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48-488: Bonners Ferry ( Kutenai language : ʔaq̓anqmi ) is the largest city in and the county seat of Boundary County , Idaho , United States. The population was 2,543 at the 2010 census . The Porthill-Rykerts Border Crossing connects Bonners Ferry with Creston, British Columbia , Canada, on the Kootenay River . The Eastport–Kingsgate Border Crossing connects Bonners Ferry with Yahk, British Columbia , Canada, on

96-428: A Macro- Algonquian or Macro- Salishan language family, most recently with Salish, but they have not been generally accepted as proven. Like other languages in the area, Kutenai has a rich inventory of consonants and a small inventory of vowels, though there are allophones of the three basic phonemic vowels. The lack of a phonemic distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants is much as in other languages of

144-410: A household in the city was $ 24,509, and the median income for a family was $ 35,237. Males had a median income of $ 28,558 versus $ 16,776 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 13,343. About 17.3 percent of families and 20.0 percent of the population were below the poverty line , including 28.6 percent of those under age 18 and 10.9 percent of those age 65 or over. Boundary County Airport

192-623: A language revitalization effort. Tribal councils from the separate communities of the Ktunaxa nation have contributed a selection of audio recordings of Kutenai words and phrases to the FirstVoices website, an online catalogue of the indigenous languages of North America. As of November 2017 , the Ktunaxa webpage had 2500 words and 1114 phrases archived, stories and songs recorded, a language learning app available, and First Voices tutor. The FirstVoices Tutor provides lessons and practices in

240-538: A toll to drive through what had been the tribe's aboriginal land. The money would be used to house and care for elderly tribal members. Most tribes in the United States are forbidden to declare war on the U.S. government because of treaties, but the Kootenai Tribe never signed a treaty. The dispute resulted in the concession by the United States government and a land grant of 10.5 acres (42,000 m) that

288-762: A way to track which entities and concepts are particularly central/salient to a story being told and as a grammatical way of clarifying the roles of each entity in sentences with two third-person arguments: "Pronouns, nouns, verbs, and adverbs all take obviative markers", making it particularly different from some more well-known obviation systems (like the Algonquian one, which allows for obviation only on third-person animate nouns). Kutenai also makes use of an inverse system." The language has an overt copula , ʔin ' to be ' . Word order in Kutenai can be flexible in response to discourse and pragmatic concerns. As

336-433: Is a county-owned, public-use airport located 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) northeast of the central business district of Bonners Ferry. The railroad reached town in 1892; the then Great Northern Railroad as part of its transcontinental line over Maria's Pass, now BNSF . The Kootenai Valley Railway existed 1898-1915. In 1910 a second railroad was built through Bonners Ferry: Spokane International Railroad connecting

384-438: Is also contrastive, so two words can be differentiated just by lengthening or shortening a vowel. Some such minimal pairs are the verbal stem 'to dig something up' [ʔakaːkʼuː] and the noun '(steel animal) trap' [ʔaːkaːkʼuː] and the verbal stem for 'to fall out in this direction/to fall out from somewhere' [ʔakmuːxuː] and 'the place where (someone is) sitting, one's place at a table' [ʔaːkmuːxuː] . Both pairs differ only in

432-578: Is an affiliate of the Fundamental Broadcasting Network . A prominent newspaper in Bonners Ferry is the weekly Bonners Ferry Herald , owned by Hagadone Publishing. Bonners Ferry High School has physical education programs such as wrestling, football, baseball, soccer, cheer, dance, golf, and basketball. There are teams fielded for Little league baseball, in association with nearby Sandpoint, Idaho . There

480-683: Is as follows: Historically, Kootenai people have spoken the Kutenai language , a language isolate . It has a dictionary and grammar and is written in the Latin script . The Kootenai people lived along the Kootenai River in Idaho, Montana , and British Columbia . They were hunter-gatherers , and salmon was an important staple to their diets. They have permanent winter villages of cone-shaped houses made from wooden poles and rush mats. In 1855

528-702: Is in Cranbrook B.C on the territory of the Ktunaxa people. As such, the college has collaborated with the Ktunaxa people for 40 years as of 2015 . As well as offering indigenous studies classes, the College of the Rockies offers basic Ktunaxa classes online, KTUN-101 and KTUN-102, using the FirstVoices website as the primary learning resource. They also offer a Ktunaxa Workshop for beginner learners providing basic phrases and pronunciation, and cultural information of

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576-679: Is now the Kootenai Reservation . Bonners Ferry is 8 miles (13 km) from the site of the Ruby Ridge confrontation and siege in 1992, which occurred just outside Naples, Idaho. Bonners Ferry is located 27 miles (43.5 km) south of the Canada-United States border at 48°41′32″N 116°19′3″W  /  48.69222°N 116.31750°W  / 48.69222; -116.31750 (48.692110, −116.317626), at an altitude of 1,896 feet (578 m). According to

624-647: Is one school district in Boundary County: Boundary County School District 101 . Boundary County is in the catchment area, but not the taxation zone, for North Idaho College . Some of the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho speak the city name of their language as Bonners Ferry ( Ktunaxa : k̓akanmituk ʔa·kaq̓ǂaʔhaǂ, ʔaq̓anqmi ). Kutenai language The Kutenai language ( / ˈ k uː t ən eɪ , - i / ), also Kootenai , Kootenay , Ktunaxa , and Ksanka ,

672-1128: Is the case with many head-marking languages , it is rare to have both an overt subject and an overt object in a sentence since the morphology of the verb makes it clear who is acting on whom. Morgan states that if it is appropriate to express both arguments of a verb in a "neutral" context, VOS word order is preferred; however, it also alternates with VSO order. The pre-verbal position can be occupied by adverbs, as seen in these three examples: qa·kiⱡ ADV hiȼ'kiⱡ search -ni - IND hukiʔ louse/lice -s - OBV tiⱡna old woman qa·kiⱡ hiȼ'kiⱡ -ni hukiʔ -s tiⱡna ADV search -IND louse/lice -OBV {old woman} The old lady started looking for lice. pikʔak long ago -s OBV naqaʔi exist -ni - IND titkat' man qakⱡik called xaxa crow Kootenai Reservation They are one of five federally recognized tribes in Idaho. The others are Coeur d'Alene , Nez Perce , Shoshone-Bannock , and Duck Valley Indian Reservation (Western Shoshone-Northern Paiute). They have 150 enrolled citizens. Their name for themselves

720-580: Is the native language of the Kutenai people of Montana and Idaho in the United States and British Columbia in Canada. It is typically considered a language isolate , unrelated to the Salishan family of languages spoken by neighboring tribes on the coast and in the interior Plateau. The Kutenai also speak ʔa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam , Ktunaxa Sign Language. Kutenai is typically considered a language isolate . There have been attempts to place Kutenai in either

768-580: Is ʔaq̓anqmi. They are also called the Idaho Ksanka. The Ktunaxa ( English: / t ʌ ˈ n ɑː h ɑː / tun- AH -hah ; Kutenai pron. [ktunʌ́χɑ̝] ) are also known as Kutenai ( English: / ˈ k uː t ə n eɪ , - t n eɪ , - n i / ), Kootenay (predominant spelling in Canada), and Kootenai (predominant spelling in the United States). The Kootenai Reservation

816-511: The Libby Dam in 1975 lessened the threat of serious flooding. Today, much of Main Street dates from this initial period of solid, permanent construction. On September 20, 1974, the Kootenai Tribe , headed by chairwoman Amy Trice , declared war on the United States government. Their first act was to post soldiers on each end of the highway that runs through the town who would ask people to pay

864-726: The Moyie River . When gold was discovered in the East Kootenays of British Columbia in 1863, thousands of prospectors from all over the West surged northward over a route that became known as the Wildhorse Trail. Edwin Bonner, a merchant from Walla Walla, Washington , established a ferry in 1864 where the trail crossed the broad Kootenai River . In 1875, Richard Fry, and his Sinixt wife, Justine Su-steel Fry, leased

912-594: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 2.61 square miles (6.76 km), of which 2.44 square miles (6.32 km) is land and 0.17 square miles (0.44 km) is water. Bonners Ferry has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb / Dsb ) with cold, snowy winters and dry summers with hot days and cool nights. It is almost warm enough to be classed as a Mediterranean climate or oceanic climate , and snow depths above 10 inches (0.25 m) occur on 23.6 days on average. As of

960-540: The census of 2000, there were 2,515 people, 1,027 households, and 650 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,186.9 inhabitants per square mile (458.3/km). There were 1,120 housing units at an average density of 528.5 per square mile (204.1/km). The racial makeup of the city was 95.67 percent White , 0.04 percent African American , 1.59 percent Native American , 0.52 percent Asian , 1.31 percent from other races , and 0.87 percent from 2 or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.29 percent of

1008-567: The census of 2010, there were 2,543 people, 1,117 households, and 631 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,042.2 inhabitants per square mile (402.4/km). There were 1,254 housing units at an average density of 513.9 per square mile (198.4/km). The racial makeup of the city was 94.3 percent White , 0.2 percent African American , 2.0 percent Native American , 0.6 percent Asian , 0.2 percent Pacific Islander , 0.5 percent from other races , and 2.2 percent from 2 or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.7 percent of

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1056-570: The 20th century, the town became the center of a lumbering and farming community. The valley land was drained, levees were constructed and farms were cleared on the benches. The rich Kootenai Valley became known as the "Nile of the North," while the Bonners Ferry Lumber Company grew to be one of the world's largest lumber mills . The downtown took shape as brick buildings were constructed, replacing those on stilts. Completion of

1104-438: The Kootenai Tribe formally declared war on the United States, seeking federal recognition. Initial demands were for a 128,000-acre (200 sq mi; 520 km ) reservation and compensation for 1,600,000 acres (2,500 sq mi; 6,470 km ) of ancestral lands. They did not engage in violence, and, by calling attention to their situation, the tribe was deeded 12.5 acres (5.1 ha) of federal land surrounding

1152-612: The Ktunaxa language, culture, history, territory, and worldview of who we are as Ktunaxanin̓tik”. While originally intended for the Ktunaxa community, the page has also inspired other Indigenous communities as well as non-Indigenous people to learn about Indigenous culture and language. The wupnik' natanik site is an online social networking site designed to create a space to connect Ktunaxa community members with their language, culture, and history. Community engagement on this platform has resulted in improved access to Ktunaxa font resources for web publishing, and collaboration on identifying

1200-406: The Ktunaxa people including Andrew Pierre, Numan Pierre, Joe Mission, Andrew Felix, and the major contributor from the community, a man referred to as Barnaby. Paul L. Garvin did various descriptive work describing the phonemics , morphology , and syllabification in Ktunaxa. He also has two sources of transcriptions of speakers talking. In 1991, Lawrence Richard Morgan wrote a description of

1248-659: The Ktunaxa people. Through the use of social media, another example of Indigenous language revitalization efforts is the Instagram page KtunaxaPride created by Aiyana Twigg in the fall of 2020. Twigg, a Ktunaxa and Blackfoot student who recently graduated with a double major from her studies in First Nations and Endangered Languages and Anthropology from the University of British Columbia, stated that "this page will be dedicated to teaching, learning, and talking about

1296-598: The Kutenai Language as his PhD dissertation through the University of California, Berkeley . This description is focused on how the language works and specifically defining the working parts of the language. Morgan's work is an exhaustive list of each grammatical particle , morpheme , and affix , with their respective environments and their varying forms. Kutenai has no phonemic distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants. Vowel length in Ktunaxa

1344-477: The Kutenai language was spoken by 446 registered Indians in Canada. As of 2021 , Statistics Canada reported 210 Ktunaxa speakers. Referring to the Ktunaxa Nation Council (KNC) Traditional Knowledge and Language program findings, Ktunaxa scholar Christopher Horsethief stated that 24 fluent speakers remain and all are over the age of 65. As of 2012 , the Ktunaxa people in Canada are working on

1392-528: The Salish and Ktunaxa people. The curriculum also offers classes in basic Kutenai language pronunciation and grammar. Some sources suggest that the knowledge and preservation of the native communities' culture will contribute to the preservation of the communities language, but there is no evidence yet from the Salish Kootenai College to support this claim. College of the Rockies main campus

1440-711: The US to Canada, now Union Pacific . While Amtrak's Empire Builder runs through town, the nearest station is at Sandpoint (the only Amtrak station in Idaho). Bonners Ferry has been home to KBFI AM 1450 since 1983. It is owned by local licensee Radio Bonners Ferry, Inc, owned by Blue Sky Broadcasting, Inc . While licensed to Bonners Ferry and having its transmitter site located there, KBFI shares studios and offices with its sister stations ( KSPT , KIBR , and KPND ), in nearby Sandpoint, Idaho. KSBF 88.9 FM began broadcasting in 2024. Owned and operated by Bonners Ferry Baptist Church, it

1488-721: The age of six learn about teaching the Ktunaxa culture and language to their children. The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation have founded the Salish Kootenai College , a tribal college on the Flathead reservation in Pablo, Montana. The college offers a certificate program in Native American studies, which requires that students have knowledge of the history and culture of

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1536-478: The area. Because Kutenai is on the periphery of this linguistic area, the loss of a rich lateral inventory is consistent with other nearby languages, which now have only one or two lateral consonants. One such language group contains the Sahaptian languages , which have had a similar loss of laterals. Nez Perce has /ts/ , believed to be the lateral affricate in the proto-language. Nez Perce, like Kutenai, lies in

1584-634: The border between the United States and British Columbia . Bonners Ferry in the 1880s flourished due to the mines in the north. Entering service in 1883 the Norwegian -built steamer Midge transported passengers and freight between Bonners Ferry and British Columbia for 25 years. In 1892 The Great Northern Railway was built, followed by the Spokane International and the Kootenai Valley lines. The village of Bonners Ferry

1632-590: The business, but the location retained the name of the original founder and later became the town of Bonners Ferry. Before the gold rush , only a few visitors had come to the region; one of the first was explorer David Thompson , a cartographer for the North West Company . Thompson and four fellow fur traders arrived in 1808 to trade with the Lower Kootenais. The local natives gave Thompson's party dried fish and moss bread. Thompson returned

1680-565: The eastern periphery of the Northwest Linguistic area. Another typological analysis investigates the lexical category of preverbs in Kutenai. This lexical category distinguishes neighboring Algonquian languages , found to the east of the Kootenay Rocky Mountains and near the Kutenai linguistic area. Another typological relationship Kutenai could have is the presence of its obviation system. In 1969,

1728-847: The former mission in Bonners Ferry . It was enacted by S. 634, signed by President Gerald Ford in October. Since 1986, the Kootenai Tribe has owned and operated the Kootenai River Inn in Bonners Ferry. It is now the Kootenai River Inn Casino and Spa, also has the Springs Restaurant, Casino Deli, the Kootenai Day Spa, and gift shop. Reservation industries include timber, tourism, and selling sand and gravel. The tribe also owns

1776-401: The given language. The Ktunaxa Language app, accessible for iOS and Android devices, is a Ktunaxa dictionary which uses the audio recordings of words and phrases, and provides flashcards with audio, of the vocabulary found on the FirstVoices website. The Ktunaxa nation aims to target younger generations with the FirstVoices materials to teach fluency in the Kutenai language. One such example is

1824-485: The length of the first vowel, [a] vs [a:] . Kutenai is written in the Kutenai alphabet, which is derived from the Latin alphabet. In general terms, Kutenai is an agglutinative language, with many grammatical functions being served by both prefixes and suffixes , primarily on the verb, though some affixes select nouns as well. As mentioned above, a distinctive feature of Kutenai is its use of an obviation system as

1872-543: The next year and established a trading post on Lake Pend Oreille . He was followed in 1846 by Jesuit Priest Father DeSmet , a missionary to the Kootenai Tribe . The Oregon Question was settled by the Oregon Treaty of 1846 which established the 49th Parallel north as the boundary between the US and British North America . Government surveyors of the Boundary Commission came in 1858 to establish

1920-399: The place and subjects of Ktunaxa historical photos. The first grammar of Kutenai was compiled by Roman Catholic missionary Philippo Canestrelli, and was published in 1894 in Latin . In 1918, Franz Boas published The Kutenai Tales, a transcription and translation of multiple Ktunaxa stories. The stories were gathered by Alexander F. Pierce in 1891 and Boas in 1914, and told by members of

1968-439: The population. There were 1,027 households, out of which 31.7 percent had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.0 percent were married couples living together, 11.2 percent had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7 percent were non-families. 32.9 percent of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.5 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

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2016-425: The population. There were 1,117 households, of which 27.6 percent had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.1 percent were married couples living together, 12.5 percent had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8 percent had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.5 percent were non-families. 38.6 percent of all households were made up of individuals, and 20% had someone living alone who

2064-454: The tribe refused to sign a treaty with the US government that would require them to cede their aboriginal lands in Idaho and consolidate with several other smaller tribes in Montana. The Dawes Act broke up tribal land holdings into individual allotments. Due to illegal land loss, the tribe was awarded $ 425,000 in a land claims settlement in 1960. On September 20, 1974, the 67 members of

2112-489: The ʔAq̓am community of the Ktunaxa Nation, also known as St. Mary's band in Cranbrook, British Columbia, which has a private elementary school called the ʔaq̓amnikSchool. This school, as well as providing standard BC curriculum, teaches the Ktunaxa language and cultural traditions of the people to younger generations. It also has an after school program and a program called Headstart, which helps adults of children up to

2160-427: Was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.00. In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.9 percent under the age of 18, 8.2 percent from 18 to 24, 24.5 percent from 25 to 44, 21.3 percent from 45 to 64, and 19.1 percent who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males. The median income for

2208-447: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.91. The median age in the city was 41.9 years. 23.7 percent of residents were under the age of 18; 7.5 percent were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.9 percent were from 25 to 44; 27.4 percent were from 45 to 64; and 19.5 percent were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.0 percent male and 52.0 percent female. As of

2256-487: Was first established in 1896. After subsequent land loss, the reservation was re-established in 1974. The reservation is 2,695 acres (4.2 sq mi; 10.9 km ) in Boundary County , along U.S. Route 95 . Their reservation is 2,200 acres large. The tribe's headquarters is in Bonners Ferry, Idaho . The tribe is governed by a democratically elected, nine-member tribal council. The current administration

2304-596: Was formally established in 1893, along the south bank of the Kootenai River. Scattered along the valley and benchland were a few ranches and homesteads. Numerous mines were developed in the nearby mountains, including the Continental Mine in the Selkirks. The lumber industry also grew rapidly. Bonners Ferry, perched on stilts to avoid the inevitable spring floods, appeared to be a boom town. Moving into

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