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39-619: The BTR-D is a Soviet airborne multi-purpose tracked armoured personnel carrier . It was introduced in 1974 and first seen by the West in 1979 during the Soviet–Afghan War . BTR-D stands for Bronetransportyor Desanta (БТР-Д, Бронетранспортер Десанта, literally "armoured transporter of the Airborne "). It is based on the BMD-1 airborne IFV. NATO gave it the designation BMD M1979 . In 1969,

78-727: A "Kangaroo" is the heavily armoured Israeli Achzarit , converted from captured T-55s tanks, the concept culminating in the Namer . Meanwhile, the Warsaw Pact developed their own versions of the APC. The Soviet Union termed theirs the Bronetransporter ( Russian : бронетранспортер ), better known as the BTR series. It comprised the BTR-40 , BTR-152 , BTR-60 , BTR-70 , BTR-80 , and

117-452: A Mk 19 grenade launcher) are in fully enclosed turrets (turrets typically have optics which make them more accurate). More recently, APCs have been equipped with remote weapon systems . The baseline Stryker carries an M2 on a Protector remote weapons system. APCs may be used as armoured ambulances , to conduct evacuations of wounded personnel. These vehicles are equipped with stretchers and medical supplies. According to article 19 of

156-533: A distinction between infantry units that use APCs and infantry units that use IFVs, with the latter being known as armoured infantry. One of the first armored vehicles to be used in combat was the Spanish Schneider-Brillié , which saw action in Morocco. It was built from the chassis of a Schneider P2-4000 bus and could carry 12 passengers. The genesis of the armoured personnel carrier was on

195-702: A northern strip on the Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar , and a southern part of the protectorate around Cape Juby , bordering the Spanish Sahara . After more than 19 months, the armored Schneider-Brillié "Artillery No. 15", was sent to the front on 17 January 1912. Three days later, the vehicle arrived in Nador , where it was placed under the command of the artillery commander, Rafael de Carranza Garrido, and transferred days later to Zeluán . It

234-624: A solution to the First Moroccan Crisis of 1905 between France and Germany, which arose as Germany responded to France's effort to establish a protectorate over the independent state of Morocco . The Spanish protectorate in Morocco was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate . The Spanish protectorate consisted of

273-798: A very common piece of military equipment around the world. According to the definition in the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe , an APC is "an armoured combat vehicle which is designed and equipped to transport a combat infantry squad and which, as a rule, is armed with an integral or organic weapon of less than 20 millimetres calibre." Compared to infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs), which are also used to carry infantry into battle, APCs have less armament and are not designed to provide direct fire support in battle. Infantry units that travel in APCs are known as mechanized infantry . Some militaries also make

312-420: Is either wheeled or tracked , or occasionally a combination of the two, as in a half-track . Wheeled vehicles are typically faster on road and less expensive, however have higher ground pressure which decreases mobility offroad and makes them more likely to become stuck in soft terrains such as mud, snow or sand. Tracked vehicles typically have lower ground pressure and more maneuverability off-road. Due to

351-526: Is powered by the same engine as the BMD-1. Its suspension is longer because the entire vehicle has been lengthened by 60 mm. Because of this, the vehicle has six roadwheels on each side instead of five. It has five return rollers on each side unlike the BMD-1, which has four. The armour protection is slightly better on the BTR-D than on the BMD-1 due to the upper front armour having a dual slanted angle. With

390-608: The BTR-90 , which as a whole were produced in large numbers. Czechoslovakia and Poland together developed the universal amphibious OT-64 SKOT . The BMP series is termed as infantry fighting vehicles , but it has a designed role of carrying troops to the battlefield. The BMP-1 , 2 , and 3 all possess the ability to transport troops. By convention, armoured personnel carriers are not intended to take part in direct-fire battle, but are armed for self-defence and armoured to provide protection from shrapnel and small arms fire. An APC

429-669: The Geneva Conventions , "mobile medical units of the Medical Service may in no circumstances be attacked, but shall at all times be respected and protected by the Parties to the conflict". Although article 22 allows them to carry defensive weaponry, they are typically unarmed. Under Article 39, the emblem of the medical service "shall be displayed ... on all equipment employed in the Medical Service." As such, armoured ambulances are marked with International Committee of

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468-455: The KPV , PKT and NSV machine guns are common options. In "open top" mounts the gunner sticks out of the vehicle and operates a gun on a pintle or ring mount. Ring mounts allow the gun to traverse 360 degrees, a pintle mount has a limited field of fire. It can be preferable to an enclosed gunner because it allows a greater field of view and communication using shouts and hand signals. However,

507-857: The Kert campaign , armed with Maxim machine guns that were installed in Spain and rifles. The Spanish Automobile Military Transport was established in 1879 when the Spanish Army decided to acquire steam locomotives for the transport and handling of coastal artillery pieces. Two Aveling & Porter mod. 1871 locomotives were purchased for the Royal Ordnance Factory in Trubia and the Royal Artillery in Seville. These locomotives were

546-609: The Volgograd Tractor Factory design bureau, who designed the BMD-1, began designing a new airborne APC based on the BMD-1. The prototype was completed in 1974. The same year it entered production and service with the Soviet Army as the BTR-D . While the BTR-D is based on the BMD-1, it is 60 mm longer and lacks a turret. Instead, it has a small flat superstructure with a hatch on top. The crew consists of

585-591: The Western Front of World War I. In the later stage of the war, Allied tanks could break through enemy trenches , but the infantry following—who were needed to consolidate the territory acquired—still faced small arms and artillery fire. Without infantry support, the tanks were isolated and more easily destroyed. In response, the British experimented with carrying machine-gun crews in the Mark V* tank , but it

624-462: The BMD-1 airborne IFV entered service with the Soviet Army . The vehicle had many flaws, but the biggest one was that the troop compartment was extremely cramped and could only transport up to four infantrymen. This number was often reduced to three because it was impractical for four infantrymen to operate inside the troop compartment and dismount from the vehicle. At the beginning of the 1970s,

663-487: The French VAB . Armoured personnel carriers are designed primarily for transport and are lightly armed. They may be unarmed, or armed with some combination of light , general-purpose , heavy machine guns, or automatic grenade launchers . In Western nations, APCs are frequently armed with the .50 calibre M2 Browning machine gun , 7.62mm FN MAG , or 40mm Mk 19 grenade launcher . In former Eastern bloc nations,

702-549: The Israeli IDF Namer has as much armour as Merkava main battle tank . Armour is usually composed of steel or aluminium . They will also use ballistic glass . Many APCs are equipped with CBRN protection, which is intended to provide protection from weapons of mass destruction like poison gas and radioactive/nuclear weapons. Generally APCs will be lighter and less armoured than tanks or IFVs, often being open topped and featuring doors and windows, as seen in

741-510: The Red Cross ( ICRC ) recognized symbols . The infantry fighting vehicle is a derivative of the APC. Various classes of infantry fighting vehicles may be deployed alongside tanks and APCs, in armoured and mechanized forces. The fundamental difference between an APC and IFV is the role they are designed for. The CFE treaty stipulates an infantry fighting vehicle is an APC with a cannon in excess of 20 mm, and with this additional firepower

780-579: The Soviet Army in 1974. It was used by Soviet airborne troops during the Soviet–Afghan War , where it was seen for the first time by the West in 1979. As of now, the BTR-D and vehicles based upon it are used by the following units of the Russian Army or are stationed in following bases: Armoured personnel carrier An armoured personnel carrier ( APC ) is a broad type of armoured military vehicle designed to transport personnel and equipment in combat zones. Since World War I , APCs have become

819-551: The driver, the commander and the left bow mounted machine gun gunner, all of whom are in the same positions and have the same equipment as in the BMD-1. The turret with all of the main armament was removed. The two bow mounted machine guns were retained. The original PKT tank machine guns were replaced by PKB general purpose machine guns. The vehicle can also be fitted with pintle-mounted automatic grenade launchers ( AGS-17 , AGS-30 or AGS-57 ) and/or machine guns (PKM, 6P41 "Pecheneg" , NSV-127 "Utyos" or 6P49 "Kord" ). The BTR-D

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858-680: The end of the Kert campaign , the armor of the vehicle was removed and the vehicle was converted into a normal transport truck. A second Schneider-Brillié "Artillery No. 19", similar to the previous one, was acquired in September 1911. It was assigned the Second Motorized Brigade at Melilla and sent to Tétouan , and later repatriated to the Artillery School in Madrid in 1915. Based on the experience acquired with

897-465: The first motorised vehicles of the Spanish Army. In the first decade of the 20th century, the Spanish Army began to develop procedures for the acquisition and maintenance of motor vehicles. The Spanish Army decided after the 1909 Second Melillan campaign to acquire unarmoured trucks "Schneider-Brillié" model 1909 based on unarmored trucks designed by the French engineer Eugène Brillié . The truck

936-566: The gunner is poorly protected and at risk of injury in the event of vehicle rollover. During the Vietnam War , M113 gunners often suffered heavy casualties. Enclosed vehicles are equipped with turrets that allow the crew to operate the weapons system while protected by the vehicle's armour. The Soviet BTR-60 has an enclosed turret mounted with a KPV heavy machine gun with a PKT coaxial machine gun. The U.S. Assault Amphibious Vehicle, Personnel ( AAVP7 's) machine guns (an M2, .50 caliber MG and

975-552: The integrity of the hull and folding down a trim vane in front. Water traverse speed varies greatly between vehicles and is much less than ground speed. The maximum swim speed of the M113 is 3.6 mph (5.8 km/h), about 10% its road speed, and the AAVP-7 can swim at 8.2 mph (13.2 km/h). Armoured personnel carriers are typically designed to protect against small arms and artillery fire. Some designs have more protection;

1014-443: The limited service life of their treads , and the wear they cause on roads, tracked vehicles are typically transported over long distances by rail or trucks . Many APCs are amphibious , meaning they are able to traverse bodies of water. To move in water they will often have propellers or water jets , be propelled by their tracks, or driving on the river bed. Preparing the APC to operate amphibiously usually comprises checking

1053-545: The presence of embrasures on the sides. The rear fuselage was designed to accommodate payloads of up to 1500 kg. The armored vehicle was equipped with a four-cylinder gasoline engine with an output of 40 hp at 1000 rpm. The transmission was manual with a 3-speed manual override, giving three forward speeds and one reverse. The base vehicle was a Schneider 4x2 commercial Ps-4000 truck chassis. The front wheels were single-steered front tires. The rear wheels were dual-drive. The tubeless tires were made by Continental. Since

1092-470: The roof or sides of the vehicle. Many feature a remote weapon system . Usually four-wheel drive, these IMVs are distinct from 8-, 6-, and 4-wheeled APCs (such as the VAB ), being closer in appearance to civilian armoured money and gold transporters . Schneider-Brilli%C3%A9 model 1909 Based on a truck of French origin, the Spanish army transformed it into an armored car and was used in operations during

1131-463: The turret removed, the troop compartment was enlarged and can carry up to ten equipped soldiers. It's also linked with the crew compartment in the front. There are two firing ports in the sides and one in the rear, two of which are for RPK-74 light machine guns. The BTR-D has all the same equipment as the BMD-1, with added towing equipment for a ZU-23-2 twin AA autocannon. The BTR-D entered service with

1170-402: The uparmoured M1114 HMMWV is a clear example of this. The addition of armour provides protection to passengers. M1114s have been largely replaced by purpose-built Mine Resistant Ambush Protected ( MRAP ) vehicles. IMVs generally feature a v-shaped underbelly designed to deflect mine blasts outwards, with additional crew protection features such as four-point seat belts, and seats suspended from

1209-630: The various " Kangaroos " converted from M7 Priest self-propelled guns and from Churchill , M3 Stuart and Ram tanks . During the Cold War , more specialized APCs were developed. The United States introduced a series of them, including successors to the wartime Landing Vehicle Tracked . The most numerous was the M113 armored personnel carrier , of which more than 80,000 were produced. Western nations have since retired most M113s, replacing them with newer APCs, many of these wheeled. A cold war example of

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1248-554: The vehicle arrived in Spain on June 30, 1910, and five days later it was delivered to the Artillery Automotive School (Escuela de Automovilismo de Artilleria) located in Carabanchel . There it was given the name "Artillery n°15", and the inscription "ARTILLERIA" was written on the sides of the vehicle. During its first year in service, the vehicle was used to train mechanics and drivers, and the army tested

1287-535: The vehicle is more involved in combat, providing fire support to dismounted infantry. "Infantry mobility vehicle" (IMV) is a new name for the old concept of an armoured car, with an emphasis on mine resistance. They are primarily used to protect passengers in unconventional warfare . The South African Casspir was first built in the late 1970s. In the 21st century, they gained favour in the post-Cold-War geopolitical climate. Identical to earlier High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) in design and function,

1326-446: The vehicle making trips from Carabanchel to Segovia, several times and by different routes, through the ports of León and Navacerrada . Bolted and riveted to a wooden frame, the vehicle's hull consisted of 5-mm rolled armor plates. The Schneider company claimed that the armor could withstand a rifle-caliber bullet at a range of 100 meters. The front of the armored vehicle contained the driver's seat and controls. The middle section of

1365-416: The vehicle was used as a troop transport compartment and could accommodate two machine gun crews and 10 soldiers with ammunition. For this reason, the hull of the vehicle was unusually high and had a pronounced box-like shape. The armament consisted of two 7 mm Maxim machine guns, mounted on the sides of the fighting compartment. The crews were able to fire personal weapons such as rifles and pistols due to

1404-696: The wheels were spoked, Schneider made armored rims for them. The armored vehicle had a fuel capacity of 100 liters. Its autonomy was 100 km at its optimum average technical speed. The maximum speed on well-paved roads was 18 km/h. The weight of the Schneider-Brillie 1909 armored vehicle, fully equipped with crew and armament, was 5500 kg. The vehicle was able to transport about 10 gunners, two riflemen, one driver, and one commander. The Algeciras Conference took place in Algeciras , Spain, and lasted from 16 January to 7 April 1906 to find

1443-655: Was assigned missions such as supplying military posts, safe transportation of personnel, surveillance, protection of sensitive points, evacuation of the wounded. The Schneider-Brillié became the first armored vehicle to ever enter battle. The second armored vehicle to be used in combat was the Italian Automitragliatrice Corazzata Fiat Arsenale mod. 1912 during the Italo-Turkish War in September 1912 in Libya. At

1482-521: Was built by the workshops of Schneider & Cie on the chassis of the Parisian double-decker bus Schneider-Brillié P2. The Spanish Army wanted protection from small arms fire and the ability to transport soldiers or payloads inside the hull. In November 1909, King Alfonso XIII authorized the acquisition of what would become the first armored vehicle of the Spanish army: a Schneider-Brillié armored vehicle, model 1909. Still without an official name,

1521-528: Was found that the conditions inside the tanks rendered the men unfit for combat. During World War II, half-tracks like the American M3 and German Sd.Kfz. 251 played a role similar to post-war APCs. British Commonwealth forces relied on the full-tracked Universal Carrier . Over the course of the war, APCs evolved from simple armoured cars with transport capacity to purpose-built vehicles. Obsolete armoured vehicles were also repurposed as APCs, such as

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