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82-457: In addition to ranching there was some mining in the area to the east and south of Crestone, some on the lands of the grant, but no big strikes. In 1880 the town of Crestone was platted by George Adams, the owner of the Baca Grant. In 1900, with the help of Eastern investors, George Adams ignited a minor boom, reopening one of the more promising mines and building a railroad spur to the town and

164-548: A Mexican element advocating annexation of the entire country to the United States. The majority of congress supported the government's peace policy viewing in the Treaty of Guadalupe nothing but the unfortunate result of a poorly fought war, and viewed under this perspective as a national necessity. A foreign relations commission returned affirmative answers to two questions that congress had directed it to report upon: May

246-473: A far better negotiating position than the military situation might have suggested. A further consideration was the growing opposition to slavery that had caused Mexico to end formal slavery in 1829 and its awareness of the well-known and growing sectional divide in the U.S. over the issue of slavery. It, therefore, made sense for Mexico to negotiate to play Northern U.S. interests against Southern U.S. interests. The Mexicans proposed peace terms that offered only

328-575: A feature on many of the peaks, including Crestone Needle. The conglomerate settled near the uplift and contains boulders as large as 6 feet in diameter. °F (°C) °F (°C) In (mm) In (cm) Antonio Valverde y Cosio named the Sangre de Cristo range after the red-hue that he saw during the snowy sunrise. Sangre de Cristo means Blood of Christ in English. In the formation of the range, we can see fossils of footprints, shells and bones. In August 2009,

410-558: A large part of Chihuahua was supported by both senators from Texas ( Sam Houston and Thomas Jefferson Rusk ), Daniel S. Dickinson of New York, Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, Edward A. Hannegan of Indiana, and one each from Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, and Tennessee. Most of the leaders of the Democratic party, Thomas Hart Benton , John C. Calhoun , Herschel V. Johnson , Lewis Cass , James Murray Mason of Virginia and Ambrose Hundley Sevier were opposed, and

492-602: A limited basis. The history of the grant from a US Forest Service document: On January 16, 1821, Baca, for himself and his 17 sons, petitioned the provincial deputation of Nueva Vizcaya for the same grant that he had requested originally. Baca and his sons described their requested tract as bounded on the north by the Chapelote River, on the east by the Aguaje de la Yegua and the Antonio Ortíz Grant, on

574-565: A national guard. On 26 May 1848 the government received the commissioners Nathan Clifford and Ambrose Hundley Sevier who were in Mexico to negotiate the treaty after congress had approved it with some slight modifications. Meanwhile, the President had to deal with guerilla warfare throughout the country afflicting both the American occupiers and Mexican merchants. The aim of the guerillas

656-414: A rejection of peace terms so favorable to Northern interests might have the potential to provoke sectional conflict in the United States or perhaps even a civil war that would fatally undermine the U.S. military position in Mexico. Instead, these terms, combined with other Mexican demands (in particular, for various indemnities), only provoked widespread indignation throughout the United States without causing

738-402: A treaty with General José Joaquín de Herrera , Trist and General Scott determined that the only way to deal with Mexico was as a conquered enemy. Trist negotiated with a special commission representing the collapsed government led by José Bernardo Couto, Miguel de Atristain, and Luis Gonzaga Cuevas of Mexico. Although Mexico ceded Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México , the text of

820-668: Is a mountain range in the Rocky Mountains in southern Colorado in the United States , running north and south along the east side of the Rio Grande Rift . The mountains extend southeast from Poncha Pass for about 75 mi (121 km) through south-central Colorado to La Veta Pass, approximately 20 mi (32 km) west of Walsenburg , and form a high ridge separating the San Luis Valley on

902-500: Is varied; however, this article discusses only the mountains between Poncha Pass and La Veta Pass. A 14er is a mountain peak that has an elevation of at least 14,000 feet. Colorado has 53, the most of any state. There are 10 14ers in the Sangre de Cristo Range, which can be seen in the table below. The Sangre de Cristo Mountains run from Poncha Pass in Central Colorado to Glorieta Pass near Santa Fe, New Mexico. Most of

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984-581: The American Civil War just over a decade later. Border disputes continued. Mexico's economic problems persisted, leading to the controversial Gadsden Purchase in 1854, intended to rectify an error in the original treaty, but led to Mexico demanding a large sum of money for the revision, which was paid. There was also William Walker 's short-lived Republic of Lower California filibustering incident in that same year. The Channel Islands of California and Farallon Islands are not mentioned in

1066-535: The American Civil War , and the United States crossed the border during the war of Second French intervention in Mexico . In March 1916, Pancho Villa led a raid on the U.S. border town of Columbus, New Mexico , which was followed by the Pershing expedition . The shifting of the Rio Grande since the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe caused a dispute over the boundary between the states of New Mexico and Texas,

1148-577: The Gadsden Purchase , which was carried out in 1853. In this purchase, the United States paid an additional $ 10 million (equivalent to $ 290 million in 2023) for land intended to accommodate a transcontinental railroad . However, the American Civil War delayed the construction of such a route, and it was not until 1881 that the Southern Pacific Railroad finally was completed as a second transcontinental railroad, fulfilling

1230-628: The Laramide orogeny . The Blanca Massif is also Precambrian rock, while most of the rest of the Sangres is composed of younger Permian - Pennsylvanian (about 250-million-year-old) rock, a mix of sedimentary conglomerates , silty mudstones and shales , sandstones, limestone beds and igneous intrusions . These sedimentary rocks originated as sediment eroded from the Ancestral Rocky Mountains . Crestone Conglomerate are

1312-678: The Nature Conservancy and subsequently incorporated into the public lands of the United States, the southern and eastern portions as national forest and the Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve and the northern and western portions as the Baca National Wildlife Refuge . The original ranch headquarters and other buildings are on the wildlife refuge. As is usual on federal wildlife refuges, grazing and hay production continue on

1394-584: The Oregon boundary dispute ) arose between Great Britain (as the claimant of modern Canada) and the United States. On 10 November 1845, before the outbreak of hostilities, President James K. Polk sent his envoy, John Slidell , to Mexico. Slidell had instructions to offer Mexico around $ 5 million for the territory of Nuevo México and up to $ 40 million for Alta California . The Mexican government dismissed Slidell, refusing to even meet with him. Earlier in that year, Mexico had broken off diplomatic relations with

1476-574: The Republic of Texas as an independent country, had warned that annexation would be viewed as an act of war . Both the United Kingdom and France recognized the Republic of Texas's independence and repeatedly tried to dissuade Mexico from declaring war against its northern neighbor. British efforts to mediate the quandary proved fruitless, in part because other political disputes (particularly

1558-549: The Rio Grande as the southern boundary of Texas. In turn, the U.S. government paid Mexico $ 15 million "in consideration of the extension acquired by the boundaries of the United States" and agreed to pay debts owed to American citizens by the Mexican government. Mexicans in areas annexed by the U.S. could relocate within Mexico's new boundaries or receive American citizenship and full civil rights. The United States ratified

1640-531: The Treaty of Córdoba , signed on August 24, 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain. Luis María Cabeza de Baca built a little house on the Gallinas River at the place called Loma Montosa, and ran sheep on the grant. He died in 1827 after being fatally wounded by a soldier in an argument over 13 packs of contraband pelts that belonged to American trapper Ewing Young . His son, Juan Antonio Baca, took on

1722-543: The United States Senate eliminated Article X, which stated that the U.S. government would honor and guarantee all land grants awarded in lands ceded to the United States by those respective governments to citizens of Spain and Mexico. Article VIII guaranteed that Mexicans who remained more than one year in the ceded lands would automatically become full-fledged United States citizens (or they could declare their intention of remaining Mexican citizens); however,

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1804-532: The 21st century. The United States also agreed to assume $ 3.25 million (equivalent to $ 114.5 million today) in debts that Mexico owed to United States citizens. The residents had one year to choose whether they wanted American or Mexican citizenship; over 90% chose American citizenship. The others moved to what remained of Mexico (where they received land) or, in some cases in New Mexico, were allowed to remain in place as Mexican citizens. Article XII engaged

1886-624: The Colorado Supreme Court in 1991. In 1995, with the Baca under new ownership, a new group of investors initiated another water exportation plan. The Stockman's Water plan, as it was known, was the creation of San Luis Valley native Gary Boyce and his Cabeza de Baca company. The Stockman's Water plan was defeated in the Colorado legislature in 1998. Bankrupt, the lands of the corporation, after sustained litigation, were purchased by

1968-458: The Gadsden purchase of 1854, had significant implications for the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Article II of the treaty annulled article XI of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and article IV further annulled articles VI and VII of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Article V, however, reaffirmed the property guarantees of Guadalupe Hidalgo, specifically those contained within articles VIII and IX. In addition to

2050-414: The Mexican government was reluctant to agree to the loss of California and New Mexico. Even with its capital under enemy occupation, the Mexican government was inclined to consider factors such as the unwillingness of the U.S. administration to annex Mexico outright and what appeared to be deep divisions in domestic U.S. opinion regarding the war and its aims, which caused it to imagine that it was actually in

2132-443: The Republic of Texas included no territory west of the Rio Grande. The Mexican Cession included essentially the entirety of the former Mexican territory of Alta California , but only the western portion of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico , and includes all of present-day California , Nevada and Utah , most of Arizona , western portions of New Mexico and Colorado , and the southwestern corner of Wyoming . Articles VIII and IX ensured

2214-483: The Sangre de Cristo Range was dedicated as a National Heritage Area (NHA), an area of cultural, natural, and historic preservation. Today, tourism is the main economic activity. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ended the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). It was signed on 2 February 1848 in the town of Guadalupe Hidalgo . After the defeat of its army and

2296-620: The Senate modified Article IX, changing the first paragraph and excluding the last two. Among the changes was that Mexican citizens would "be admitted at the proper time (to be judged of by the Congress of the United States)" instead of "admitted as soon as possible", as negotiated between Trist and the Mexican delegation. An amendment by Jefferson Davis giving the United States most of Tamaulipas and Nuevo León , all of Coahuila , and

2378-467: The State Department under President Polk, finally negotiated a treaty with the Mexican delegation after ignoring his recall by President Polk in frustration with the failure to secure a treaty. Notwithstanding that the treaty had been negotiated against his instructions, given its achievement of the major American aim, President Polk passed it on to the Senate. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

2460-641: The Town of Las Vegas received its grant in 1835, Francisco Tomás Baca, son and executor of Juan Antonio Baca and one of Luis María’s many grandsons, protested to Governor Armijo that the Town of Las Vegas Grant covered the same lands as the Baca Land Grant, but Armijo took no action. Action under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo : New Mexico Surveyor General Pelham conducted a hearing on the Baca and Town of Las Vegas Grant applications. He recommended to Congress in 1860 that both grants be confirmed, leaving it to

2542-447: The Treaty. The border commission also faced many difficulties in mapping out the border, with the surveying process lasting over 7 years, due to the challenges of marking out a border in such a vast desolate territory and negotiating with indigenous Americans who had not been considered in the prior treaty negotiations. The armed forces of both countries routinely crossed the border. Mexican and Confederate troops often clashed during

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2624-461: The U.S. Although each state had different motivations for adopting the Spanish approach, one common driver was that it was already in place in the region for many years. Changing to a common law system for marital property "would have been nothing short of a revolution". The United States received the territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México . Today they comprise some or all of

2706-440: The U.S. government for damages done by Comanche and Apache raids between 1848 and 1853. In 1853, in the Treaty of Mesilla concluding the Gadsden Purchase , Article XI was annulled. The land that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo brought into the United States became, between 1850 and 1912, all or part of nine states: California (1850), Nevada (1864), Utah (1896), and Arizona (1912), as well as, depending upon interpretation,

2788-623: The U.S. government within a year of the Treaty being signed; otherwise, they could remain Mexican citizens, but they would have to relocate. Between 1850 and 1920, the U.S. Census counted most Mexicans as racially "white". Community property rights in California and other western states are based on the Visigothic Code which Spain adopted and then brought to the Americas, including the former territories of Mexico that were ceded to

2870-459: The U.S. states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. While this land was vast in area, most of it was very sparsely populated, inhabited mostly by indigenous Americans, rather than white Americans or Mexicans. Disputes about whether to make all this new territory into free states or slave states contributed heavily to the rise in North–South tensions that led to

2952-491: The United States to pay, "In consideration of the extension acquired", 15 million dollars (equivalent to $ 530 million today), in annual installments of 3 million dollars. Article XI of the treaty was important to Mexico. It provided that the United States would prevent and punish raids by Indians into Mexico, prohibited Americans from acquiring property, including livestock, taken by the Indians in those raids, and stated that

3034-491: The United States would return captives of the Indians to Mexico. Mexicans believed that the United States had encouraged and assisted the Comanche and Apache raids that had devastated northern Mexico in the years before the war. This article promised relief to them. Article XI, however, proved unenforceable. Destructive Indian raids continued despite a heavy U.S. presence near the Mexican border. Mexico filed 366 claims with

3116-527: The United States, based partly on its interpretation of the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, under which newly independent Mexico claimed it had inherited rights. In that agreement, the United States had "renounced forever" all claims to Spanish territory. Neither side took any further action to avoid a war. Meanwhile, Polk settled a major territorial dispute with Britain via the Oregon Treaty , which

3198-590: The United States, the 1.36 million km (530,000 sq mi) of the area between the Adams-Onis and Guadalupe Hidalgo boundaries outside the 1,007,935 km (389,166 sq mi) claimed by the Republic of Texas is known as the Mexican Cession . That is to say, the Mexican Cession is construed not to include any territory east of the Rio Grande, while the territorial claims of

3280-593: The United States, would have been presumed by Northerners to be forever free of slavery. The Mexicans also offered to recognize the freedom of Texas from Mexican rule and its right to join the Union but held to its demand of the Nueces River as a boundary. While the Mexican government could not reasonably have expected the Polk Administration to accept such terms, it would have had reason to hope that

3362-566: The acquired territories) failed 15–38 on sectional lines. The treaty was leaked to John Nugent before the U.S. Senate could approve it. Nugent published his article in the New York Herald and, afterward, was questioned by senators. He was detained in a Senate committee room for one month, though he continued to file articles for his newspaper and ate and slept at the home of the sergeant at arms. Nugent did not reveal his source, and senators eventually gave up their efforts. The treaty

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3444-519: The amendment was defeated 44–11. An amendment by Whig Sen. George Edmund Badger of North Carolina to exclude New Mexico and California lost 35–15, with three Southern Whigs voting with the Democrats. Daniel Webster was bitter that four New England senators made deciding votes for acquiring the new territories. A motion to insert into the treaty the Wilmot Proviso (banning slavery from

3526-593: The border consisted of the Rio Grande northwest from its mouth to the point where it strikes the southern boundary of New Mexico (roughly 32 degrees north), as shown in the Disturnell map , then due west from this point to the 110th meridian west , then north along the 110th meridian to the Gila River and down the river to its mouth. Unlike the New Mexico segment of the boundary, which depended partly on unknown geography, "to preclude all difficulty in tracing upon

3608-466: The capital. On 30 May 1848, when the two countries exchanged ratifications of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, they further negotiated a three-article protocol to explain the amendments. The first article stated that the original Article IX of the treaty, although replaced by Article III of the Treaty of Louisiana , would still confer the rights delineated in Article IX. The second article confirmed

3690-623: The courts to try to determine the rights of two parties (U.S. Congress, House 1860). To avoid litigation, the Baca heirs offered to give up their claim, provided they got an equivalent amount of land somewhere else in the New Mexican Territory. Congress approved an act on June 21, 1860, confirming the Town of Las Vegas Grant and authorizing the heirs of Luis María Cabeza de Vaca [sic] to select vacant lands in "square bodies, not exceeding five in number" (U.S. Public Law 167 1860). Sangre de Cristo Range The Sangre de Cristo Range

3772-464: The development was considered a liability by the corporation, then renamed AZL. Maurice Strong , owner of a controlling interest in AZL and his fiancée Hanne Marstrand visited the development and "fell in love with it." The Strongs were inspired to create a world spiritual center and began granting parcels of land to traditional spiritual organizations. In the late eighties, the remaining lands and waters of

3854-494: The entire state of Texas (1845), which then included part of Kansas (1861); Colorado (1876); Wyoming (1890); Oklahoma (1907); and New Mexico (1912). The area of domain acquired was given by the Federal Interagency Committee as 338,680,960 acres. The cost was $ 16,295,149 or approximately 5 cents an acre. The remainder (the southern parts) of New Mexico and Arizona were peacefully purchased under

3936-463: The fall of the capital in September 1847, Mexico entered into peace negotiations with the U.S. envoy, Nicholas Trist . The resulting treaty required Mexico to cede 55 percent of its territory including the present-day states of California , Nevada , Utah , most of Colorado , New Mexico and Arizona , and a small portion of Wyoming . Mexico also relinquished all claims for Texas and recognized

4018-658: The fourteeners of the Crestone group: Kit Carson Mountain , Crestone Peak , Crestone Needle , and Humboldt Peak . Two sub-peaks of Kit Carson Mountain, Challenger Point and Columbia Point , are named in memory of the crews of the Space Shuttle Challenger and the Space Shuttle Columbia . The range is also home to many high peaks in the 13,000 to 14,000 foot (3,900-4,300 m) range as it continues into New Mexico. In New Mexico most of

4100-436: The government with the consent of Congress cede a portion of territory? Is it suitable to make peace upon the terms which have been proposed? The first question was resolved based upon the principle that congress was the deposit of the national sovereignty. The second question was resolved upon the consideration that Mexico had never been in full possession of the territories that were about to be ceded, and that most of that land

4182-687: The ground the limit separating Upper from Lower California ", a straight line was drawn from the mouth of the Gila to one marine league south of the southernmost point of the Port of San Diego , slightly north of the previous Mexican provincial boundary at Playas de Rosarito . Comparing the boundary in the Adams–Onís Treaty to the Guadalupe Hidalgo boundary, Mexico conceded about 55% of its pre-war, pre-Texas territorial claims and now has an area of 1,972,550 km (761,610 sq mi). In

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4264-419: The highest peaks rise abruptly from the valleys to the east and west, rising 7,000 ft (2,100 m) in only a few miles in some places. The mountains were pushed up around 5 million years ago, basically as one large mass of rock. The Sangre de Cristo range is still being uplifted today as faults in the area remain active. Due to uplift (elevation increase) and erosion, rock layers are missing, causing gaps in

4346-671: The legitimacy of land grants pursuant to Mexican law. The protocol further noted that the Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs had accepted said explanations on behalf of the Mexican Government, and was signed in Querétaro by A. H. Sevier, Nathan Clifford and Luis de la Rosa . The United States would later ignore the protocol on the grounds that the U.S. representatives had over-reached their authority in agreeing to it. The Treaty of Mesilla , which concluded

4428-507: The mines along the Sangre de Cristo Range south of town. However, lacking good ore, the boom was short-lived. A long period of decline followed. By 1948 Crestone had declined to its post-war population of 40 souls, mostly retired folks and cowboys who worked on The Grant, as the Baca Grant was called locally. In 1950 the last private owner of the Grant, Alfred Collins, died. In 1951 the property

4510-788: The mountain area is managed by the US Forest Service in the Carson and Santa Fe National Forests. The Colorado Sangre de Cristos are fault-block mountains similar to the Teton Range in Wyoming and the Wasatch Range in Utah. Major fault lines run along the east and west sides of the range, and cut right through the mountains in some places. Like all fault-block mountain ranges, the Sangre de Cristos lack foothills which means

4592-564: The movement did not draw widespread support. President Polk's State of the Union address in December 1847 upheld Mexican independence and argued at length that occupation and any further military operations in Mexico were aimed at securing a treaty ceding California and New Mexico up to approximately the 32nd parallel north and possibly Baja California and transit rights across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec . Despite several military defeats,

4674-691: The number of border markers from 6 to 53. Most of these markers were simply piles of stones. Two later conventions, in 1882 and 1889, further clarified the boundaries, as some of the markers had been moved or destroyed. Photographers were brought in to document the location of the markers. These photographs are in Record Group 77, Records of the Office of the Chief Engineers, in the National Archives. The southern border of California

4756-602: The purpose of the acquisition. Mexico had claimed the area in question since winning its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . The Spanish had conquered part of the area from the American Indian tribes over the preceding three centuries. Still, powerful and independent indigenous nations remained within that northern region of Mexico. Most of that land

4838-412: The ranch, now termed the "Baca Ranch" or "Baca", were used as a base by the corporate ownership of the ranch, reorganized as "American Water Development, Inc" (AWDI), to make an application in the Colorado Water Courts to develop and export deep underground water to the front range cities of Colorado. The application was vigorously opposed by the local community in the San Luis Valley and met defeat in

4920-409: The ranching operation." The Baca family had begun taking their sheep into the Jémez Mountains during periods when the Navajos refrained from raids. In 1835, however, Navajo raiders suddenly struck. They killed Juan Antonio and stole his sheep. Because Indian hostilities simultaneously plagued the Gallinas River, Juan Antonio’s heirs did not reoccupy the grant given to Luis María Cabeza de Baca. After

5002-415: The range is shared by two National Forests, which abut along the range divide. Most of the northeast (Arkansas River) side is located within the San Isabel National Forest , while most of the southwest (San Luis Valley) side is included in the Rio Grande National Forest . The central part of the range is designated as the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness . The Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve sits on

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5084-433: The range, called "unconformities." On the west side is the San Luis Valley , a portion of the Rio Grande Rift . On the southeast side is the Raton Basin , a quiet but still active volcanic field . On the northeast side are the Wet Mountains and the Front Range , areas of Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks formed during the Colorado orogeny some 1.7 billion years ago and then uplifted more recently during

5166-432: The safety of existing property rights of Mexican citizens living in the transferred territories. Despite assurances to the contrary, land grants by the Mexican government to its citizens were often not honored by the United States because of unilateral modifications to and interpretations of the Treaty and U.S. legal decisions. Land disputes between the descendants of Mexican land owners and Anglo Americans continued into

5248-460: The sale of Alta California north of the 37th parallel north  — north of Santa Cruz, California and Madera, California and the southern boundaries of today's Utah and Colorado. Anglo-American settlers already dominated this territory, but perhaps more importantly from the Mexican point of view, it represented the bulk of pre-war Mexican territory north of the Missouri Compromise line of parallel 36°30′ north  — lands that, if annexed by

5330-421: The sale of land, the treaty also provided recognition of the Rio Grande as the boundary between the state of Texas and Mexico. The land boundaries were established by a survey team of appointed Mexican and American representatives, and published in three volumes as the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey . On 30 December 1853, the countries, by agreement, altered the border from the initial one by increasing

5412-416: The sectional conflict the Mexicans hoped for. Jefferson Davis advised Polk that if Mexico appointed commissioners to come to the United States, the government that appointed them would probably be overthrown before they completed their mission, and they would likely be shot as traitors on their return; so that the only hope of peace was to have a U.S. representative in Mexico. Nicholas Trist, chief clerk of

5494-459: The signing of the "Capitulation Agreement" at " Campo de Cahuenga " and the end of the Taos Revolt . By the middle of September 1847, U.S. forces had successfully invaded central Mexico and occupied Mexico City. Some Eastern Democrats called for complete annexation of Mexico and recalled that a group of Mexico's leading citizens had invited General Winfield Scott to become dictator of Mexico after his capture of Mexico City (he declined). However,

5576-427: The south by the San Miguel del Vado Land Grant and on the west by the summit of the Pecos Mountains. On May 29, 1821, the provincial deputation notified the New Mexican colonial governor that the grant had been approved. The Alcalde of San Miguel del Vado was supposed to deliver legal possession of the grant to Baca and his sons, and after considerable delay, he did so in 1826 (U.S. Congress, House 1860). Meanwhile, by

5658-484: The southwestern flank of the range at the edge of the San Luis Valley. The range divide is traversed by no paved roads, only by four-wheel drive and foot trails over Hayden Pass , Hermit Pass , Music Pass , Medano Pass , and Mosca Pass . The highest peak in the range, located in the south, is Blanca Peak at 14,345 ft (4,372 m); it is flanked by three other fourteeners : Little Bear Peak , Mount Lindsey , and Ellingwood Point . Other well-known peaks are

5740-430: The treaty did not list territories to be ceded and avoided the disputed issues that were causes of war: the validity of the 1836 revolution that established the Republic of Texas , Texas's boundary claims as far as the Rio Grande, and the right of the Republic of Texas to arrange the 1845 annexation of Texas by the United States. Instead, Article V of the treaty described the new U.S.–Mexico border . From east to west,

5822-419: The treaty on 10 March and Mexico on 19 May. The ratifications were exchanged on 30 May, and the treaty was proclaimed on 4 July 1848. The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty by a vote of 38–14. The opponents of this treaty were led by the Whigs , who had opposed the war and rejected manifest destiny in general, and rejected this expansion in particular. The amount of land gained by the United States from Mexico

5904-524: The west from the watershed of the Arkansas River on the east. The Sangre de Cristo Range rises over 7,000 ft (2,100 m) above the valleys and plains to the west and northeast. According to the USGS , the range is the northern part of the larger Sangre de Cristo Mountains , which extend through northern New Mexico . Usage of the terms "Sangre de Cristo Range" and "Sangre de Cristo Mountains"

5986-573: Was designated as a line from the junction of the Colorado and Gila rivers westward to the Pacific Ocean so that it passes one Spanish league south of the southernmost portion of San Diego Bay. This was done to ensure that the United States received San Diego and its excellent natural harbor. The treaty extended the choice of U.S. citizenship to Mexicans in the newly purchased territories before many African Americans, Asians, and Native Americans were eligible. If they chose to, they had to declare to

6068-431: Was either not populated, or populated by hostile indigenous tribes. It was also taken into account that Mexico could not continue the war without facing certain defeat and risking the loss of the entire country. After the commission reported its findings, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was approved by congress. President Peña y Peña prepared decrees to prevent disorder in the capital once the occupiers left and to establish

6150-400: Was further increased due to the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, which ceded parts of present-day southern Arizona and New Mexico to the United States. Nicholas Trist negotiated the peace talks; Trist, the chief clerk of the U.S. State Department , accompanied General Winfield Scott as a diplomat and President James K. Polk 's representative. After two previous unsuccessful attempts to negotiate

6232-522: Was occupied, and were now faced with the task of negotiating the treaty while dealing with separatism and anarchy spreading throughout the country. The Caste War was ongoing in Yucatán, and the insurgents in that conflict had occupied the major cities. Many states considered the federal government to be an enemy and refused to pay taxes. Meanwhile, most notably in the Federal District there was

6314-418: Was signed by Nicholas Trist (on behalf of the United States) and Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain as plenipotentiary representatives of Mexico on 2 February 1848 at the main altar of the old Basilica of Guadalupe at Villa Hidalgo (within the present city limits) as U.S. troops under the command of Gen. Winfield Scott were occupying Mexico City . The version of the treaty ratified by

6396-676: Was signed on 15 June 1846. By avoiding any chance of conflict with Great Britain, the United States was given a free hand regarding Mexico. After the Thornton Affair of 25–26 April, when Mexican forces attacked an American unit in the disputed area, with the result that 11 Americans were killed, five wounded, and 49 captured, Congress passed a declaration of war, which Polk signed on 13 May 1846. The Mexican Congress responded with its own war declaration on 23 April 1846. U.S. forces quickly moved beyond Texas to conquer Alta California, and New Mexico. Fighting there ended on 13 January 1847 with

6478-718: Was sold to the Newhall Land and Farming Company which held it until 1962 when retaining the mineral rights, Newhall sold it to Arizona-Colorado Land and Cattle Company. In 1971 a portion of the Baca Grant, under the corporate ownership of the Arizona-Colorado Land and Cattle Company , immediately south of Crestone, was subdivided, creating the Baca Grande, a subdivision originally platted for about 10,000 lots. At great expense, underground utilities were installed and roads built. However, sales lagged and by 1979

6560-599: Was subsequently ratified by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 38 to 14 on 10 March 1848 and by Mexico through a legislative vote of 51 to 34 and a Senate vote of 33 to 4, on 19 May 1848. News that New Mexico's legislative assembly had just passed an act for the organization of a U.S. territorial government helped ease Mexican concern about abandoning the people of New Mexico. The treaty was formally proclaimed on 4 July 1848. The Mexican Congress and President Manuel de la Peña y Peña met at Querétaro City in May, 1848 while Mexico City

6642-573: Was to disrupt the American supply chain from Veracruz to the capital. This was also leading to indiscriminate American reprisals. As the peace treaty was concluded and the occupiers were on the point of leaving the country, congress named Jose Joaquin Herrera to the presidency of the republic, and Peña y Peña left his post as president in exchange for the presidency of the Supreme Court on 3 June 1848. The government left Querétaro and returned to

6724-502: Was too dry and too mountainous to support a large population. About 80,000 Mexicans inhabited California, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas during the period 1845 to 1850, with far fewer in Nevada , southern and western Colorado, and Utah. On 1 March 1845, U.S. President John Tyler signed legislation to authorize the United States to annex the Republic of Texas , effective on 29 December 1845. The Mexican government, which had never recognized

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