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72-503: The Bone Collector is a 1999 American crime thriller film directed by Phillip Noyce and starring Denzel Washington and Angelina Jolie . The film is based on the 1997 crime novel of the same name written by Jeffery Deaver . It focuses on a quadriplegic homicide detective and a newly recruited patrol officer investigating a series of homicides in New York City . In 1998 New York City , forensics expert Lincoln Rhyme

144-423: A vegetative state . After piecing together the message the killer was sending using the paper scraps, Amelia and Rhyme are led to an old crime novel called The Bone Collector , which details crimes the killer is replicating. The fictional outline leads them to the location of the next victims, a grandfather and granddaughter who have been tied to a pier during a rise in tide. The paramedics successfully resuscitate

216-904: A career as a novelist. He has been awarded the Steel Dagger and Short Story Dagger from the British Crime Writers' Association and the Nero Wolfe Award , and he is a three-time recipient of the Ellery Queen Reader's Award for Best Short Story of the Year and a winner of the British Thumping Good Read Award. His novels have appeared on bestseller lists around the world, including The New York Times , The Times , Italy's Corriere della Sera , The Sydney Morning Herald , and

288-402: A crime can be resolved through financial compensation varies depending on the culture and the specific context of the crime. Historically, many societies have absolved acts of homicide through compensation to the victim's relatives. If a crime is committed, the individual responsible is considered to be liable for the crime. For liability to exist, the individual must be capable of understanding

360-445: A crime is found guilty of the crime, the state delivers a sentence to determine the penalty for the crime. Authorities may respond to crime through corrections, carrying out punishment as a means to censure the criminal act. Punishment is generally reserved for serious offenses. Individuals regularly engage in activity that could be scrutinized under criminal law but are deemed inconsequential. Retributive justice seeks to create

432-461: A crime. In many cases, disputes over a crime in this system lead to a feud that lasts over several generations. The state determines what actions are considered criminal in the scope of the law. Criminalization has significant human rights considerations, as it can infringe on rights of autonomy and subject individuals to unjust punishment. The enforcement of criminal law seeks to prevent crime and sanction crimes that do occur. This enforcement

504-627: A criminal's unlawful action to prevent recidivism . Different criminological theories propose different methods of rehabilitation, including strengthening social networks , reducing poverty , influencing values , and providing therapy for physical and mental ailments. Rehabilitative programs may include counseling or vocational education . Developed nations are less likely to use physical punishments. Instead, they will impose financial penalties or imprisonment. In places with widespread corruption or limited rule of law , crime may be punished extralegally through mob rule and lynching . Whether

576-493: A disproportionate response to provocation. Common examples of property crime include burglary , theft , and vandalism . Examples of financial crimes include counterfeiting , smuggling , tax evasion , and bribery . The scope of financial crimes has expanded significantly since the beginning of modern economics in the 17th century. In occupational crime , the complexity and anonymity of computer systems may help criminal employees camouflage their operations. The victims of

648-449: A form of reparation such as a community sentence , or, depending on the nature of their offence, to undergo imprisonment , life imprisonment or, in some jurisdictions , death . Usually, to be classified as a crime, the "act of doing something criminal" ( actus reus ) must – with certain exceptions  – be accompanied by the "intention to do something criminal" ( mens rea ). While every crime violates

720-419: A given state, and they are necessarily applied against political dissidents . Due to their unique relation to the state, political crimes are often encouraged by one nation against another, and it is political alignment rather than the act itself that determines criminality. State crime that is carried out by the state to repress law-abiding citizens may also be considered political crime. Inchoate crime

792-460: A law enforcement computer crime unit. In this book, Deaver gives credit to Lee de Forest , the inventor of the Audion (also known as the triode tube), who is thus considered to have opened the world to electronic development . Deaver edited The Best American Mystery Stories 2009 . Three of Deaver's novels have been made into films: Additionally, The Bone Collector has been adapted as

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864-439: A less affluent region. Many of the traits that indicate criminality also indicate victimality; victims of crime are more likely to engage in unlawful behavior and respond to provocation. Overall demographic trends of victims and criminals are often similar, and victims are more likely to have engaged in criminal activities themselves. The victims may only want compensation for the injuries suffered, while remaining indifferent to

936-420: A matter of private compensation. The most significant Roman law concept involved dominion . Most acts recognized as crimes in ancient societies, such as violence and theft, have persisted to the modern era. The criminal justice system of Imperial China existed unbroken for over 2,000 years. Many of the earliest conceptions of crime are associated with sin and corresponded to acts that were believed to invoke

1008-432: A possible desire for deterrence . Victims, on their own, may lack the economies of scale that could allow them to administer a penal system, let alone to collect any fines levied by a court. Historically, from ancient times until the 19th century, many societies believed that non-human animals were capable of committing crimes, and prosecuted and punished them accordingly. Prosecutions of animals gradually dwindled during

1080-433: A societal issue as early as the 17th century. Imprisonment developed as a long-term penalty for crime in the 18th century. Increasing urbanization and industrialization in the 19th century caused crime to become an immediate issue that affected society, prompting government intervention in crime and the establishment of criminology as its own field. Anthropological criminology was popularized by Cesare Lombroso in

1152-580: A societal issue, and criminal law was seen as a means to protect the public from antisocial behavior. This idea was associated with a larger trend in the western world toward social democracy and centre-left politics . Through most of history, reporting of crime was generally local. The advent of mass media through radio and television in the mid-20th century allowed for the sensationalism of crime. This created well-known stories of criminals such as Jeffrey Dahmer , and it allowed for dramatization that perpetuates misconceptions about crime. Forensic science

1224-400: A system of accountability and punish criminals in a way that knowingly causes suffering. This may arise out of a feeling that criminals deserve to suffer and that punishment should exist for its own sake. The existence of punishment also creates an effect of deterrence that discourages criminal action for fear of punishment. Rehabilitation seeks to understand and mitigate the causes of

1296-404: A system of traveling judges that tried accused criminals in each region of England by applying precedent from previous rulings. Legal developments in 12th century England also resulted in the earliest known recording of official crime data. In the modern era, crime came to be seen as an issue affecting society rather than conflicts between individuals. Writers such as Thomas Hobbes saw crime as

1368-532: A television series, Lincoln Rhyme: Hunt for the Bone Collector . Tracker , a television series based on his novel The Never Game premiered in 2024. Deaver also created the characters and—in a collaboration with 14 other noted writers—wrote the 17-part serial thriller The Chopin Manuscript narrated by Alfred Molina that was broadcast on Audible.com from September 25 to November 13, 2007. It

1440-420: A victim. Some factors may cause victims of crime to experience short-term or long-term "repeat victimization". Common long-term victims are those that have close relationships with the criminal, manifesting in crimes such as domestic violence , embezzlement , child abuse , and bullying . Repeat victimization may also occur when a potential victim appears to be a viable target, such as when indicating wealth in

1512-417: Is scalded to death by an open steam pipe. Amelia finds a piece of Lindsay's bone by her body and another scrap of paper. Rhyme instructs Amelia to sever Lindsay's hands in order to obtain evidence, but she refuses and storms off. The killer abducts an NYU student, who is taken to a derelict slaughterhouse , tied to a pole, and left with an open wound that attracts nearby rats. Amelia and Rhyme, again using

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1584-471: Is a criminal offence is defined by the criminal law of each relevant jurisdiction . While many have a catalogue of crimes called the criminal code , in some common law nations no such comprehensive statute exists. The state ( government ) has the power to severely restrict one's liberty for committing a crime. In modern societies, there are procedures to which investigations and trials must adhere. If found guilty , an offender may be sentenced to

1656-497: Is a type of social construct , and societal attitudes determine what is considered criminal. In legal systems based on legal moralism , the predominant moral beliefs of society determine the legal definition as well as the social definition of crime. This system is less prominent in liberal democratic societies that prioritize individualism and multiculturalism over other moral beliefs. Paternalism defines crime not only as harm to others or to society, but also as harm to

1728-432: Is an individual who has been treated unjustly or made to suffer. In the context of crime, the victim is the individual that is harmed by a violation of criminal law. Victimization is associated with post-traumatic stress and a long-term decrease in quality of life . Victimology is the study of victims, including their role in crime and how they are affected. Several factors affect an individual's likelihood of becoming

1800-452: Is any crime committed by an individual from a lower social class as opposed to white-collar crime which is associated with crime committed by someone of a higher-level social class. These crimes are primarily small scale, for immediate beneficial gain to the individual or group involved in them. Examples of blue-collar crime include Narcotic production or distribution, sexual assault , theft , burglary , assault or murder . Violent crime

1872-478: Is associated with the broken windows theory , which posits that public order crimes increase the likelihood of other types of crime. Some public order crimes are considered victimless crimes in which no specific victim can be identified. Most nations in the Western world have moved toward decriminalization of victimless crimes in the modern era. Adultery , fornication , blasphemy , apostasy , and invoking

1944-438: Is bed-bound after an accident that left him paralyzed from the neck down. Amelia Donaghy, a newly recruited patrol officer, discovers a mutilated corpse buried at a Civil War -era railroad bed. Rhyme directs her through a free video/audio feed sent from Amelia to him in his bedroom. Due to clue-like objects found at the crime scene, Rhyme concludes that the scene was staged. Impressed by Amelia's forensic instincts, he teams up with

2016-410: Is carried out by the state through law enforcement agencies , such as police , which are empowered to arrest suspected perpetrators of crimes. Law enforcement may focus on policing individual crimes, or it may focus on bringing down overall crime rates. One common variant, community policing , seeks to prevent crime by integrating police into the community and public life. When the perpetrator of

2088-569: Is crime that involves an act of violent aggression against another person. Common examples of violent crime include homicide , assault , sexual assault , and robbery . Some violent crimes, such as assault, may be committed with the intention of causing harm. Other violent crimes, such as robbery, may use violence to further another goal. Violent crime is distinct from noncriminal types of violence, such as self-defense , use of force , and acts of war . Acts of violence are most often perceived as deviant when they are committed as an overreaction or

2160-428: Is crime that is carried out in anticipation of other illegal actions but does not cause direct harm. Examples of inchoate crimes include attempt and conspiracy . Inchoate crimes are defined by substantial action to facilitate a crime with the intention of the crime's occurrence. This is distinct from simple preparation for or consideration of criminal activity. They are unique in that renunciation of criminal intention

2232-425: Is defined by the criminal law of a given jurisdiction, including all actions that are subject to criminal procedure . There is no limit to what can be considered a crime in a legal system, so there may not be a unifying principle used to determine whether an action should be designated as a crime. From a legal perspective, crimes are generally wrong actions that are severe enough to warrant punishment that infringes on

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2304-514: Is entitled to make law, and a theory of legislative justice, which describes the law they are entitled or obliged to make. There are natural-law theorists who have accepted the idea of enforcing the prevailing morality as a primary function of the law. This view entails the problem that it makes any moral criticism of the law impossible: if conformity with natural law forms a necessary condition for legal validity, all valid law must, by definition, count as morally just. Thus, on this line of reasoning,

2376-493: Is generally enough to absolve the perpetrator of criminal liability, as their actions are no longer facilitating a potential future crime. A criminal is an individual who commits a crime. What constitutes a criminal can vary depending on the context and the law, and it often carries a pejorative connotation. Criminals are often seen as embodying certain stereotypes or traits and are seen as a distinct type of person from law-abiding citizens. Despite this, no mental or physical trend

2448-429: Is identifiable that differentiates criminals from non-criminals. Public response to criminals may be indignant or sympathetic. Indignant responses involve resentment and a desire for vengeance, wishing to see criminals removed from society or made to suffer for harm that they cause. Sympathetic responses involve compassion and understanding, seeking to rehabilitate or forgive criminals and absolve them of blame. A victim

2520-415: Is often associated with law and psychology. Information and statistics about crime in a given jurisdiction are collected as crime estimates, typically produced by national or international agencies. Methods to collect crime statistics may vary, even between jurisdictions within the same nation. Under-reporting of crime is common, particularly in developing nations. Victim studies may be used to determine

2592-455: Is revealed to be Richard Thompson, the medical technician in charge of Rhyme's medical equipment. Richard's real name is Marcus Andrews, a former forensics expert convicted because an article written by Rhyme exposed Marcus for planting evidence that resulted in the wrongful imprisonment of six innocent people, one of whom hanged himself. Maintaining his delusion that he was right to imprison those people, Marcus blames Rhyme for his imprisonment and

2664-399: Is the reason , which is the first principle of human acts". He regarded people as by nature rational beings, concluding that it becomes morally appropriate that they should behave in a way that conforms to their rational nature. Thus, to be valid, any law must conform to natural law and coercing people to conform to that law is morally acceptable. In the 1760s, William Blackstone described

2736-453: Is wasted on a bland attempt at a suspenseful, serial killer flick." Metacritic gave the film a weighted average score of 45 out of 100 based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade "B+" on an A+ to F scale. Eric S. Arnold of Newsweek gives a mainly positive review, stating that " The Bone Collector may be formulaic—but many good recipes are." William Arnold of

2808-693: The Los Angeles Times . Deaver was born near Chicago in Glen Ellyn, Illinois . His mother was an artist, and his father an advertising writer. His sister Julie Deaver is an author of young adult novels. The book that inspired him to write was From Russia With Love , a James Bond novel by Ian Fleming . Deaver's most popular series features Lincoln Rhyme, a quadriplegic detective, and NYPD Detective Amelia Sachs. Deaver's 2001 book The Blue Nowhere features criminal hackers (one using social engineering to commit murder), as well as

2880-567: The Seattle Post-Intelligencer describes the film as having "the characteristics of a bad slasher movie" in a mainly negative review, calling the plot "ultimately preposterous". Multiple critics called out the improbabilities and cliches of the script and negatively compared the film to similar crime thrillers such as Seven and The Silence of the Lambs , but said Washington and Jolie's performances were just enough to make

2952-517: The 11th novel in the book series, "The Skin Collector", is more of a direct sequel to the first book. On January 17, 2019, it was announced that NBC had given the production a pilot order under the name Lincoln based on The Bone Collector novel. Sony Pictures Television and Universal Television were shopping the show to the American broadcast networks. VJ Boyd and Mark Bianculli would write

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3024-418: The 19th century, although a few were recorded as late as the 1910s and 1920s. Virtually all countries in the 21st century have criminal law grounded in civil law , common law , Islamic law , or socialist law . Historically, criminal codes have often divided criminals by class or caste, prescribing different penalties depending on status. In some tribal societies, an entire clan is recognized as liable for

3096-643: The abuse he endured during his incarceration, and has schemed to humiliate Rhyme by testing his abilities in a game of wits before killing him. Rhyme manages to crush Marcus' hand in his medical bed, and further harms him severely by biting his neck. Unable to move, Rhyme is about to be stabbed to death when Amelia arrives and shoots Marcus dead. The following Christmas , Rhyme, having abandoned his plans to commit suicide, meets his sister and niece coming to visit him, along with Amelia and his other colleagues. The project originated when producer Martin Bregman acquired

3168-511: The anger of a deity. This idea was further popularized with the development of the Abrahamic religions . The understanding of crime and sin were closely associated with one another for much of history, and conceptions of crime took on many of the ideas associated with sin. Islamic law developed its own system of criminal justice as Islam spread in the seventh and eighth centuries. In post-classical Europe and East Asia, central government

3240-474: The clues left by the killer at the scene of the previous murder, find the victim's body mutilated by rats. Amelia finds another scrap of paper and a piece of bone. The pressure of the tense investigation and bureaucratic challenges to Amelia and Rhyme's involvement in the case begin to have serious effects on Rhyme's health and stability. Thelma, Rhyme's caregiver and nurse, reveals to Amelia his plans to end his life out of fear of seizures that could leave him in

3312-438: The community, or against the state. The criminality of an action is dependent on its context; acts of violence will be seen as crimes in many circumstances but as permissible or desirable in others. Crime was historically seen as a manifestation of evil , but this has been superseded by modern criminal theories. Legal and political definitions of crime consider actions that are banned by authorities or punishable by law. Crime

3384-493: The criminal process and the relevant authority must have legitimate power to establish what constitutes a crime. Jeffery Deaver Jeffery Deaver (born May 6, 1950) is an American mystery and crime writer . He has a bachelor of journalism degree from the University of Missouri and a J.D. degree from Fordham University and originally started working as a journalist. He later practiced law before embarking on

3456-547: The distribution rights to Columbia Pictures , as the studio was worried about making its money back. Noyce made a deal with the studio that if the production went over budget, he'd pay the difference out of his own pocket, and if it came in under budget, then he would get to keep half. When the script was being written, the role of Lincoln Rhyme was written with Al Pacino in mind, since Bregman had served as producer on Pacino's previous films like Serpico , Dog Day Afternoon , Scarface , and Carlito's Way . However, Pacino

3528-419: The equal respect and concern of those who govern them as a fundamental political right. He offers a theory of compliance overlaid by a theory of deference (the citizen's duty to obey the law) and a theory of enforcement, which identifies the legitimate goals of enforcement and punishment. Legislation must conform to a theory of legitimacy, which describes the circumstances under which a particular person or group

3600-486: The film engrossing. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised the film's acting, but deplored the plot's "utter absurdity", writing: "The movie is a peculiar experience to sit through, because the quality of the acting is so much better than the material deserves." Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post wrote, "As for the mystery that these forays into the shocking are meant to penetrate, it's probably

3672-518: The film rights to the Jeffery Deaver novel of the same name ; Phillip Noyce was brought on to direct. Jeremy Iacone penned the screenplay adaptation; while staying faithful to Deaver's source material, Iacone condensed the plot "down to three murders" and honed in on the dynamic between the lead characters. The script would undergo further work when Christopher Crowe was brought on to do a screenplay polish. Universal Pictures sold half of

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3744-437: The frequency of crime in a given population. Justifying the state's use of force to coerce compliance with its laws has proven a consistent theoretical problem. One of the earliest justifications involved the theory of natural law . This posits that the nature of the world or of human beings underlies the standards of morality or constructs them. Thomas Aquinas wrote in the 13th century: "the rule and measure of human acts

3816-449: The late-19th century. This was a biological determinist school of thought based in social darwinism , arguing that certain people are naturally born as criminals. The eugenics movement of the early-20th century similarly held that crime was caused primarily by genetic factors. The concept of crime underwent a period of change as modernism was widely accepted in the years following World War II . Crime increasingly came to be seen as

3888-466: The law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime. Breaches of private law ( torts and breaches of contract ) are not automatically punished by the state, but can be enforced through civil procedure . The exact definition of crime is a philosophical issue without an agreed upon answer. Fields such as law, politics, sociology, and psychology define crime in different ways. Crimes may be variously considered as wrongs against individuals, against

3960-444: The least interesting thing in the movie." He concluded, "Yet for all the carping one can do, the following is indisputably true: At the narrative level, 'The Bone Collector' is extremely gripping. You may have as much fun tearing it apart in its aftermath as you do watching it, but the fun is still genuine." In June 2023, it was reported that a sequel was in the works, with Washington and Jolie reprising their roles, according to Deaver,

4032-465: The legal validity of a norm necessarily entails its moral justice. Restrictions on behavior existed in all prehistoric societies. Crime in early human society was seen as a personal transgression and was addressed by the community as a whole rather than through a formal legal system, often through the use of custom, religion, or the rule of a tribal leader. Some of the oldest extant writings are ancient criminal codes . The earliest known criminal code

4104-524: The legislature decrees to achieve social utility, but every individual remains free to choose what to do. Similarly, H.L.A. Hart saw the law as an aspect of sovereignty , with lawmakers able to adopt any law as a means to a moral end. Thus the necessary and sufficient conditions for the truth of a proposition of law involved internal logic and consistency , and that the state's agents used state power with responsibility . Ronald Dworkin rejects Hart's theory and proposes that all individuals should expect

4176-486: The most costly scams include banks, brokerage houses, insurance companies, and other large financial institutions. Public order crime is crime that violates a society's norms about what constitutes socially acceptable behavior. Examples of public order crimes include gambling , drug-related crime , public intoxication , prostitution , loitering , breach of the peace , panhandling , vagrancy , street harassment , excessive noise , and littering . Public order crime

4248-413: The name of God are commonly recognized as crimes in theocratic societies or those heavily influenced by religion. Political crime is crime that directly challenges or threatens the state. Examples of political crimes include subversion , rebellion , treason , mutiny , espionage , sedition , terrorism , riot , and unlawful assembly . Political crimes are associated with the political agenda of

4320-466: The perpetrator's liberties. English criminal law and the related common law of Commonwealth countries can define offences that the courts alone have developed over the years, without any actual legislation: common law offences . The courts used the concept of malum in se to develop various common law offences. As a sociological concept, crime is associated with actions that cause harm and violate social norms . Under this definition, crime

4392-465: The project, but he declined an offer to direct the first episode: "I spoke to the makers and I said, "Okay, I'll make the pilot, but this is what I’d be looking to do". "They made their pilot, but they made the most basic mistakes in their casting". "They [also] tried to lighten it, which was not the way to exploit that material". Crime The notion that acts such as murder , rape , and theft are to be prohibited exists worldwide. What precisely

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4464-717: The relationship of crime and the community. Due to the wide range of concepts associated with crime and the disagreement on a precise definition, the focus of criminology can vary considerably. Various theories within criminology provide different descriptions and explanations for crime, including social control theory , subcultural theory , strain theory , differential association , and labeling theory . Subfields of criminology and related fields of study include crime prevention , criminal law , crime statistics , anthropological criminology , criminal psychology , criminal sociology, criminal psychiatry , victimology , penology , and forensic science . Besides sociology, criminology

4536-477: The self. Psychological definitions consider the state of mind of perpetrators and their relationship with their environment. The study of crime is called criminology . Criminology is a subfield of sociology that addresses issues of social norms , social order , deviance , and violence . It includes the motivations and consequences of crime and its perpetrators , as well as preventative measures , either studying criminal acts on an individual level or

4608-439: The series and also serve as executive producers, and Seth Gordon would direct the potential pilot. In May 2019, NBC picked up the series, which would be titled Lincoln Rhyme: Hunt for the Bone Collector , and premiere on January 10, 2020. The pilot episode was released early online on January 1, 2020, ahead of its network debut on January 10. The series was canceled after one season, on June 10, 2020. Noyce briefly consulted on

4680-467: The thesis: But John Austin (1790–1859), an early positivist , applied utilitarianism in accepting the calculating nature of human beings and the existence of an objective morality. He denied that the legal validity of a norm depends on whether its content conforms to morality. Thus, in Austinian terms, a moral code can objectively determine what people ought to do, the law can embody whatever norms

4752-548: The young girl, but the grandfather dies. At the scene, Amelia finds another piece of bone, part of an old police badge, and a subway map. These clues together with the asbestos left by the killer at the scene of Lindsay's death lead Amelia to an abandoned subway station, where numbers on the side of a carriage have been tampered with to spell out Rhyme's police badge number. The killer arrives at Rhyme's house and kills both Thelma and Police Captain Howard Cheney. The killer

4824-439: The young officer. The killer poses as a taxi driver and, before Rhyme and Amelia meet, abducts married couple Alan and Lindsay Rubin. Amelia discovers Alan's body at the railroad station. Lindsay is revealed to be alive and tied up at a steam junction. Using the clues found at the railroad bed, including a torn piece of scrap paper, Rhyme successfully tracks the whereabouts of Lindsay. The detectives and Amelia arrive just after she

4896-703: Was cast. Other principal roles would be played by Michael Rooker , Queen Latifah , and Ed O'Neill . Aside from exterior shots filmed on location in Manhattan , New York City , filming primarily took place in Montreal . The film was originally slated for release on October 1, but was moved to November 5, 1999, receiving mixed reviews, but earning $ 151.5 million against a budget of $ 48 million. On Rotten Tomatoes , The Bone Collector holds an approval rating of 28% based on 86 reviews, with an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's critics consensus states: "A talented cast

4968-582: Was limited and crime was defined locally. Towns established their own criminal justice systems, while crime in the countryside was defined by the social hierarchies of feudalism . In some places, such as the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy , feudal justice survived into the 19th century. Common law first developed in England under the rule of Henry II in the 12th century. He established

5040-630: Was popularized in the 1980s, establishing DNA profiling as a new method to prevent and analyze crime. White-collar crime refers to financially motivated, nonviolent or non-directly violent crime committed by individuals, businesses and government professionals. The crimes are believed to be committed by middle- or upper-class individuals for financial gains. Typical white-collar crimes could include wage theft , fraud , bribery , Ponzi schemes , insider trading , labor racketeering , embezzlement , cybercrime , copyright infringement , money laundering , identity theft , and forgery . Blue-collar crime

5112-530: Was the Code of Ur-Nammu ( c.  2100  – c.  2050 BC ), and the first known criminal code that incorporated retaliatory justice was the Code of Hammurabi . The latter influenced the conception of crime across several civilizations over the following millennia. The Romans systematized law and applied their system across the Roman Empire . The initial rules of Roman law regarded assaults as

5184-457: Was unavailable due to his filming The Insider . Harrison Ford and Sean Connery were also suggested by the studio, but Noyce cast Denzel Washington in the lead role. In preparation for his role as a quadriplegic, Washington met with quadriplegics including Christopher Reeve , as well as a police officer paralyzed by a gunshot wound. For the role of Amelia Donaghy, both Demi Moore and Nicole Kidman were considered before Angelina Jolie

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