In usage in the Southern United States , a bayou ( / ˈ b aɪ . uː , ˈ b aɪ . oʊ / ) is a body of water typically found in a flat, low-lying area. It may refer to an extremely slow-moving stream, river (often with a poorly defined shoreline), marshy lake, wetland, or creek. They typically contain brackish water highly conducive to fish life and plankton. Bayous are commonly found in the Gulf Coast region of the southern United States, especially in the Mississippi River Delta , though they also exist elsewhere.
32-597: A bayou is often an anabranch or minor braid of a braided channel that is slower than the mainstem , often becoming boggy and stagnant. Though fauna varies by region, many bayous are home to crawfish , certain species of shrimp , other shellfish , catfish , frogs, toads , salamanders , newts , American alligators , American crocodiles , herons , lizards, turtles, tortoises , spoonbills , snakes, and leeches , as well as many other species. The word entered American English via Louisiana French in Louisiana and
64-770: A fitness cost under higher temperatures. Hyalella azteca passes through a minimum of nine instars during its development. Sexes can first be distinguished at the 6th instar, with the first mating occurring in the 8th instar. Subsequent instars, of which there may be 15–20, are considered adulthood. Hyalella azteca are used in various aquatic bioassays (also called toxicity tests). Because of their wide distribution, ease of captive reproduction, and its niche in lake sediments, Hyalella azteca are used in aquatic toxicology assays in sediments Hyalella azteca have been used to test bioaccumulation of different contaminants such as manufactured nanomaterials [1] , pesticides [2] , and metals [3] . [4] [5] [6] Hyalella azteca
96-405: A river with many anabranches, whilst an anastomosing river is an organic-rich subset of this river type. The term braided river describes watercourses which are divided by small islands into multiple channel threads within a single main channel, but the term does not describe the multiple channels of an anabranching river. A distributary is a branch of a river that does not rejoin
128-1184: A Symposium Presented August 31–September 1, 1972, at the V General Assembly of the Special Committee for the International Biological Program, Seattle, Washington. United States National Academy of Sciences. pp. 90–95. ISBN 978-0-309-02317-7 . [6] Gary L. Krapu; Kenneth J. Reinecke (1992). "Foraging ecology and nutrition". In Bruce D. J. Batt (ed.). Ecology and Management of Breeding Waterfowl. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 1–29. ISBN 978-0-8166-2001-2 . [7] Robert Jay Goldstein; Rodney W. Harper; Richard Edwards (2000). "Foods and feeding". American Aquarium Fishes. Volume 28 of W. L. Moody, Jr., natural history series. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 43–51. ISBN 978-0-89096-880-2 . [8] Poynton, H. et al. (2018). The Toxicogenome of Hyalella azteca: A Model for Sediment Ecotoxicology and Evolutionary Toxicology. Environmental Science and Technology, 52(10), 6009–6022. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00837 [9] Nebeker, A; Miller, C. "Use of
160-855: A beginning to the larger i5k initiative, which has an end goal of sequencing 5,000 Arthropoda. Scientists looking to contribute to this research are able to nominate species to sequence, and download and share data to i5k website. Data can also be submitted to the Global Genome biodiversity workshop Biodiversity Repository. 1] "Aquatic Invertebrates: Amphipods". The Nature of the Rideau River. Canadian Museum of Nature. May 18, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2010. [2] Mark D. Sytsma; Jeffery R. Cordell; John W. Chapman; Robyn C. Draheim (October 2004). "Final Technical Report: Appendices" (PDF). Lower Columbia River Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Survey 2001–2004. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from
192-608: A direct result of the Deepwater horizon oil spill. This was determined by examining rates of wetland loss in the region from the year prior to the oil spill and contrasting that with the rates of wetland loss after the oil spill. The study noted significant land loss in regions not impacted by wave activity, further demonstrating that the land degradation was caused by oil rather than other sources of weathering from waves and cyclones. Other notable oil spills affecting bayous include 4,000 U.S. gallons (about 15,141.65 L) of oil spilling in
224-692: A function of water quality parameters. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 115(2015) 250–256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.02.008 Fracácio, R et al. (2011). A comparative study of different diets to optimize cultivation of Hyalella azteca in the laboratory. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74(2011), 1615–1618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.05.013 Sever, H et al. (2020). Recessivity of pyrethroid resistance and limited interspecies hybridization across Hyalella clades supports rapid and independent origins of resistance. Environmental Pollution, 266(2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115074 Christie, A et al. (2018). Prediction of
256-514: A lake near Bayou Sorrel in Louisiana and 20,000 U.S. gallons (about 75,708.24 L) of oil spilling into Saint Bernard Parish waters and the adjacent Bayou Bienvenue in Louisiana. Both incidents occurred in 2022. Oil spills harm bayous as oil is toxic to most animals. In vapor form, oil leads to lung, liver, and nervous system dysfunction if inhaled. Ingested oil poses threats to the digestive tract. Oil matts feathers and fur, resulting in disruptions in
288-698: A visibly larger gnathopod. Hyalella azteca is found across Central America , the Caribbean and North America , as far north as the Arctic tree line . It lives among vegetation and sediments in permanent bodies of freshwater , including lakes and rivers , extending into tidal fresh water, and freshwater barrier lagoons . It is "the most abundant amphipod of lakes [in North America]", with golf course ponds sometimes supporting large populations. In contrast to other species of Hyalella , H. azteca
320-439: A wetland system impacts its carbon exchange with the environment. Inhibiting a wetland's ability to sequester carbon further damages the status of the wetland as a carbon sink . This poses larger-scale issues as it alters the exchange of carbon dioxide with the atmosphere and environment. The use of pesticides in agriculture poses further threats to bayou ecosystems. A study conducted on three bayous (Cow Oak, Howden, Roundaway) in
352-525: Is a probable carcinogen , and it has been linked to adverse health effects in both humans and wildlife. Several oil spills have impacted bayou regions, including the Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010. This oil spill occurred off the Louisiana coast and resulted in the deaths of 11 people and the release of over 4.9 million barrels of oil into the ocean. The bayou wetlands of Bataria Bay, Louisiana experienced increased shoreline erosion as
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#1732765643379384-461: Is also known to have been in use, as in "Pine Buyou", used in a description by Congress in 1833 of Arkansas Territory . As of 2016 "bye-you" US : / ˈ b aɪ . uː / is the most common pronunciation, while a few use "bye-oh" US : / ˈ b aɪ . oʊ / , although that pronunciation is declining. The term Bayou Country is most closely associated with Cajun and Creole cultural groups derived from French settlers and stretching along
416-412: Is extremely common and has wide ecological tolerances. It can tolerate alkaline waters and brackish waters , but cannot tolerate a pH lower (more acidic ) than 6.0. The main foodstuffs of H. azteca are filamentous algae and diatoms , although they may also consume organic detritus . It cannot assimilate either cellulose or lignin , even though these biomolecules are a major component of
448-602: Is found in a range of fresh and brackish waters. It feeds on algae and diatoms and is a major food of waterfowl . Hyalella azteca has body plan similar to most amphipods and is a classic freshwater example of the order. They grow to a length of 3–8 millimetres (0.12–0.31 in), with males being larger than females. Their color is variable, but the most frequent hues are white, green and brown. They are identified from other similar species by antenna 1 being equal or shorter than antenna 2, 1 spine on pleosome 1 and pleosome 2, Pereopod I and II are gnathopod with males having
480-498: Is now thought to represent a species complex , since there is little gene flow between populations, and different morphotypes are known to coexist in some areas. Two local populations have been described as separate species – Hyalella texana from the Edwards Plateau of Texas , and Hyalella montezuma from Montezuma Well , Arizona . In addition to being a species complex, laboratory work sequencing and analyzing
512-657: Is thought to originate from the Choctaw word bayuk , which means "small stream". After first appearing in the 17th century, the term is found in 18th century accounts and maps, often as bayouc or bayouque , where it was eventually shortened to its current form. The first settlements of the Bayou Têche and other bayous were founded by the Louisiana Creoles , and the bayous are commonly associated with Creole and Cajun culture. An alternative spelling, "buyou",
544-776: The Gulf Coast from Houston, Texas, to Mobile, Alabama, and picking back up in South Florida around the Everglades , with its center in New Orleans, Louisiana. The term may also be associated with the homelands of certain Choctaw tribal groups. Houston has the nickname "Bayou City". Anthropogenic influences have damaged bayou ecosystems over the years. Bayous are susceptible to pollution such as runoff from nearby urban communities (which can result in eutrophication ) and oil spills given their low-lying position in
576-536: The leaf litter . It can, however, assimilate 60%–90% of the bacterial biomass that it ingests. Hyalella azteca is an important food for many waterfowl . In Saskatchewan , 97% of the diet of female white-winged scoters was observed to be H. azteca , and it also makes up a significant part of the diet of lesser scaup . Some H. azteca have evolved insecticide resistance . This does however conflict with their need to adapt to climate change: Fulton et al 2021 finds some of their mechanisms of resistance impose
608-576: The watercourse and rejoins the main stem downstream. Local anabranches can be the result of small islands in the watercourse . In larger anabranches, the flow can diverge for a distance of several or even hundreds of kilometers before rejoining the main channel. The term anabranch , in its hydrological meaning, is used more frequently in Australia than in the rest of the English-speaking world. The term anabranching river describes
640-630: The North American Benthological Society. 19 (2): 308–320. doi:10.2307/1468073. JSTOR 1468073. [14] Exequiel R. Gonzalez & Les Watling; Watling (2002). "Redescription of Hyalella azteca from its type locality, Vera Cruz, Mexico (Amphipoda: Hyalellidae)". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 22 (1): 173–183. doi:10.1651/0278-0372(2002)022[0173:ROHAFI]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1549618. [15]J. Lowry (2010). J. Lowry (ed.). "Hyalella azteca (Saussure, 1858)". World Amphipoda Javidmehr A et al. (2015). 10- Day survival of Hyalella azteca as
672-583: The Total Environment, 753(2021), 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141945 [12] Couillard, Y et al. (2008). The amphipod Hyalella azteca as a biomonitor in field deployment studies for metal mining. Environmental Pollution, 156(2008), 1314–1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.001 [13] Yihao Duan; Sheldon I. Guttman; James T. Oris; A. John Bailer (2000). "Genetic structure and relationships among populations of Hyalella azteca and H. montezuma (Crustacea:Amphipoda)". Journal of
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#1732765643379704-594: The amphipod crustacean Hyalella azteca in freshwater and estuarine sediment toxicity tests". EPA Science Inventory. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 22 August 2017. [10] Kuehr, S et al. (2020). Testing the bioaccumulation potential of manufactured nanomaterials in the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca. Chemosphere 263(2021),1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127961 [11] Fulton, C et al. (2020). Fitness costs of pesticide resistance in Hyalella azteca under future climate change scenarios. Science of
736-422: The animal's ability to insulate themselves in colder temperatures. Matted bird feathers lose properties that aid in flying and swimming. Such disruptions in individual adaptive ability may lead to trophic cascades in a bayou community. Human development activities, such as the increase of impervious surfaces , results in quicker, high intensity flood pulses, delivering larger quantities of these nutrients to
768-615: The ecosystem at a much more rapid rate. Impervious surfaces include roads, housing developments, and parking lots that replace natural vegetation, typically associated with human development and urbanization. When impervious surfaces are installed, the layer of soil that stores water is damaged/removed, resulting in a lack of permeable surfaces to absorb rainfall and floodwater. Bayous have experienced trends of land cover loss and conversion to impervious surfaces, of which has been associated with influxes of metals such as aluminum, copper, iron, lead, and zinc. Heavy metals in sediments and ultimately
800-606: The genome of lab populations of Hyalella azteca revealed Hyalella azteca shares characteristics of other model organisms. [8]. How these crustaceans interact with contaminants can provide insight about how other species will interact with those same contaminants. There is an ongoing Hyalella azteca genome sequencing project. This is part of a larger project being led by the Baylor college of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center (BCM-HGSC); in which 28 arthropod genomes are being sequenced. The sequencing of these genomes serves as
832-442: The lower Mississippi River Basin found that the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus to sample mesocosms affected the decomposition of maize crop and willow oak detritus. While both species showed an increase in decomposition rate after N and P nutrient enhancement, the maize crop broke down faster than the native willow oak. The maize crop also had a significantly faster microbial respiration rate. The changes in microbial respiration of
864-530: The main channel; these are common on and near river deltas . A bayou is often an anabranch. An anabranch that gets cut off from the main channel becomes an oxbow lake , known in Australia as a billabong . Hyalella azteca Hyalella azteca is a widespread and abundant species complex of amphipod crustacean in North America . It reaches 3–8 mm (0.12–0.31 in) long, and
896-679: The original (PDF) on June 4, 2010. Retrieved October 6, 2010. [3] C. F. Mason (2002). "Acidification". Biology of Freshwater Pollution (4th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 175–204. ISBN 978-0-13-090639-7 . [4] Douglas Grant Smith (2001). "Amphipoda". Pennak's freshwater invertebrates of the United States: Porifera to Crustacea (4th ed.). John Wiley and Sons. pp. 569–584. ISBN 978-0-471-35837-4 . [5] N. Kaushik (1975). "Decomposition of allochthonous organic matter and secondary production in stream ecosystems". Productivity of World Ecosystems: Proceedings of
928-405: The waters of bayous bioaccumulates in organisms to spread their toxins throughout various trophic levels. This harms both the health of individuals in that ecosystem as well as the humans who would be ingesting fish and other aquatic organisms with potential metal contamination. Anabranch An anabranch is a section of a river or stream that diverts from the main channel or stem of
960-690: The watershed. Many bayous have been cleared away by human activity as well (with those in Louisiana having shrunk by 1,900 square miles; 4,900 square kilometers since the 1930s). Farming activities introduce nutrients into bayou ecosystems. Row crop agricultural land use is common (75–86% of the bayou watershed) in Bayou watersheds given the unique physical characteristics like flat topography and alluvial soils. Agricultural activity results in byproducts of nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers, which can drastically alter delicate balances in freshwater and marine ecosystems. A study conducted on 3 agricultural bayous in
992-576: The western Mississippi River watershed found that pesticides released into bayou sediments cause significant impairment of the amphipod Hyalella azteca both spatially and temporally. Despite being banned 40 years ago in the United States by the Environmental Protection Agency, traces of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ( DDT ), once used in agriculture as an insecticide, were found in sediment and amphipod tissue. DDT
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1024-550: Was first described by Henri Louis Frédéric de Saussure in 1858, under the name Amphitoe aztecus , based on material collected by Aztecs from a "cistern" near Veracruz , Mexico . It has also been described under several junior synonyms , including: When Sidney Irving Smith erected the genus Hyalella in 1874, H. azteca was the only included species, and therefore the type species . The genus now includes dozens of species, mostly in South America. H. azteca
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