The volt (symbol: V ) is the unit of electric potential , electric potential difference ( voltage ), and electromotive force in the International System of Units (SI) .
67-782: The BYD Atto 3 , also marketed as BYD Yuan Plus ( Chinese : 比亚迪元PLUS ) in China and several Latin American countries, is a battery electric compact crossover SUV ( C-segment ) manufactured by BYD Auto . Part of the BYD Yuan series that is named after the Yuan dynasty , the Yuan Plus was released in mainland China in February 2022. For many overseas markets, the vehicle is BYD's first electric passenger car model. According to BYD,
134-427: A battery is determined by the chemistry of that cell (see Galvanic cell § Cell voltage ). Cells can be combined in series for multiples of that voltage, or additional circuitry added to adjust the voltage to a different level. Mechanical generators can usually be constructed to any voltage in a range of feasibility. Nominal voltages of familiar sources: In 1800, as the result of a professional disagreement over
201-527: A radical —usually involves either a reduction in its total number of strokes , or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example, the ⼓ ' WRAP ' radical used in the traditional character 沒 is simplified to ⼏ ' TABLE ' to form the simplified character 没 . By systematically simplifying radicals, large swaths of the character set are altered. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms that embody graphic or phonetic simplifications of
268-626: A battery of 49.92 kWh with a range of 400 kilometres (250 mi) under the NEDC cycle , and the GS trim, full extras with a 60.48 kWh battery and a range of 480 kilometres (300 mi) also under NEDC. The Atto 3 was launched in South Africa on 29 June 2023, as part of BYD's entry to South Africa, with two variants available. In a review published in March 2023, the magazine Top Gear rated
335-734: A child seat. Deliveries resumed in November 2022 after a four-week pause, with modifications done for compliance. The 2024 model year with minor improvements and a price reduction went on sale in July 2024. In New Zealand, the Atto 3 is available with a customized trim called Tachyon by REV with additional accessories. The Atto 3 was introduced in Germany in October 2022. In the United Kingdom,
402-434: A conversion table. While exercising such derivation, the following rules should be observed: Sample Derivations : The Series One List of Variant Characters reduces the number of total standard characters. First, amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning, one character (usually the simplest in form) is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are made obsolete. Then amongst
469-609: A maximum rate of either 70 kW (Standard Range) or 80 kW (Extended Range). At 80 kW, charging from 0% to 80% can be completed in 45 minutes. The Yuan Plus was officially released in China in February 2022. As part of BYD's 'Dynasty series', the Yuan Plus is marketed through Dynasty Network dealerships. In September 2023, the Yuan Plus Champion Edition went on sale. It introduces price reductions and additional equipment such as heated and ventilated front seats, privacy glass, and transparent rendering for
536-610: A newly coined phono-semantic compound : Removing radicals Only retaining single radicals Replacing with ancient forms or variants : Adopting ancient vulgar variants : Readopting abandoned phonetic-loan characters : Copying and modifying another traditional character : Based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in Chart 2 of the Complete List , the 1,753 derived characters found in Chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using Chart 2 as
603-469: A practice which has always been present as a part of the Chinese writing system. The official name tends to refer to the specific, systematic set published by the Chinese government, which includes not only simplifications of individual characters, but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms. According to Chinese palaeographer Qiu Xigui ,
670-441: A ratio because the cgs unit of voltage is inconveniently small and one volt in this definition is approximately the emf of a Daniell cell , the standard source of voltage in the telegraph systems of the day. At that time, the volt was defined as the potential difference [i.e., what is nowadays called the "voltage (difference)"] across a conductor when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power. The "international volt"
737-533: A series-connected array of several thousand or tens of thousands of junctions , excited by microwave signals between 10 and 80 GHz (depending on the array design). Empirically, several experiments have shown that the method is independent of device design, material, measurement setup, etc., and no correction terms are required in a practical implementation. In the water-flow analogy , sometimes used to explain electric circuits by comparing them with water-filled pipes, voltage (difference in electric potential)
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#1732793125706804-440: Is actually more complex than eliminated ones. An example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 . The 扌 'HAND' with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex, appearing as the ⽊ 'TREE' radical 木 , with four strokes, in the chosen variant 榨 . Not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes. For instance,
871-414: Is also equivalent to electronvolts per elementary charge : The volt is named after Alessandro Volta . As with every SI unit named for a person, its symbol starts with an upper case letter (V), but when written in full, it follows the rules for capitalisation of a common noun ; i.e., volt becomes capitalised at the beginning of a sentence and in titles but is otherwise in lower case. Historically
938-454: Is derived. Merging homophonous characters: Adapting cursive shapes ( 草書楷化 ): Replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol (such as 又 and 乂 ): Omitting entire components : Omitting components, then applying further alterations : Structural changes that preserve the basic shape Replacing the phonetic component of phono-semantic compounds : Replacing an uncommon phonetic component : Replacing entirely with
1005-606: Is likened to difference in water pressure , while current is proportional to the amount of water flowing. A resistor would be a reduced diameter somewhere in the piping or something akin to a radiator offering resistance to flow. The relationship between voltage and current is defined (in ohmic devices like resistors ) by Ohm's law . Ohm's Law is analogous to the Hagen–Poiseuille equation , as both are linear models relating flux and potential in their respective systems. The voltage produced by each electrochemical cell in
1072-813: Is now discouraged. A State Language Commission official cited "oversimplification" as the reason for restoring some characters. The language authority declared an open comment period until 31 August 2009, for feedback from the public. In 2013, the List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of 8105 characters. It included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms, as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents. Singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification , eventually arriving at
1139-578: Is the elementary charge and h is the Planck constant ), a "conventional" value K J-90 = 0.4835979 GHz/μV was used for the purpose of defining the volt. As a consequence of the 2019 revision of the SI , as of 2019 the Josephson constant has an exact value of K J = 483 597 .848 416 98 ... GHz/V , which replaced the conventional value K J-90 . This standard is typically realized using
1206-435: Is the potential difference between two points that will impart one joule of energy per coulomb of charge that passes through it. It can be expressed in terms of SI base units ( m , kg , s , and A ) as It can also be expressed as amperes times ohms (current times resistance, Ohm's law ), webers per second (magnetic flux per time), watts per ampere (power per current), or joules per coulomb (energy per charge), which
1273-547: Is used instead of 叠 in regions using traditional characters. The Chinese government stated that it wished to keep Chinese orthography stable. The Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese , which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters. In 2009,
1340-718: The BYD Yuan family. As opposed the previous Yuan, the Yuan Plus is exclusively available as a battery electric vehicle , and occupies the C-segment compact crossover space (A-class in China). The Yuan Plus was first showcased in August 2021 at the Chengdu Auto Show, and was officially released in February 2022 after pre-orders in China opened in January. During its introduction, BYD also announced its export market name,
1407-680: The Dolphin and Seal , as part of BYD's entry to the Indonesian passenger car market. Sales price were announced at the 31st Indonesia International Motor Show in February 2024. It is available in Advanced (49.9 kWh) and Superior (60.4 kWh) variants. The Atto 3 was introduced in Israel in September 2022. By the end of 2022, it already was the third best selling electric vehicle in Israel. By
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#17327931257061474-522: The People's Republic of China (PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on the mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in mainland China and Singapore , while traditional characters are officially used in Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan . Simplification of a component—either a character or a sub-component called
1541-554: The Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) the character meaning 'bright' was written as either 明 or 朙 —with either 日 'Sun' or 囧 'window' on the left, with the 月 'Moon' component on the right. Li Si ( d. 208 BC ), the Chancellor of Qin, attempted to universalize the Qin small seal script across China following the wars that had politically unified the country for
1608-531: The states of ancient China , with his chief chronicler having "[written] fifteen chapters describing" what is referred to as the " big seal script ". The traditional narrative, as also attested in the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary ( c. 100 AD ), is that the Qin small seal script that would later be imposed across China was originally derived from the Zhou big seal script with few modifications. However,
1675-496: The " conventional " volt, V 90 , defined in 1987 by the 18th General Conference on Weights and Measures and in use from 1990 to 2019, was implemented using the Josephson effect for exact frequency-to-voltage conversion, combined with the caesium frequency standard . Though the Josephson effect is still used to realize a volt, the constant used has changed slightly. For the Josephson constant , K J = 2 e / h (where e
1742-424: The "Dot" stroke : The traditional components ⺥ and 爫 become ⺈ : The traditional component 奐 becomes 奂 : Volt One volt is defined as the electric potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those points. It can be expressed in terms of SI base units ( m , kg , s , and A ) as Equivalently, it
1809-469: The 1919 May Fourth Movement —many anti-imperialist intellectuals throughout China began to see the country's writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization. In 1916, a multi-part English-language article entitled "The Problem of the Chinese Language" co-authored by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and poet Hu Shih (1891–1962) has been identified as a turning point in
1876-482: The 1986 General List of Simplified Chinese Characters , hereafter the General List . All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Chart 1 and Chart 2 in the 1986 Complete List . Characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles. They are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in Chart 2 as 'usable as simplified character components', based on which Chart 3
1943-520: The 1986 mainland China revisions. Unlike in mainland China, Singapore parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters. Malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981, though completely identical to the mainland Chinese set. They are used in Chinese-language schools. All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Charts 1 and 2 of
2010-469: The 360-degree camera view. The Atto 3 was introduced in Australia in August 2022, with deliveries starting in September 2022. Two variants are available: Standard Range and Extended Range. In October 2022, deliveries were delayed as a 'stop delivery' notice was in effect due to non-compliance of Australian Design Rules , as the rear middle seat of the Atto 3 is missing an appropriate top tether to use for
2077-658: The 49.92 kWh unit capable of travelling 430 km (267 mi) under the China Light-Duty Vehicle Test Cycle (CLTC) driving cycle or 345 km (214 mi) under the WLTP standards; while the 60.48 kWh battery pack is rated at 510 km (317 mi) (CLTC) or 420 km (261 mi) (WLTP). The vehicle is built on 400- volt electrical architecture and supports maximum AC charging ( Type 2 ) of 7 kW (standard) or 11 kW (option) as well as DC fast charging ( CCS2 ) at
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2144-475: The Atto 3 / Yuan Plus was inspired by fitness culture and features aesthetics resembling gym and sports equipment such as treadmills , boxing rings , dumbbells and muscle fibers . The centre 12.8-inch (with an optional larger 15.6-inch) infotainment system is based on Android , and the screen can be rotated between portrait and landscape orientations. The boot space is measured at 440 litres (16 cu ft), or 1,338 litres (47.3 cu ft) with
2211-568: The Atto 3 was released in December 2023 as the celebration of the brand’s first anniversary in the country, limited to 500 units. In May 2024, the Atto 3 received an update in Malaysia. The Atto 3 was released in Thailand in October 2022 with two variants: Standard Range and Extended Range. In one month after its introduction, BYD received 10,000 orders for the model. The 2024 model year Atto 3
2278-546: The Atto 3's seats are "among the most comfortable chairs we’ve ever sat in." The Autocar India magazine stated that the vehicle feels roomy due to its long wheelbase and the presence of a sunroof, and features well-built cabin panels. In a 2022 testing, the Atto 3 was rated 5 stars in Euro NCAP. During its first ten months in the market, a total of 202,018 units of the Yuan Plus were sold globally in 2022, which accounted 25 percent of battery electric vehicles sold by BYD in
2345-482: The Atto 3, and promised to dedicate a production line solely for the right hand drive markets. The Atto 3 / Yuan Plus is based on BYD's all-electric e-Platform 3.0 , unlike the older models in the Dynasty Series that are modified from internal combustion and plug-in hybrid platforms. It features MacPherson strut front suspension , and multi-link independent rear suspension. The interior design of
2412-722: The British Association for the Advancement of Science had defined the volt, ohm, and farad. In 1881, the International Electrical Congress, now the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), approved the volt as the unit for electromotive force. They made the volt equal to 10 cgs units of voltage, the cgs system at the time being the customary system of units in science. They chose such
2479-470: The Chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters. No new simplifications were introduced. In addition, slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed, but were not implemented due to negative public response. Also, the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components
2546-546: The People's Republic, the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in China during the early 20th century. In 1909, the educator and linguist Lufei Kui formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time. Over the following years—marked by the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing dynasty , followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into
2613-444: The body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to the founding of the Qin. The Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) that inherited the Qin administration coincided with the perfection of clerical script through the process of libian . Eastward spread of Western learning Though most closely associated with
2680-605: The brakes". The magazine Car noted that the Atto 3 supports DC rapid charging, but only at speeds up to 88 kW, which means a 30–80% boost takes around 29 minutes. The media Drive awarded the Atto 3 the "2023 Drive Car of the Year Best EV under $ 70,000" award in March 2023, due to its exceptional price, comfort, roominess and performance. The publication noted its poor tyre performance, unintuitive 'P' park button, and an unrefined lane-keeping assistance system, rating it 7.1/10. The publication Paul Tan commented that
2747-447: The broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical shape ( 字形 ; zìxíng ), the "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical form ( 字体 ; 字體 ; zìtǐ ), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic[al] shape and calligraphic style, [...] in most cases refer[ring] to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The initiatives following
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2814-403: The car 7/10, noting that "broadly, we're impressed [...] it drives decently under most circumstances [...] depressing though it is to say, in this class[,] 'decent' is as good as it gets," while noting its soggy brakes and small boot space. The media also recorded a 0–62 mph (0–100 km/h) acceleration time in 7.3 seconds. British Auto Express commented that "BYD has done a good job with
2881-407: The chosen variants, those that appear in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" are also simplified in character structure accordingly. Some examples follow: Sample reduction of equivalent variants : Ancient variants with simple structure are preferred : Simpler vulgar forms are also chosen : The chosen variant was already simplified in Chart 1 : In some instances, the chosen variant
2948-656: The country. In 1935, the first official list of simplified forms was published, consisting of 324 characters collated by Peking University professor Qian Xuantong . However, fierce opposition within the KMT resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. Work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme , a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components, whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters. Over
3015-447: The economic problems in China during that time. Lu Xun , one of the most prominent Chinese authors of the 20th century, stated that "if Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die" ( 漢字不滅，中國必亡 ). During the 1930s and 1940s, discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party. Many members of the Chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout
3082-512: The first quarter of 2023, it was best selling electric vehicle in Israel, and by the end of 2023, it was the best selling vehicle in the country. The Atto 3 was released in Japan in February 2023 as the first BYD model introduced in the country, with deliveries began in March. The Atto 3 was released in Malaysia in December 2022 with two variants: Standard Range and Extended Range. Deliveries started in January 2023. The Anniversary Limited Edition of
3149-512: The first time. Li prescribed the 朙 form of the word for 'bright', but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as 明 . However, the increased usage of 朙 was followed by proliferation of a third variant: 眀 , with 目 'eye' on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 朙 . Ultimately, 明 became the character's standard form. The Book of Han (111 AD) describes an earlier attempt made by King Xuan of Zhou ( d. 782 BC ) to unify character forms across
3216-475: The following decade, the Script Reform Committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme, collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants, and often approving forms in small batches. Parallel to simplification, there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official Chinese alphabet, but this possibility
3283-430: The founding of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) to universalize the use of their small seal script across the recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in Chinese history. Before the 20th century, variation in character shape on the part of scribes, which would continue with the later invention of woodblock printing , was ubiquitous. For example, prior to
3350-415: The galvanic response advocated by Luigi Galvani , Alessandro Volta developed the so-called voltaic pile , a forerunner of the battery , which produced a steady electric current . Volta had determined that the most effective pair of dissimilar metals to produce electricity was zinc and silver . In 1861, Latimer Clark and Sir Charles Bright coined the name "volt" for the unit of resistance. By 1873,
3417-556: The history of the Chinese script—as it was one of the first clear calls for China to move away from the use of characters entirely. Instead, Chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet, which he saw as more logical and efficient. The alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the Republican intelligentsia for the next several decades. Recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that Chinese characters were blamed for
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#17327931257063484-460: The name "Atto" was inspired by the attosecond , the smallest time scale unit in physics , depicting that the vehicle is "speedy, energetic, and dynamic". Initial plans were to market the Dolphin hatchback as the Atto 2 and the Seal sedan as the Atto 4 in export markets, however these cars ended up retaining its original name. The Atto 3, marketed as the Yuan Plus in China, is the largest version of
3551-474: The period. During the first half of 2023, 201,505 units were sold globally. Global production reached 500,000 in September 2023. Simplified Chinese characters Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets widely used to write the Chinese language , with the other being traditional characters . Their mass standardization during the 20th century was part of an initiative by
3618-501: The previous 12.8-inch. Other changes include new front BYD logo, and black C-pillar decoration replacing silver. Black exterior paint option and blue-black interior colour option also became available. The Atto 3 / Yuan Plus incorporates a 150 kW (201 hp; 204 PS) front-wheel drive electric motor generating 310 N⋅m (31.6 kg⋅m; 229 lb⋅ft) of torque, powered by BYD's proprietary lithium iron phosphate (LFP) blade battery . It offers two battery pack options —
3685-430: The public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. In 1986, authorities retracted
3752-441: The rear seats folded. On 15 September 2023, BYD produced the 500,000th Yuan Plus / Atto 3 at its Hefei plant, 19 months after its introduction. 22 percent of the produced vehicles were exported. BYD started rolling out the 2024 model year for global markets in January 2024. The "Build Your Dreams" badges on the rear was replaced by the new BYD logo, and some markets started receiving larger 15.6-inch infotainment system replacing
3819-481: The same set of simplified characters as mainland China. The first round was promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 1969, consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters. A second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the mainland China system; these were removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted
3886-467: The second round completely, though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction. That year, the authorities also promulgated a final version of the General List of Simplified Chinese Characters . It was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes—including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round: 叠 , 覆 , 像 ; the form 疊
3953-479: The simplification process after the bulk of characters were introduced by the 1960s. In the wake of the Cultural Revolution , a second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977—largely composed of entirely new variants intended to artificially lower the stroke count, in contrast to the first round—but was massively unpopular and never saw consistent use. The second round of simplifications
4020-833: The traditional character 強 , with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 , with 12 strokes, which is a variant character. Such characters do not constitute simplified characters. The new standardized character forms shown in the Characters for Publishing and revised through the Common Modern Characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters. Some examples follow: The traditional component 釆 becomes 米 : The traditional component 囚 becomes 日 : The traditional "Break" stroke becomes
4087-415: The traditional forms. In addition, variant characters with identical pronunciation and meaning were reduced to a single standardized character, usually the simplest among all variants in form. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification and are thus identical between the traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. The Chinese government has never officially announced the completion of
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#17327931257064154-594: The vehicle went on sale in March 2023 in three trim levels: Active, Comfort and Design. In July 2023, the Atto 3 became the best selling electric vehicle in Sweden, beating other popular cars like Volkswagen ID.4 and Tesla Model Y . The Atto 3 was introduced in India in November 2022. It is locally assembled in India, at the company facility near Chennai. The Atto 3 was introduced in Indonesia in January 2024 alongside
4221-464: Was abandoned, confirmed by a speech given by Zhou Enlai in 1958. In 1965, the PRC published the List of Commonly Used Characters for Printing [ zh ] (hereafter Characters for Printing ), which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters, including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme. A second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by
4288-483: Was introduced in February and March 2024. The Standard Range model was split into two trim levels, Dynamic and Premium, and received a slightly larger 50.25 kWh battery to qualify for the 100,000 THB EV incentive for electric vehicles with batteries greater than 50 kWh, a rule updated for 2024. The Atto 3 was launched in Brunei in July 2023, in a sole Superior variant (60.48 kWh battery with 480 km range). The Atto 3
4355-678: Was introduced in Vietnam on 18 July 2024 alongside the Dolphin and Seal , as part of BYD's entry in Vietnam. It is available in Dynamic (49.9 kWh) and Premium (60.4 kWh) variants. The Yuan Plus was introduced in Brazil in November 2022 in a sole variant using the 60.48 kWh battery. The Yuan Plus was released in Costa Rica in July 2022. Two variants are offered in the country, the GL trim with
4422-553: Was launched in the Philippines in November 2023 with two variants: Dynamic (49.9 kWh battery with 410 km range) and Premium (60.48 kWh battery with 480 km range). The Atto 3 was launched in Singapore in July 2022 with two variants: 100 kW and 150 kW. The differentiation was to cater to the different Certificate of Entitlement categories. It was the best selling car for the first quarter of 2024. The Atto 3
4489-716: Was ultimately retracted officially in 1986, well after they had largely ceased to be used due to their unpopularity and the confusion they caused. In August 2009, China began collecting public comments for a revised list of simplified characters; the resulting List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters lists 8,105 characters, including a few revised forms, and was implemented for official use by China's State Council on 5 June 2013. In Chinese, simplified characters are referred to by their official name 简化字 ; jiǎnhuàzì , or colloquially as 简体字 ; jiǎntǐzì . The latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure,
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