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35-1149: Boryslav is a city in the Lviv Oblast of Ukraine. Boryslav or Borysław may also refer to: Boryslav The area of the modern town of Boryslav has been inhabited at least since the Bronze Age . There are remnants of a pagan shrine from the 1st millennium BC located in the area, where approximately 270 petroglyphs are found, mostly depicting solar signs – symbols of a pre-Christian Solar deity . [REDACTED] Kingdom of Poland 1387–1569 [REDACTED] Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1772 [REDACTED] Habsburg monarchy 1772–1804 [REDACTED]   Austrian Empire 1804–1918 [REDACTED] West Ukrainian People's Republic 1918-1919 [REDACTED]   Second Polish Republic 1919–1945 [REDACTED]   Soviet Union ( Ukrainian SSR ) 1939–1941 ( occupation ) [REDACTED]   Nazi Germany 1941–1944 ( occupation ) [REDACTED]   Soviet Union ( Ukrainian SSR ) 1944–1991 [REDACTED]   Ukraine 1991–present Between

70-583: A man named Martin (or Marcin) of Drohobych . Furthermore, the same chronicler's List of all Ruthenian cities, the farther and the near ones in Voskresensky Chronicle (dated 1377–82) mentions Другабець (Druhabets') among other cities in Volhynia that existed at the same time such as Холмъ ( Kholm ), Лвовъ Великій ( Lviv the Great ). In 1392 Polish king Vladislav II ordered

105-587: A method of distilling Boryslaw crude oil, and on 30 March 1853 made the first kerosene lamp. As early as 31 July 1853 their new lamp was used to illuminate the Public Hospital in Lviv. Their discoveries marked the beginnings of the rapid search for petroleum in the Carpathians — especially in the eastern sector of the mountain chain where rich oil deposits were discovered. In 1854 the first ozokerite mine

140-556: A nearby location under its current name which means a Second Bych . In the time of Kievan Rus', the Tustan fortress was built near Drohobych. However, scholars perceive this legend with skepticism, pointing out that Drohobych is a Polish pronunciation of Dorogobuzh , a common East Slavic toponym applied to three different towns in Kievan Rus'. The city was first mentioned in 1387 in the municipal records of Lviv, in connection with

175-560: A pogrom, participated in by some German soldiers, that murdered approximately 350 Jews and wounded and robbed many more. The first official anti-Jewish actions began at the end of November 1941, when around 1,500 Jews, the majority of whom were deemed weak and unable to work, were shot by the Ukrainian militia and German security police in the forest near the town of Truskavets. During the winter of 1941–1942, many Jews died of hunger and disease, including typhus. In May 1942, an official ghetto

210-401: Is a city in the south of Lviv Oblast , Ukraine . It is the administrative center of Drohobych Raion and hosts the administration of Drohobych urban hromada , one of the hromadas of Ukraine. In 1939–1941 and 1944–1959 it was the center of Drohobych Oblast . Drohobych was founded at the end of the eleventh century as an important trading post and transport node between Kievan Rus' and

245-720: Is recounted by the Polish-American writer — and Boryslav native — Wilhelm Dichter in his popular and acclaimed literary debut, Koń Pana Boga . It is a memoir of the war in Borsylav as Dichter experienced it as a Polish-Jewish child. Following Germany's defeat in World War II , the town came again under Soviet rule. Since 1991, the town has been part of an independent Ukraine . The oil industry remains operating. Experts believe that potential oil fields around Boryslav contain far more stocks. Until 18 July 2020, Boryslav

280-555: The Partitions of Poland , it was annexed by Austria and became a part of the Austrian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . One of the great technological developments of the 19th century was the discovery by pharmacists Johan (Jan) Zeh ( uk:Зег Ян , pl:Jan Zeh ) (1817–1897)) and Ignacy Łukasiewicz , in nearby Lviv, of technology that led to the establishment of a new industry based on petroleum. Scientists worked out

315-782: The Soviet invasion of Poland , the town was annexed by the Soviet Union under the terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . It was renamed Boryslav . In 1941, the city fell under German control upon the advances of the German army to the east at the start of Soviet–German hostilities . About 13,000 Jewish residents lived in Boryslav at the beginning of the war. On the day following the Germans' arrival, local Ukrainians launched

350-892: The Ukrainian Auxiliary Police , German police, and the Schupo . The isolated executions of Jews in hiding took place all the time from May till June 1943 until the total liquidation of the Boryslav ghetto at the end of June 1943. Over the course of one week, the German forces murdered around 700 Jews (sick, young and elderly Jews and members of the Jewish Police). Other Jews were hunted down by Ukrainian and German forces and shot. The remaining Jews were deported to different labor camps ( Plaszów and Mauthausen ) from April to June 1944. In all, over 10,000 Jews native to Boryslaw were shot by Germans and Ukrainians or murdered in

385-492: The Wehrmacht . During 1942 there were several selections, deportations, and murders in the streets, again led by German troops and Ukrainian Auxiliary Police . In October 1942, Drohobych ghetto was established with approximately 10,000 prisoners, including Jews brought from neighboring localities. In June 1943, the German administration and troops liquidated the ghetto. Only 800 Jews from Drohobych survived. On 6 August 1944,

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420-664: The 9th and 13th centuries, the site of the modern town housed a fortress named Tustan , which was part of a belt of similar strongholds defending the Kievan Rus' from the west and south. After the dissolution of Kievan Rus', the town became a part of the Halych-Volhynian Principality . With the collapse of the latter, in 1387 Boryslav became a part of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland . In 1772, during

455-469: The Drohobych Raion was 194,456, distributed among various languages: In January 2007, the total population of the metropolitan area was over 103,000 inhabitants. Industries currently based in the city include saltworks , oil-refineries , chemicals , machinery , metallurgy , and food processing . Drohobych has rich salt deposits and for that reason salt is one of the most popular symbols of

490-754: The German occupation ended and the Red Army entered the city. Despite the large Jewish population prior to the war, a current resident has stated that he was one of only two Jews who came back to his village to live after 1945. After the war, the city remained an oblast center until the Drohobych Oblast was incorporated into the Lviv Oblast in 1959. In Soviet times, Drohobych became an important industrial center of Western Ukraine , with highly developed oil-refining, machine building, woodworking, food, and light industries. Until 18 July 2020, Drohobych

525-636: The Hungarian border. Saying that the Jewish people were crucial to oil production during the war, Berthold and Else rescued about 800 people between 1941 and 1944. Berthold and Else Beitz were recognized as Righteous among the Nations by Yad Vashem . For a description of the activities in Boryslav during the war, see the Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos . A personal-account history of this period

560-657: The Soviet-Hungarian border in the Carpathian Mountains . In early July 1941, during the first weeks of the Nazi invasion of the USSR , the city was occupied by Nazi Germany . Pre-war Drohobych had a significant Jewish community of about 15,000 people, 40% of the total population. Immediately after the Germans entered the city, Ukrainian nationalists started a pogrom which lasted for three days, supported by

595-651: The camps. Some Jews escaped and formed partisan units in the forests. Resistance groups in the ghetto obtained some arms and set fire to some raw materials in ghetto industry. The manager of the German Karpathen oil company, Berthold Beitz , and his wife Else Beitz rescued about 250 people in one day when he had them pulled off a train at Boryslav who were headed for the Belzec extermination camp in July 1942. Beitz had also helped adults and children escape across

630-531: The city's population grow as almost 10,000 new workers arrived to the area. In 1886 an oil mining school was opened in Borysław, one of the first such facilities in Europe. Also the ozokerite, a natural mineral wax , mined in Borysław, was used for insulation of the first trans-Atlantic telegraphic cable line. On 31 December 1872, a railway line linking Borysław with the nearby city of Drohobycz (now Drohobych , Ukraine)

665-590: The construction of the first Roman Catholic municipal parish church (Polish: Kosciół farny ), using the foundations of older Ruthenian buildings. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , the city was the center of large rural starostvo (county within the Ruthenian Voivodeship ). Drohobych received Magdeburg rights some time in the 15th century (sources differ as to the exact year, some giving 1422 or 1460, or 1496 but in 1506

700-601: The invasion Nazi Germany wanted to incorporate the city into its General Government due to its oil fields, but the USSR refused and annexed it . In Soviet Ukraine, Drohobych became the center of the Drohobych Oblast ( region ). Its local Polish boy scouts created the White Couriers organization, which in late 1939 and early 1940 smuggled hundreds of people from the Soviet Union to Hungary across

735-830: The lands to the West of Rus'. After extinction of the local Ruthenian dynasty and subsequent incorporation of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia into the Polish Kingdom by 1349, from the fifteenth century the city developed as a mercantile and saltworks centre. Drohobych became part of the Habsburg Empire in 1772 after the first partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In the mid-nineteenth century it became Europe's largest oil extraction center, which significantly contributed to its rapid development. In

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770-481: The newly reborn Poland. In 1920 the mining school was significantly expanded and was renamed to Carpathian Geological Station, a de facto oil mining university. As the capital of the Zagłębie Borysławskie ( Borysław Oil Basin ), the town of Borysław was the centre of then Polish oil and ozokerite extraction industries and one of the most important industrial zones of Poland. Because of that, on 26 July 1933

805-516: The oil industry. In October 1942, the German and local Ukrainians and Poles, led by German soldiers, rounded up more than 1000 Jews and sent them to Belzec to be murdered. In another action in November, about 1500 Jews were rounded up, held for three weeks under depraved conditions in a local cinema, and then sent to Belzec. During the fifth action in February 1943, 600 Jews were shot by members of

840-407: The oldest in Europe. The estimated population of Drohobych is 73,682 (2022 estimate) , making it the second largest city in Lviv Oblast. While there are only legendary accounts of it, Drohobych probably existed in the Kievan Rus' period. According to a legend, there was a settlement, called Bych , of salt -traders. When Bych was destroyed in a Cumanian raid, survivors rebuilt the settlement in

875-602: The renascent, interwar Poland it was the center of a county within the Lwów Voivodeship . As an outcome of World War II, the city was incorporated into the Ukrainian part of the Soviet Union , which in 1991 became the independent Ukraine . The city was the birthplace of such well-known personalities as Elisabeth Bergner , Yuriy Drohobych (Kotermak), Ivan Franko and Bruno Schulz . The city has several oil refineries. The Drohobych saltworks are considered to be

910-718: The rights were confirmed by King Alexander the Jagiellonian ). The salt industry was significant in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. From the early seventeenth century, a Ukrainian Catholic brotherhood existed in the city. In 1648, during the Khmelnytsky Uprising , the Cossacks stormed the city and its cathedral. Most of the local Poles, as well as the Greek Catholics and the Jews, were murdered at

945-538: The time, while some managed to survive in the Bell tower not taken in the raid. The 1772 partition of Poland gave the city to the Habsburg monarchy . In the 19th century, significant oil resources were discovered in the area, making the city an important center of the oil and natural gas industries. After World War I , the area became part of the short-lived independent West Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR). The ZUNR

980-462: The town was granted a city charter. Together with the nearby settlement of Tustanowice (Tustanovychi, now part of Boryslav), Boryslaw produced in 1925 about 80% of Polish oil (812,000 tons). Boryslav was then commonly called the "Polish Baku ". In the period 1929–1936, oil extraction shrank from 511,000 to 319,000 tonnes of oil annually. In 1939, it was allocated to the Ukrainian SSR after

1015-620: The wooden Greek Catholic churches, among them the Church of St. Yur, which was regarded as the most beautiful such construction in the Second Polish Republic, with frescoes from 1691. Drohobych was also a major sports center (see: Junak Drohobycz ). In September 1939, after the German and Soviet invasion of Poland and according to the Ribbentrop-Molotov agreement , the city was annexed to Soviet Ukraine . After

1050-528: Was designated as a city of oblast significance and belonged to Boryslav Municipality . As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven, Boryslav Municipality was merged into Drohobych Raion. Boryslav is twinned with: Drohobych Drohobych ( Ukrainian : Дрогобич , pronounced [droˈɦɔbɪtʃ] ; Polish : Drohobycz [drɔˈxɔ.bɨt͡ʂ] ; Yiddish : דראָהאָביטש ‎ , romanized :  drohobitsh )

1085-419: Was designated as a city of oblast significance and belonged to Drohobych Municipality but not to Drohobych Raion , even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven, Drohobych Municipality was merged into Drohobych Raion. The population of Drohobych over the years was: In 1931, the total population of

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1120-562: Was established; some Jews from neighboring towns were brought there to live. At the beginning of August 1942, Jews, including those from neighboring villages, like Pidbuzh and Skhidnytsya, were rounded up by the German police, Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, and Jewish police. Some were shot on the spot, about 400 were sent to the Janowska labor camp near Lwów, and 5000 were sent to Belzec where they were immediately gassed. Two separate ghettos were created in Boryslav, including one for workers in

1155-659: Was opened. In 1909, more than 1,920,000 tonnes of oil were produced in the region — roughly 5% of the world's oil production at that time making the region the third biggest producer of oil after the US and the Russian Empire in the world. After the Great War the area became part of the new West Ukrainian People's Republic . After the Polish-Ukrainian War of November 1918 – July 1919 the area became part of

1190-641: Was started in the town after the ore was discovered by Robert Doms. In the second half of 1853, following the research of Jan Zeh, Ignacy Łukasiewicz and several other scientists working in the nearby city of Lemberg (the then official name of Lviv), the town and its surroundings saw the emergence of an oil industry . One of the first oil rigs in the world was built near Boryslav by Robert Doms in 1861. The number of oil rigs also rose from 4,000 in 1870 to over 12,000 three years later. The oil boom drew many industry moguls from all over Austria-Hungary and many fortunes were earned and lost there. A period of prosperity saw

1225-641: Was taken over by the Second Polish Republic after the Polish–Ukrainian War and Drohobych became part of the Lwów Voivodeship in 1919. In 1928 the still extant Ukrainian private gymnasium (academically oriented secondary school) opened in the center of the city. The population reached some 40,000 in the late 1920s, and its oil refinery at Polmin became one of the biggest in Europe , employing 800 people. Numerous visitors came there to view

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