27-455: The Boletales are an order of Agaricomycetes containing over 1300 species with a diverse array of fruiting body types. The boletes are the best known members of this group, and until recently, the Boletales were thought to only contain boletes. The Boletales are now known to contain distinct groups of agarics , puffballs , and other fruiting-body types. The order Boletales originally
54-474: A class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota . The taxon is roughly identical to that defined for the Homobasidiomycetes (alternatively called holobasidiomycetes) by Hibbett & Thorn, with the inclusion of Auriculariales and Sebacinales . It includes not only mushroom -forming fungi, but also most species placed in the deprecated taxa Gasteromycetes and Homobasidiomycetes. Within
81-466: A mass of 10,000 kilograms (22,000 pounds) and an age of 1,500 years. Agaricomycetes also have antibacterial properties. Agaricomycetes can help in research in treating bacteria. Nearly all species are terrestrial (a few are aquatic), occurring in a wide range of environments where most function as decayers, especially of wood. However, some species are pathogenic or parasitic , and yet others are symbiotic (i.e., mutualistic ), these including
108-469: Is more closely related to the agarics and false truffles of Chroogomphus , Gomphidius , and Rhizopogon than to Boletus . In some older classification systems, a part of the family Boletaceae was separated to form the family Strobilomycetaceae. However, more recent molecular genetics studies have found it to be an unnatural grouping. According to the 2008 (10th) edition of the Dictionary of
135-470: Is no longer recognized as a natural one—various puffball species have apparently evolved independently from agaricomycete fungi. However, most mushroom guide books still group the puffballs or gasteroid forms separate from other mushrooms because the older Friesian classification is still convenient for categorizing fruit body forms. Similarly, modern classifications divide the gasteroid order Lycoperdales between Agaricales and Phallales . All members of
162-479: Is restricted to a few species of 5-needled pine ( Pinus ). Species of Suillus are found all over the Northern Hemisphere where members of the tree family Pinaceae can be found. Although a few species are distributed in tropical regions (usually mountainous areas), most are limited to temperate areas. Some species have been introduced adventitiously with pine trees in pine plantations outside
189-404: Is white to yellow in S. luteus , while it is pallid in S. variegatus with a tendency to turn blue when exposed to air. Young S. luteus and S. grevillei bear partial veils whose remnants remain as annuli hanging from the stipe; in S. granulatus the stipe is bare. S. viscidus and S. grevillei occur under larch ( Larix ) only, while S. sibiricus
216-587: The Sclerodermataceae , Boletinellaceae and Gyroporaceae appear to form a discrete group within the Boletales, and together with the Pisolithaceae , and the Astraceae , are grouped under the suborder Sclerodermatineae . Thus, the boletes of Boletinellus and Phlebopus are more closely related to earthballs of Scleroderma than to Boletus . Similarly, the bolete genus Suillus
243-493: The Southern Hemisphere . The genus Suillus was first defined by Pier Antonio Micheli in his 1729 work Nova plantarum genera , however it is not valid as it predates the 1753 start of Linnean taxonomy. Fries sanctioned the use by British botanist Samuel Frederick Gray in the first volume of his 1821 work A Natural Arrangement of British Plants . Setting Suillus luteus as the type species , he described
270-596: The cap cuticle which is often slimy and sticky when moist, the presence of darkly staining, clustered, sterile cells called cystidia that give the tube mouths or the stipe surface a speckled or glandular appearance, spores that are usually cinnamon brown or chocolate brown in mass, and obligate mycorrhizal relationships primarily with members of the Pinaceae , especially with members of the genera Pinus , Larix and Pseudotsuga . Intra-genus variation may be demonstrated by differences in colour and ornamentation of
297-614: The fossil record , and the class does not yet pre-date the Early Cretaceous (146–100 Ma ). The oldest Agaricomycetes fossil, dating from the lower Cretaceous (130–125 Ma) is Quatsinoporites . It is a fragment of a poroid fruit body with features that suggest it could be a member of the family Hymenochaetaceae . Based on molecular clock analysis, the Agaricomycetes are estimated to be about 290 million years old. Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest
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#1732798004528324-596: The "slippery jack," is said by some to be delicious cooked, provided the slimy coat of its cap is removed beforehand. Many boletes, while not toxic, are nonetheless bitter-tasting and inedible. The Paxillaceae contain a number of species that have been implicated in fatal poisonings. A few boletes are also highly toxic (though generally not deadly), notably the fairly conspicuous Boletus satanas and allies. Still, many mushroom hunters recommend that beginners start with boletes, since deadly mix-ups are far less likely than with agarics. There are several genera classified in
351-485: The Agaricomycetes that have not been classified in any order or family. These include: Suillus Suillus is a genus of basidiomycete fungi in the family Suillaceae and order Boletales . Species in the genus are associated with trees in the pine family ( Pinaceae ), and are mostly distributed in temperate locations in the Northern Hemisphere, although some species have been introduced to
378-550: The Agaricomycetes: Amylocorticiales , Jaapiales , Stereopsidales , and Lepidostromatales . Although morphology of the mushroom or fruit body (basidiocarp) was the basis of early classification of the Agaricomycetes, this is no longer the case. As an example, the distinction between the Gasteromycetes (including puffballs ) and Agaricomycetes (most other agaric mushrooms)
405-434: The Boletales that are i) poorly known, ii) have not been subjected to DNA analysis, or iii) if analysed phylogenetically do not group with as yet named or identified families, and have not been assigned to a specific family (i.e., incertae sedis with respect to familial placement). These include: Agaricomycetes Agaricomycetidae Phallomycetidae incertae sedis (no subclass) The Agaricomycetes are
432-622: The Fungi , the Boletales comprise 17 families , 96 genera , and 1316 species . The Boletales are largely ectomycorrhizal fungi, hence are found mainly in or near woodlands. Certain species are parasitic rather than ectomycorrhizal. Members of the family Gomphidiaceae are thought to be parasitic upon members of the family Suillaceae ; these relationships are often highly species-specific. Other parasitic boletes included Pseudoboletus parasiticus which grows on Scleroderma citrinum . A few species are saprophytic and lignicolous , like those in
459-485: The boletes, spore-bearing tissue which is also easily separable from the cap, and similar microscopic characteristics of spores and cystidia . Taxonomic studies using secondary metabolites and later molecular phylogenetic evidence moved several physically dissimilar groups into Boletales, including the Sclerodermataceae (earthballs) and the Rhizopogonaceae ( false truffles ). Phylogenetic analyses shows
486-571: The cap cuticle, flesh, pores and stipe, the presence of a partial veil in immature forms and annuli thereafter, pore shape and distribution, as well as habitat. The cap cuticle is dark brown in S. brevipes , and yellow in S. grevillei . S. granulatus has a smooth cap cuticle, while that of S. lakei is finely scaly. The pores are bright yellow in S. collinitus , cinnamon in S. variegatus and grey in S. viscidus ; in shape they are round in S. luteus and angular in S. bovinus . The flesh
513-440: The class produce basidiocarps which range in size from tiny cups a few millimeters across to a giant polypore ( Phellinus ellipsoideus ) greater than several meters across and weigh up to 500 kilograms (1,100 lb). The group also includes what are arguably the largest and oldest individual organisms on earth: the mycelium of one individual Armillaria gallica has been estimated to extend over 15 hectares (37 acres) with
540-458: The following relationships: other basidiomycetes ( outgroup ) Cantharellales Sebacinales Auriculariales Stereopsidales Geastrales Hysterangiales Gomphales Phallales Trechisporales Hymenochaetales Thelephorales Polyporales Corticiales Jaapiales Gloeophyllales Russulales Agaricales Boletales Amylocorticiales Lepidostromatales Atheliales There are many genera in
567-896: The genus Buchwaldoboletus . Boletes are usually identified by having a sponge-like surface under the cap, instead of the usual gills. They occur in a variety of colours, such as red, white, brown and gray. Many of the inedible boletes are either white or red, and these should be avoided during picking. The genus Boletus contains many edible species, most notably, B. edulis , including B. aereus and B. pinophilus , though many others are eaten, as well, such as B. badius . B. edulis and its relatives are of great commercial importance in Europe and North America. Species of Suillus are considered by many to be slimy and insipid; in Russia, though, they are often pickled and even sold commercially this way. In North America, S. pungens , known also as
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#1732798004528594-478: The genus as those mushrooms with a centrally placed stipe, a distinct ring , a circular cap, and tubes that are stuck together. They have been commonly called "slippery jacks" because the cap of the fruit body is sometimes slimy. The genus name is derived from the Latin sus , meaning "pig". Before 1997, the genus Suillus was considered part of the family Boletaceae . The genus also contains what were known as
621-1021: The important ectomycorrhizal symbionts of forest trees. General discussions on the forms and life cycles of these fungi are developed in the article on mushrooms , in the treatments of the various orders (links in table at right), and in individual species accounts. A study of 5,284 species with a backbone phylogeny based on 104 genomes has suggested the following dates of evolution: Agaricomycetidae ~ 185 million years ago ( 174 million years ago – 192 million years ago ) Cantharellales 184 million years ago ( 144 million years ago – 261 million years ago ) Agaricales 173 million years ago ( 160 million years ago - 182 million years ago ) Hymenochaetales 167 million years ago ( 130 million years ago – 180 million years ago ) Boletales 142 million years ago ( 133 million years ago – 153 million years ago ) The fruit bodies of Agaricomycetes are extremely rare in
648-569: The larch boletes, several species that were described in the genus Fuscoboletinus . These grow in association with larch or tamarack ( Larix ssp.). Molecular analysis has shown them to not be a monophyletic group and to be mixed in with the Suillus species. Structures of the fungi in this genus in common with other members of the order Boletales include the presence of a cylindrical stipe , cap , soft flesh and tubular hymenium . Specific characteristics common to most species in Suillus are
675-616: The natural area of Pinaceae. Some Suillus species have entered regional red lists as endangered or vulnerable. Seven European countries have listed S. sibiricus . Individual countries have also listed other species, including S. flavidus , S. tridentinus , S. collinitus , S. plorans and S. lakei . Some Suillus species are edible and are highly esteemed, particularly in Slavic countries , where they are generally referred to as butter mushrooms (маслята). They are generally picked as buttons when
702-575: The subdivision Agaricomycotina , which already excludes the smut and rust fungi, the Agaricomycetes can be further defined by the exclusion of the classes Tremellomycetes and Dacrymycetes , which are generally considered to be jelly fungi . However, a few former "jelly fungi", such as Auricularia , are classified in the Agaricomycetes. According to a 2008 estimate, Agaricomycetes include 17 orders , 100 families , 1147 genera , and about 21000 species . Modern molecular phylogenetic analyses have been since used to help define several new orders in
729-411: Was created to describe boletes, but based on micromorphological and molecular phylogenetic characteristics, a large number of nonbolete species have recently been reclassified to belong to this group, as well. The order also includes some gilled mushrooms, in the families Gomphidiaceae , Serpulaceae , Tapinellaceae , Hygrophoropsidaceae , and Paxillaceae , which often have the same flesh texture as
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