Italy
41-567: Bordighera ( Italian pronunciation: [bordiˈɡɛːra] ; Ligurian : A Bordighea , locally A Burdighea ) is a town and comune in the Province of Imperia , Liguria ( Italy ). Bordighera is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the land border between Italy and France , the French coast is visible from the town. Having the Capo Sant'Ampelio, which protrudes into the sea, it
82-526: A Gallo-Italic language, Ligurian is most closely related to the Lombard , Piedmontese and Emilian-Romagnol languages, all of which are spoken in neighboring provinces. Unlike the aforementioned languages, however, it exhibits distinct Italian features. No link has, thus far, been demonstrated by linguistic evidence between Romance Ligurian and the Ligurian language of the ancient Ligurian populations , in
123-521: A gh'à tutti i driti e e libertæ proclamæ inte questa Diciaraçion, sensa nisciunn-a distinçion de razza, cô, sesso, lengoa, religion, òpinion politica ò d'atro tipo, òrigine naçionale ò sociale, poxiçion econòmica, nascimento, ò quæ se segge atra condiçion. Pe de ciù, no se faiâ nisciunn-a diferensa fondâ in sciâ condiçion politica, giuridica ò internaçionale do Paize ò do teritöio a-o quæ e personn-e apartegnan, segge pe-i Paixi indipendenti che pe-i teritöi sott'aministraçion fiduciaia, sens'outonomia, ò sotomissi
164-411: A librettist . Donizetti told him exactly what he required for his latest opera project, Don Pasquale , but not that he intended to re-use music already written for other purposes. Ruffini duly wrote the draft libretto from the original text dating back to 1810, but Donizetti changed so much of Ruffini's version that librettist became angry and refused to allow his name to be mentioned in the programme for
205-512: A structured society. The area was particularly prosperous during Roman times because it was situated on the via Julia Augusta in the 1st century BC. After the fall of the Roman Empire , the village was abandoned because of the frequent attacks by pirates. The name of the city appears for the first time as "Burdigheta" in 1296, in a papal Bill of by Pope Boniface VIII, but it was only in 1470 that some families from nearby villages, such as
246-615: A visit to Bordighera. The novel Call Me by Your Name is set in and around Bordighera. Also the novel The Last Train from Liguria by Christine Dwyer Hickey , set during the Fascist era. The typical dishes of Bordighera are part of the Ligurian cuisine. These are the most widespread dishes: The local economy is mainly based on tourism; the beauty of the area and the mild climate attract tourists as well as artists. The production of olives and their derivate products such as olive oil
287-509: A ògni atra limitaçion de sovranitæ. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on
328-690: Is 2,300m long, which makes it the longest promenade on the Riviera. Bordighera was the first town in Europe to grow date palms, and its citizens still have the exclusive right to provide the Vatican with palm fronds for Easter celebrations. The Scottish writer George MacDonald lived and worked for parts of the year in Bordighera. His house was an important cultural centre for the British colony. He
369-579: Is a Gallo-Italic language spoken primarily in the territories of the former Republic of Genoa , now comprising the area of Liguria in Northern Italy , parts of the Mediterranean coastal zone of France , Monaco (where it is called Monégasque ), the village of Bonifacio in Corsica , and in the villages of Carloforte on San Pietro Island and Calasetta on Sant'Antioco Island off
410-570: Is aged 50 or more. It normally rains more than a month. It seems that Bordighera has been inhabited since the Palaeolithic era, as archaeologists have found signs of human activities in the caves along the Italian and French coast. In the 6th century BC came the Ligures, from whom the name of the region, "Liguria" in Italian, is derived. They were the first people to alter the land and create
451-707: Is based on the Latin alphabet , and consists of 25 letters: ⟨a⟩ , ⟨æ⟩ , ⟨b⟩ , ⟨c⟩ , ⟨ç⟩ , ⟨d⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨f⟩ , ⟨g⟩ , ⟨h⟩ , ⟨i⟩ , ⟨l⟩ , ⟨m⟩ , ⟨n⟩ , ⟨ñ⟩ or ⟨nn-⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨p⟩ , ⟨q⟩ , ⟨r⟩ , ⟨s⟩ , ⟨t⟩ , ⟨u⟩ , ⟨v⟩ , ⟨x⟩ , ⟨z⟩ . The ligature ⟨æ⟩ indicates
SECTION 10
#1732765177440492-414: Is buried at the churchyard of the former Anglican church. John Goodchild also ran a medical practice here for a number of years. It was here that he bought the blue bowl which he later took to Glastonbury . Jane Morris , the wife of William Morris stayed in Bordighera in the winters of 1881, 1885, 1887 and 1892. Claude Monet stayed in Bordighera for three months in 1884 and painted numerous pictures of
533-497: Is important as they have acquired a reputation throughout Italy. The variety "Olive Taggiasche" is particularly famous and praised, and obtained a PDO ( Protected Designation of Origin ) in 1997. A secondary activity is the cultivation of plants and flowers. Ligurian language Ligurian ( / l ɪ ˈ ɡ j ʊər i ə n / lig- YOOR -ee-ən ; endonym: lìgure ) or Genoese ( / ˌ dʒ ɛ n oʊ ˈ iː z / JEN -oh- EEZ ; endonym: zeneise or zeneize )
574-481: Is realized as a semivowel [ w ] after a consonant, or before a vowel (i.e poeivan [pwejvaŋ] ), as well as after /k/ , when the sequence is spelled ⟨qu⟩ . Diphthong sounds include ⟨ei⟩ [ej] and ⟨òu⟩ [ɔw] . No universally accepted orthography exists for Ligurian. Genoese, the prestige dialect, has two main orthographic standards. One, known as grafia unitäia (unitary orthography), has been adopted by
615-512: Is the southernmost commune of the region. The cape is at around the same latitude as Pisa and features a little church built in the 11th century for Sant'Ampelio, the patron saint of the city. Since Bordighera is built where the Maritime Alps plunge into the sea, it benefits from the Foehn effect which creates a special microclimate with warmer winters. Most of the population of Bordighera
656-640: Is ubiquitous and increasing. It is also spoken in the department of the Alpes-Maritimes of France (mostly the Côte d'Azur from the Italian border to and including Monaco ), in the town of Bonifacio at the southern tip of the French island of Corsica , and by a large community in Gibraltar ( UK ). It has been adopted formally in Monaco under the name Monégasque – locally, Munegascu – but without
697-517: The Congress of Vienna . The Napoleonic influence, however, remained and continued to influence the area. A good example of this is the "La Corniche" road which Napoleon Bonaparte had wanted, and which reached Bordighera, facilitating the movement of people and goods and boosting the development of what was once called "Borgo Marina" and today constitutes Bordighera. The old town is simply called Old Bordighera or Upper Bordighera due to its position over
738-693: The Republic of Genoa , its traditional importance in trade and commerce, and its vast literature. Like other regional languages in Italy, the use of Ligurian and its dialects is in rapid decline. ISTAT (the Italian Central Service of Statistics) claims that in 2012, only 9% of the population used a language other than standard Italian with friends and family, which decreases to 1.8% with strangers. Furthermore, according to ISTAT, regional languages are more commonly spoken by uneducated people and
779-457: The province of Alessandria , around the area of Novi Ligure , and the Province of Cuneo , in the municipalities of Ormea , Garessio , Alto and Caprauna ), western extremes of Emilia-Romagna (some areas in the province of Piacenza ), and in Carloforte on San Pietro Island and Calasetta on Sant'Antioco Island off of southwestern Sardinia (known as Tabarchino ), where its use
820-571: The 13th century to the present, such as Luchetto (the Genoese Anonym), Martin Piaggio [ it ; lij ] , and Gian Giacomo Cavalli [ it ; lij ] . The Italian Government does not consider Ligurian a language, but rather a dialect of Italian . Hence, it is not protected by law. Historically, Genoese (the dialect spoken in the city of Genoa) is the written koiné , owing to its semi-official role as language of
861-589: The 16th century. The small village was quickly transformed into a fortified town and gained importance until it became independent from the rival city of Ventimiglia in 1683. On 20 April 1686, the representants of eight villages, Camporosso , Vallebona , Vallecrosia , San Biagio della Cima , Sasso , Soldano , Borghetto San Nicolò and Bordighera had a meeting at the " St. Bartholomew Oratory (Bordighera) " to build what came to be called "Magnifica comunità degli otto luoghi" (in English "The magnificent community of
SECTION 20
#1732765177440902-591: The Borghetto San Nicolò, decided to return to Bordighera to live. By then, Moorish pirates became rarer and rarer, but some particularly cruel raids still occasionally happened, such as the one by the pirate Hayreddin Barbarossa in 1543. With these attacks diminishing, the strategic importance of the area became obvious to the Dukes of Savoy and the Republic of Genoa , which fought for the territory in
943-664: The Ligurian-language press – including the Genoese column of the largest Ligurian press newspaper, Il Secolo XIX – as well as a number of other publishing houses and academic projects. The other, proposed by the cultural association A Compagna and the Academia Ligustica do Brenno is the self-styled grafia ofiçiâ (official orthography). The two orthographies mainly differ in their usage of diacritics and doubled consonants. The Ligurian alphabet
984-535: The area during the First World War . It was designed by Sir Robert Lorimer . On 12 February 1941, the prime minister of the time, Benito Mussolini met Francisco Franco in Bordighera in order to discuss Spain's entry into World War II on the side of the Axis powers . In July 1947, Evita Peron visited Bordighera and, in order to honour her visit the seaside promenade was named Lungomare Argentina. The road
1025-554: The autumn of 1886. In the 1890s, the Irish naturalist and early modernist writer Emily Lawless visited Bordighera a number of times, studying the local flora. In 1894, she wrote the essay "Two Leaves from a Note-Book" about a trip to Bordighera, describing the stunning changes in the landscape during and after a drought. In 1918 the Bordighera War Cemetery was built to commemorate fallen British soldiers who died in
1066-625: The basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. Some basic vocabulary, in the spelling of the Genoese Academia Ligustica do Brenno : [REDACTED] Wikisource has original text related to this article: Ligurian language wikisource Giovanni Ruffini Giovanni Ruffini (1807 in Genoa – 1881)
1107-587: The coast of southwestern Sardinia . It is part of the Gallo-Italic and Western Romance dialect continuum . Although part of Gallo-Italic, it exhibits several features of the Italo-Romance group of central and southern Italy . Zeneize (literally " Genoese "), spoken in Genoa , the capital of Liguria, is the language's prestige dialect on which the standard is based. There is a long literary tradition of Ligurian poets and writers that goes from
1148-423: The early decline it underwent in the past. The language itself is actively preserved by various groups. Because of the importance of Genoese trade, Ligurian was once spoken well beyond the borders of the modern province. It has since given way to standard varieties, such as Standard Italian and French . In particular, the language is traditionally spoken in coastal, northern Tuscany , southern Piedmont (part of
1189-402: The eight locations"). The goal of this meeting was to unite and gain independence from the nearby rival city of Ventimiglia . In 1797 Bordighera lost its independence completely and became part of the "Palms Jurisdiction", a region including all the land from Ventimiglia to Arma di Taggia with Sanremo as its capital. On 23 July 1813, French shore batteries fired on HMS Armada when
1230-403: The elderly, mostly in rural areas. Liguria is no exception. One can reasonably suppose the age pyramid to be strongly biased toward the elderly who were born before World War II , with proficiency rapidly approaching zero for newer generations. Compared to other regional languages of Italy, Ligurian has experienced a significantly smaller decline which could have been a consequence of its status or
1271-452: The famous novel Il Dottor Antonio was published, Bordighera's first hotel was opened, then called in French "Hotel d’Angleterre", now known as Villa Eugenia, at Via Vittorio Emanuele 218. The hotel hosted its first famous resident in 1861, British Prime Minister Lord John Russell, 1st Earl Russell , grandfather of Bertrand Russell . In 1873, the railway station was opened, allowing travel from Paris to Bordighera in only 24 hours, which at
Bordighera - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-449: The form of a substrate or otherwise. Very little is known about ancient Ligurian itself due to the lack of inscriptions and the unknown origin of the Ligurian people. Only onomastics and toponyms are known to have survived from ancient Ligurian, the name Liguria itself being the most obvious example. Most important variants of the Ligurian language are: Semivowels occur as allophones of /i/ and /u/ , as well as in diphthongs. /u/
1353-486: The hill (in Italian "Bordighera Vecchia" or "Bordighera Alta"). The Golden Age of the city came in the 19th century when the lower city was built next to the "Corniche" road and the sea which attracted English tourists. Touristic interest in Bordighera seems to have been sparked by a novel from Giovanni Ruffini , Il Dottor Antonio , which was published in 1855 in Edinburgh and featured the town. In 1860, five years after
1394-690: The première at the Théâtre Italien in Paris 3 January 1843. Although Ruffini refused acknowledgement of his work for the libretto, Donizetti paid him 500 francs, which was competitive for both the length and the genre at the time. Ruffini also reportedly enjoyed working with Donizetti in the early stages of their collaboration, though he wrote to family and friends that the composer continually pressed him to work faster. Ruffini wrote seven novels in English: Many of these were published as 'by
1435-483: The seas pushed Armada into range. Armada landed her marines who captured the eastern battery and then entered the battery on the point of Bordighero after the French had tried to blow it up. The landing party took fire from the nearby town so the frigates accompanying Armada fired on the town. The next change of power in the region came in 1815 when the whole of Liguria was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia after
1476-430: The sound /ɛː/ , as in çit(t)æ 'city' /siˈtɛː/ . The c-cedilla ⟨ç⟩ , used for the sound /s/ , generally only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ , as in riçetta 'recipe' /riˈsɛtta/ . The letter ⟨ñ⟩ , also written as ⟨nn-⟩ (or more rarely ⟨n-n⟩ , ⟨n-⟩ , ⟨nh⟩ , or simply ⟨nn⟩ ), represents
1517-611: The status of official language (that is French). Monaco is the only place where a variety of Ligurian is taught in school. The Mentonasc dialect , spoken in the East of the County of Nice , is considered to be a transitional Occitan dialect to Ligurian; conversely, Roiasc and Pignasc spoken further North in the Eastern margin of the County are Ligurian dialects with Occitan influences. As
1558-572: The time was remarkably fast. With the opening of the Calais-Rome Express railway on 8 December 1883, travel times got even shorter and 24 hours would be enough to travel from London to Bordighera. In 1887, Stéphen Liégeard , in his famous book "La Cote d’Azur", dedicated several pages to Bordighera and gave it a name that stuck: "Queen of the Palm Trees". He also noted that the "Grand Hotel de Bordighera" hosted Empress Eugenie in
1599-440: The town and surrounding area. Other famous British-Italians who wintered and were buried here were the writer Cecilia Maria de Candia and her husband Godfrey Pearse. Cecilia, a writer, novelist and herbalist researcher, spent seasons writing in residence and eventually retiring at her cottage in this community until her final days. The Anglo-Irish writer Elizabeth Bowen wrote her first novel, The Hotel , published in 1927, after
1640-443: The velar nasal /ŋ/ before or after vowels, such as in canpaña 'bell' /kɑŋˈpɑŋŋɑ/ , or the feminine indefinite pronoun uña /ˈyŋŋɑ/ . There are five diacritics, whose precise usage varies between orthographies. They are: The multigraphs are: Tutte e personn-e nascian libere e pæge in dignitæ e driti. Son dotæ de raxon e coscensa e gh'an da agî l'unn-a verso l'atra inte 'n spirito de fradelansa. Ògni personn-a
1681-442: Was an Italian writer and patriot of the early 19th century. He is chiefly known for having written the draft of the libretto of the opera Don Pasquale for its composer Gaetano Donizetti . Ruffini had been condemned to death as an enemy of the state and was living in exile in Paris in 1842 when it was suggested to him by Jules Janin (newly appointed director of Théâtre-Italien ) that he might offer his services to Donizetti as