shelved. See full account in "Banking the Future of Asia and the Pacific: 50 Years of the Asian Development Bank", July 2017. The idea came up again late in 1962 when Kaoru Ohashi, an economist from
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#1732771730616888-490: A participant learns of their counterpart's prior behavior or reputation, promotes cooperative behavior in situations where direct reciprocity is unlikely. This implies that in situations where reputation and status are involved, humans tend to cooperate more. Many organisms other than apes, such as fish, birds, and insects exhibit cooperative behavior: teaching , helping , and self-sacrifice , and can coordinate to solve problems. The author Nichola Raihani argues that Earth
962-498: A related individual may reduce an organism's chances of survival, but because relatives share genes, may increase the likelihood that the helper's genetic traits will be passed on to future generations. The cooperative pulling paradigm is an experimental design used to assess if and under which conditions animals cooperate. It involves two or more animals pulling rewards towards themselves via an apparatus they can not successfully operate alone. Some researchers assert that cooperation
1036-479: A relative's offspring in order to enhance their own fitness. Different theories explaining kin selection have been proposed, including the "pay-to-stay" and "territory inheritance" hypotheses. The "pay-to-stay" theory suggests that individuals help others rear offspring in order to return the favor of the breeders allowing them to live on their land. The "territory inheritance" theory contends that individuals help in order to have improved access to breeding areas once
1110-628: A research institute in Tokyo, visited Takeshi Watanabe , then a private financial consultant in Tokyo, and proposed a study group to form a development bank for the Asian region. The group met regularly in 1963, examining various scenarios for setting up a new institution and drew on Watanabe's experiences with the World Bank . However, the idea received a cool reception from the World Bank itself and
1184-560: A severe food crisis , while also addressing climate change with significant financial commitments, including $ 6.7 billion for climate initiatives and a $ 14 billion package for food security. The ADB committed a total of $ 20.5 billion in various forms of assistance, including private sector financing, and fostered regional cooperation, with a focus on gender equality , education, healthcare , and unlocking additional resources through innovative financial mechanisms. The report also notes organizational reforms for increased efficacy,
1258-445: A varied usage along time, coöperation ) takes place when a group of organisms works or acts together for a collective benefit to the group as opposed to working in competition for selfish individual benefit. In biology , many animal and plant species cooperate both with other members of their own species and with members of other species with whom they have ( symbiotic or mutualistic ) relationships. Humans cooperate for
1332-445: Is Thailand 's Mae Moh coal-fired power station . Environmental and human rights activists say ADB's environmental safeguards policy as well as policies for indigenous peoples and involuntary resettlement , while usually up to international standards on paper, are often ignored in practice, are too vague or weak to be effective, or are simply not enforced by bank officials. The bank has been criticized over its role and relevance in
1406-552: Is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966, which is headquartered in 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong , Metro Manila 1550, Philippines . The bank also maintains 31 field offices around the world to promote social and economic development in Asia. The bank admits the members of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP, formerly the Economic Commission for Asia and
1480-707: Is a highly biodiverse , globally significant biogeographic unit in the Coral Triangle —the center of the world's highest concentration of marine biodiversity . Launched on March 24, 1994 in Davao City , BIMP-EAGA was formed by Brunei Darussalam , Indonesia , Malaysia and the Philippines to generate balanced and inclusive growth. As a sub-region of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations , it aims to contribute to regional economic integration in
1554-584: Is a history of teamwork , collective action , and cooperation. Its a selfish behavior, working together towards solving a problem, because it yields success to engage cooperatively, typically this means work in effort towards solving a problem can often only ever be solved by a cooperative effort, for example for most individuals working cooperatively but especially within families has made cooperation behaviors be generally aggregated together to accomplish major problem solving for survival, like migration and success, particularly familial success. Democracy for instance
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#17327717306161628-523: Is insufficient to achieving cooperative behavior, at least when an uncooperative individual who "cheats" can exploit cooperating group members. The prisoner's dilemma formalizing this problem using game theory and has been the subject of much theoretical and experimental research. The first extensive experimental studies were conducted in the early 1960s by Anatol Rapoport and Albert Chammah. Results from experimental economics show that humans often act more cooperatively than strict self-interest, modeled as
1702-427: Is more complex than this. They maintain that helpers may receive more direct, and less indirect, gains from assisting others than is commonly reported. Furthermore, they insist that cooperation may not solely be an interaction between two individuals but may be part of the broader goal of unifying populations. One specific form of cooperation in animals is kin selection , which can be defined as animals helping to rear
1776-458: Is waiting will stop watching or go elsewhere, thus they may provide a better service when a client can be made aware of their ability to exhibit cooperative behavior. This has been observed in generosity 'tournaments' or one-upmanship behavior among people, and among cleaner fish, and its an example of costly behavior that engages in that is about a future underlying benefit that one can gain by gaining those clients, for human beings its particularly
1850-659: The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . In addition, $ 1 billion in loans and grants was provided to the victims of the October 2005 earthquake in Pakistan. In December 2005, China donated $ 20 million to the ADB for a regional poverty alleviation fund; China's first such fund set up at an international institution. In 2009, ADB's Board of Governors agreed to triple ADB's capital base from $ 55 billion to $ 165 billion, giving it much-needed resources to respond to
1924-487: The ASEAN Economic Community. BIMP-EAGA is an intergovernmental economic cooperation program that is envisioned to promote private sector -led and market-driven growth. The governments address the basic problems of the growth area, such as lack of adequate transport, power, and ICT infrastructure , to pave the way for private sector investments and activities. They fill the infrastructure gaps, provide
1998-556: The Nash Equilibrium , would seem to dictate. While economic experiments require subjects to make relatively abstract decisions for small stakes, evidence from natural experiments for high stakes support the claim that humans act more cooperatively than strict self-interest would dictate. One reason may be that if the prisoner's dilemma situation is repeated (the iterated prisoner's dilemma ), it allows non-cooperation to be punished more, and cooperation to be rewarded more, than
2072-501: The United Nations Environmental Program , stating in a report that "much of the growth has bypassed more than 70 percent of its rural population, many of whom are directly dependent on natural resources for livelihoods and incomes." There had been criticism that ADB's large scale projects cause social and environmental damage due to lack of oversight. One of the most controversial ADB-related projects
2146-538: The food crisis . The ADB has been accused by civil society of ignoring warnings leading up the crisis and also contributing to it by pushing loan conditions that many say unfairly pressure governments to deregulate and privatize agriculture, leading to problems such as the rice supply shortage in Southeast Asia. Indeed, whereas the Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD) closed out that year with financings of $ 2.4 billion,
2220-501: The global economic crisis . The 200% increase is the largest in ADB's history, and was the first since 1994. Asia moved beyond the economic crisis and by 2010 had emerged as a new engine of global economic growth though it remained home to two-thirds of the world's poor. In addition, the increasing prosperity of many people in the region created a widening income gap that left many people behind. ADB responded to this with loans and grants that encouraged economic growth. In early 2012,
2294-562: The ADB began to re-engage with Myanmar in response to reforms initiated by the government. In April 2014, ADB opened an office in Myanmar and resumed making loans and grants to the country. In 2017, ADB combined the lending operations of its Asian Development Fund (ADF) with its ordinary capital resources (OCR). The result was to expand the OCR balance sheet to permit increasing annual lending and grants to $ 20 billion by 2020 – 50% more than
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2368-638: The ADB into a high-impact development agency. On 18 November 1972, the Bank inaugurated its headquarters along Roxas Boulevard in Pasay City , Philippines. On 31 May 1991, ADB moved its offices to Ortigas Center in Pasig City , with the Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines) taking over its old Pasay premises. In the 1990s, ADB began promoting regional cooperation by helping the countries on
2442-671: The ADB undertook a dramatic expansion of private sector lending under a new team. Over the course of the next six years, the Private Sector Operations Department (PSOD) grew by a factor of 41 times the 2001 levels of new financings and earnings for the ADB. This culminated with the Board's formal recognition of these achievements in March 2008, when the board of directors formally adopted the Long Term strategic Framework (LTSF). That document formally stated that assistance to private sector development
2516-561: The ADB's early days, critics have charged that the two major donors, Japan and the United States, have had extensive influence over lending, policy and staffing decisions. Oxfam Australia has criticized the Asian Development Bank for insensitivity to local communities. "Operating at a global and international level, these banks can undermine people's human rights through projects that have detrimental outcomes for poor and marginalized communities." The bank also received criticism from
2590-580: The Agricultural Special Fund in April 1968. Watanabe served as the first ADB president to 1972. In the 1970s, ADB's assistance to developing countries in Asia expanded into education and health, and then to infrastructure and industry. The gradual emergence of Asian economies in the latter part of the decade spurred demand for better infrastructure to support economic growth. ADB focused on improving roads and providing electricity. When
2664-890: The BIMP-EAGA Regional Development Advisor. 14th BIMP-EAGA Summit His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah , Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam, Indonesian President Joko Widodo , Malaysian Prime Minister Dato’ Sri Ismail Sabri Yaakub, and Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte gathered for the 14th BIMP-EAGA Summit, which was held on 28 October 2021 virtually because of the COVID-19 pandemic . [REDACTED] Brunei [REDACTED] Indonesia [REDACTED] Malaysia [REDACTED] Philippines To become fully integrated, BIMP-EAGA needs an efficient and secure transport network that seamlessly moves goods and people within and across borders. Interconnecting
2738-531: The Bank communicates with many other multilateral organizations. More than 50 financing partnership facilities, trust funds, and other funds – totaling several billion each year – are administered by ADB and put toward projects that promote social and economic development in Asia and the Pacific. ADB has raised Rupees 5 billion or around Rupees 5 billion from its issuance of 5-year offshore Indian rupee (INR) linked bonds. On 26 February 2020, ADB raises $ 118 million from rupee-linked bonds and supporting
2812-466: The Far East or ECAFE), and non-regional developed countries . Starting with 31 members at its establishment, ADB now has 68 members. The ADB was modeled closely on the World Bank and has a similar weighted voting system, where votes are distributed in proportion with members' capital subscriptions. ADB releases an annual report that summarizes its operations, budget, and other materials for review by
2886-533: The Mekong River to trade and work together. The decade also saw an expansion of ADB's membership with the addition of several Central Asian countries following the end of the Cold War. In mid-1997, ADB responded to the financial crisis that hit the region with projects designed to strengthen financial sectors and create social safety nets for the poor. During the crisis, ADB approved its largest single loan –
2960-538: The Pacific. In the wake of the second oil crisis, ADB expanded its assistance to energy projects. In 1982, ADB opened its first field office, in Bangladesh , and later in the decade, it expanded its work with non-government organizations (NGOs). Japanese presidents Inoue Shiro (1972–76) and Yoshida Taroichi (1976–81) took the spotlight in the 1970s. Fujioka Masao, the fourth president (1981–90), adopted an assertive leadership style, launching an ambitious plan to expand
3034-543: The Western bluebird, Pied kingfisher, Australian magpie, and Dwarf Mongoose. They found that different species exhibited varying degrees of kin discrimination, with the largest frequencies occurring among those who have the most to gain from cooperative interactions. Cooperation is a process by which the components of a system work together to achieve the global properties. In other words, individual components that appear to be "selfish" and independent work together to create
Brunei Darussalam–Indonesia–Malaysia–Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area - Misplaced Pages Continue
3108-597: The adoption of a hybrid work model following the full reopening of its headquarters. ADB has an information disclosure policy that presumes all information that is produced by the institution should be disclosed to the public unless there is a specific reason to keep it confidential. The policy calls for accountability and transparency in operations and the timely response to requests for information and documents. ADB does not disclose information that jeopardizes personal privacy, safety and security, certain financial and commercial information, as well as other exceptions. Since
3182-534: The bank is at 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong , Metro Manila , Philippines , and it has 42 field offices in Asia and the Pacific and representative offices in Washington , Frankfurt, Tokyo and Sydney . The bank employs about 3,000 people, representing 60 of its 68 members. As early as 1956, Japan Finance Minister Hisato Ichimada had suggested to United States Secretary of State John Foster Dulles that development projects in Southeast Asia could be supported by
3256-605: The bank's ordinary capital resources (OCR), which functions as its general operational fund. The ADB's Private Sector Department (PSOD) can and does offer a broader range of financings beyond commercial loans. They also have the capability to provide guarantees, equity and mezzanine finance (a combination of debt and equity). In 2017, ADB lent $ 19.1 billion of which $ 3.2 billion went to private enterprises, as part of its "non-sovereign" operations. ADB's operations in 2017, including grants and co-financing, totaled $ 28.9 billion. ADB obtains its funding by issuing bonds on
3330-603: The breeders depart. These two hypotheses both appear to be valid, at least in cichlid fish. Studies conducted on red wolves support previous researchers' contention that helpers obtain both immediate and long-term gains from cooperative breeding . Researchers evaluated the consequences of red wolves' decisions to stay with their packs for extended periods of time after birth. It was found that this "delayed dispersal," while it involved helping other wolves rear their offspring, extended male wolves' life spans. These findings suggest that kin selection may not only benefit an individual in
3404-420: The case that unconditional generosity is a particular response which suggests perception of a sexual role advantage as underlining such behavioral choices amongst men when undergoing competitively this way in the presence of attractive females or online. Every human achievements are actually reliant on the cooperation efforts that have been created by others, from the cursory to the truly magnificent, whether its
3478-509: The development of India International Exchange in India, as it also contributes to an established yield curve which stretches from 2021 through 2030 with $ 1 billion of outstanding bonds. The 2022 Annual Report details ADB's efforts in aiding its developing member countries to overcome the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic , tackle new challenges like the Russian invasion of Ukraine and
3552-399: The end of 1972, Japan had contributed $ 173.7 million (22.6% of the total) to the ordinary capital resources and $ 122.6 million (59.6% of the total) to the special funds. In contrast, the United States contributed only $ 1.25 million to the special fund. After its creation in the 1960s, ADB focused much of its assistance on food production and rural development. At the time, Asia
3626-459: The impact of climate change or better manage their natural resources , as well as other areas. Eighty percent of ADB's lending is concentrated public sector lending in five operational areas. The ADB offers "hard" loans on commercial terms primarily to middle income countries in Asia and " soft" loans with lower interest rates to poorer countries in the region. Based on a new policy, both types of loans will be sourced starting January 2017 from
3700-448: The individual psychology of Alfred Adler , a definition of social instinct is; an innate drive for cooperation is what invariably leads individuals to inculcate social interest and the common good to help them achieve self-realization . Cooperation is common in non-human animals. Besides cooperation with an immediate benefit for both actors, this behavior appears to occur mostly between relatives. Spending time and resources assisting
3774-617: The land area of the BIMP-EAGA countries; yet they make up less than 20% of their population and 18% of the labor force. BIMP-EAGA's Vision 2025, prepared with support from the Asian Development Bank , provides a way forward for members to continue narrowing development gaps, for sustainably managing natural resources , and for promoting stronger connectivity. It focuses on three main outcomes: Its five strategic pillars are to (1) enhance connectivity, (2) establish
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#17327717306163848-437: The largest proportion of shares at 15.571%. China holds 6.429%, India holds 6.317%, and Australia holds 5.773%. The highest policy-making body of the bank is the Board of Governors, composed of one representative from each member state. The Board of Governors, in turn, elect among themselves the twelve members of the board of directors and their deputies. Eight of the twelve members come from regional (Asia-Pacific) members while
3922-417: The long-term in terms of increased fitness but in the short-term as well through enhanced chance of survival. Some research even suggests that certain species provide more help to the individuals with which they are more closely related. This phenomenon is known as kin discrimination. In their meta-analysis, researchers compiled data on kin selection as mediated by genetic relatedness in 18 species, including
3996-536: The new development bank; the Japanese were mystified and deeply disappointed. Watanabe later wrote in his personal history of ADB: "I felt as if the child I had so carefully reared had been taken away to a distant country." (Asian Development Bank publication, "Towards a New Asia", 1977, p. 16) On 3 December 1965, Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal lays the foundation stone of the Asian Development Bank. As intensive work took place during 1966 to prepare for
4070-400: The opening of the new bank in Manila, high on the agenda was choice of president. Japanese Prime Minister Eisaku Satō asked Watanabe to be a candidate. Although he initially declined, pressure came from other countries and Watanabe agreed. In the absence of any other candidates, Watanabe was elected first President of the Asian Development Bank at its Inaugural Meeting on 24 November 1966. By
4144-604: The others come from non-regional members. The Board of Governors also elect the bank's president, who is the chairperson of the board of directors and manages ADB. The president has a term of office lasting five years, and may be re-elected. Traditionally, and because Japan is one of the largest shareholders of the bank, the president has always been Japanese. The current president is Masatsugu Asakawa . He succeeded Takehiko Nakao on 17 January 2020, who succeeded Haruhiko Kuroda in 2013. In 2024, Asakawa announced his resignation effective on 23 February 2025. The headquarters of
4218-407: The policy and regulatory environment for public-private partnerships in relevant projects, and resolve such issues as transport facilitation, cross-border trade facilitation , elimination of non-tariff barriers and measures, and streamlining of customs , immigration , quarantine , and security rules, regulations and procedures. The sub-region covers the entire sultanate of Brunei Darussalam ;
4292-669: The previous level. In 2020, ADB gave a $ 2 million grant from the Asia Pacific Disaster Response Fund, to support the Armenian government in the fight against the spread of COVID-19 pandemic . In the same year, the ADB committed a $ 20 million loan to Electric Networks of Armenia, that will ensure electricity for the citizens during the pandemic, as well as approved $ 500,000 in regional technical assistance to procure personal protective equipment and other medical supplies. The ADB defines itself as
4366-461: The provinces of Kalimantan , Sulawesi , Maluku and West Papua of Indonesia; the states of Sabah and Sarawak and the federal territory of Labuan in Malaysia ; and the island of Mindanao and the province of Palawan in the Philippines . These areas are geographically far from the national capitals, yet strategically close to each other. These states and provinces account for over 60% of
4440-480: The public. The ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP) enrolls about 300 students annually in academic institutions located in 10 countries within the Region. After completing their study programs, scholars are expected to contribute to the economic and social development of their home countries. ADB holds the status of an official United Nations Observer. As of 31 December 2020, Japan and the United States each holds
4514-446: The role of the responder. They received offers from other human partners and from a computer partner. Responders refused unfair offers from human partners at a significantly higher rate than those from a computer partner. The experiment also suggested that altruistic punishment is associated with negative emotions that are generated in unfair situations by the anterior insula of the brain. It has been observed that image scoring, where
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#17327717306164588-657: The same reasons as other animals: immediate benefit, genetic relatedness, and reciprocity, but also for particularly human reasons, such as honesty signaling (indirect reciprocity), cultural group selection , and for reasons having to do with cultural evolution . Language allows humans to cooperate on a very large scale. Certain studies have suggested that fairness affects human cooperation; individuals are willing to punish at their own cost ( altruistic punishment ) if they believe that they are being treated unfairly. Sanfey, et al. conducted an experiment where 19 individuals were scanned using MRI while playing an ultimatum game in
4662-621: The single-shot version of the problem would suggest. It has been suggested that this is one reason for the evolution of complex emotions in higher life forms. Playing the iterated version of the game leads to a cascade of brain signals that relate the speed with which players reciprocate cooperation at subsequent rounds. In evolutionary biology, five mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation have been suggested: (i) kin selection, (ii) direct reciprocity, (iii) indirect reciprocity, (iv) spatial structure, and (v) group selection. Asian Development Bank The Asian Development Bank ( ADB )
4736-431: The study group became discouraged. In parallel, the concept was formally proposed at a trade conference organized by the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) in 1963 by a young Thai economist, Paul Sithi-Amnuai. (ESCAP, United Nations Publication March 2007, "The first parliament of Asia" pp. 65). Despite an initial mixed reaction, support for the establishment of a new bank soon grew. An expert group
4810-545: The sub-region as Asia's food basket, (3) promote BIMP-EAGA as a premier tourism destination, (4) sustainably manage natural resources , and (5) promote people-to-people connectivity. Key sectors are transport, trade and investment facilitation, energy, information and communication technology, agriculture and fisheries , tourism , environment, and sociocultural and education sector. Under Vision 2025, BIMP-EAGA's rolling pipeline of priority infrastructure projects (PIPs) has increased by 65% to 88 (2021) from 57 (2017), with
4884-474: The sub-regional secretariat. Clusters and working groups are the operating units that support the strategic pillars by translating the strategic thrusts of each sector into projects. The BIMP-EAGA Business Council (BEBC) represents the private sector in BIMP-EAGA. It enjoys a “fifth country” status at Senior Officials Meetings, with its chairman having the same rank as other senior officials during policy discussions. The Asian Development Bank serves as
4958-517: The subregion by land, air, and water also opens livelihood opportunities in rural communities and improve their access to services. There has been significant progress in enhancing connectivity in the subregion with transport agreements signed since 2007. However, much still needs to be done to create a seamless and safe multimodal transport network. Cooperation Cooperation (written as co-operation in British English and, with
5032-420: The wake of the escalating U.S. military support for the government of South Vietnam . As a key player in the concept, Japan hoped that the ADB offices would be in Tokyo. However, eight other cities had also expressed an interest: Bangkok , Colombo , Kabul , Kuala Lumpur, Manila , Phnom Penh , Singapore, and Tehran . To decide, the 18 prospective regional members of the new bank held three rounds of votes at
5106-505: The world suffered its first oil price shock, ADB shifted more of its assistance to support energy projects, especially those promoting the development of domestic energy sources in member countries. Following considerable pressure from the Reagan Administration in the 1980s, ADB reluctantly began working with the private sector in an attempt to increase the impact of its development assistance to poor countries in Asia and
5180-418: The world's capital markets. It also relies on the contributions of member countries, retained earnings from lending operations, and the repayment of loans. ADB provides direct financial assistance, in the form of debt, equity and mezzanine finance to private sector companies, for projects that have clear social benefits beyond the financial rate of return. ADB's participation is usually limited but it leverages
5254-434: Was convened to study the idea, with Japan invited to contribute to the group. When Watanabe was recommended, the two streams proposing a new bank—from ECAFE and Japan—came together. Initially, the US was on the fence, not opposing the idea but not ready to commit financial support. But a new bank for Asia was soon seen to fit in with a broader program of assistance to Asia planned by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson in
5328-422: Was created because of three key traits; social comparison, engagement with collaboration, and wanting to be someone who shares , which all stems from the desire to not monopolize all resources but to gradually accept the divvying up of resources of collaboration ( cliques , teams or greater communities ). When clients are watching and see the current interaction reacting badly, then sometimes everyone else who
5402-507: Was one of the poorest regions in the world. Early loans went largely to Indonesia , Thailand , Malaysia , South Korea and the Philippines ; these countries accounted for 78.48% of the total ADB loans between 1967 and 1972. Moreover, Japan received tangible benefits, 41.67% of the total procurements between 1967 and 1976. Japan tied its special funds contributions to its preferred sectors and regions and procurements of its goods and services, as reflected in its $ 100 million donation for
5476-536: Was the lead priority of the ADB and that it should constitute 50% of the bank's lending by 2020. In 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic hit the region and ADB responded with programs to help the countries in the region work together to address infectious diseases, including avian influenza and HIV/AIDS. ADB also responded to a multitude of natural disasters in the region, committing more than $ 850 million for recovery in areas of India, Indonesia, Maldives , and Sri Lanka which were impacted by
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