An agnomen ( Latin: [aŋˈnoːmɛn] ; pl. : agnomina ), in the Roman naming convention , was a nickname , just as the cognomen had been initially. However, the cognomina eventually became family names, and so agnomina were needed to distinguish between similarly-named persons. However, as the agnomen was an additional and optional component in a Roman name, not all Romans had an agnomen .
25-505: In Arabic onomastics ( nisbah ), Al-Badawi ( البدوي ) or simply Badawi ( بدوي ) denotes a relationship to or from Bedouin areas (and may consequently imply 'rustic'). It is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include: Given name: Other: Arabic name Arabic names have historically been based on a long naming system. Many people from Arabic-speaking and also non-Arab Muslim countries have not had given , middle , and family names but rather
50-491: A chain of names. This system remains in use throughout the Arab and Muslim worlds. The ism ( اسم ) is the given name, first name, or personal name; e.g. " Ahmad " or " Fatima ". Most Arabic names have meaning as ordinary adjectives and nouns , and are often aspirational of character. For example, Muhammad means 'Praiseworthy' and Ali means 'Exalted' or 'High'. The syntactic context will generally differentiate
75-557: A kunya implies a familiar but respectful setting. A kunya is expressed by the use of abū (father) or umm (mother) in a genitive construction , i.e. "father of" or "mother of" as an honorific in place of or alongside given names in the Arab world . A kunya may also be a nickname expressing the attachment of an individual to a certain thing, as in Abu Bakr , "father of the camel foal", given because of this person's kindness towards camels. A common name-form among Arab Muslims
100-576: A social (i.e. to whom was the mother legally married during the conception of the child), not a biological sense, because the father's biological identity can be grounds for speculation. In early Islamic contexts this function is not yet well established. This stems from a legal principle introduced by Islam regarding the legal status of children (they can only arise from marriage) and changes to waiting periods relating to divorce to establish an undisputed legal father for any child. This function only developing with Islam means that one can find many Companions of
125-703: A space, not a hyphen) should be used. Ahl , which has a similar meaning, is sometimes used and should be used if the Arabic spelling is أهل . Dynasty membership alone does not necessarily imply that the dynastic آل is used – e.g. Bashar al-Assad . محمد بن سلمان بن أمین الفارسي Muḥammad ibn Salmān ibn Amīn al-Fārisī "Muḥammad, son of Salmān, son of Amīn, the Persian" This person would simply be referred to as "Muḥammad" or by his kunya , which relates him to his first-born son, e.g. Abū Karīm "father of Karīm". To signify respect or to specify which Muḥammad one
150-415: A wife (who would keep her own maiden , family, and surnames), their children will take Saleh's family name. Therefore, their son Mohammed would be called Mohammed ibn Saleh ibn Tariq al-Fulan. However, not all Arab countries use the name in its full length, but conventionally use two- and three-word names, and sometimes four-word names in official or legal matters. Thus the first name is the personal name,
175-414: Is a teknonym in Arabic names. It is a component of an Arabic name, a type of epithet , in theory referring to the bearer's first-born son or daughter. By extension, it may also have hypothetical or metaphorical references, e.g. in a nom de guerre or a nickname, without literally referring to a son or a daughter. For example, Sabri Khalil al-Banna was known as Abu Nidal , "father of struggle". Use of
200-487: Is no longer used (unless it is the official naming style in a country, region, etc.: Adnen bin Abdallah). The plural is 'Abnā for males and Banāt for females. However, Banu or Bani is tribal and encompasses both sexes. The laqab ( لقب ), pl. alqāb ( ألقاب ), can be translated to English as agnomen ; cognomen ; nickname; title, honorific; last name, surname , family name. The laqab
225-531: Is of the family of al-Fulan." The Arabic for "daughter of" is bint. A woman with the name Fatimah bint Tariq ibn Khalid al-Rashid translates as "Fatimah, daughter of Tariq, son of Khalid; who is of the family al-Rashid." In this case, ibn and bint are included in the official naming. Most Arab countries today, however, do not use 'ibn' and 'bint' in their naming system. If Saleh were an Egyptian, he would be called Saleh Tariq Khalid al-Fulan and Fatimah would be Fatimah Tariq Khalid al-Rashid. If Saleh marries
250-503: Is speaking about, the name could be lengthened to the extent necessary or desired. Non-Arabic speakers often make these mistakes: Conventionally, in Arab culture, as in many parts of the world, a person's ancestry and family name are very important. An example is explained below. Assume a man is called Saleh ibn Tariq ibn Khalid al-Fulan . Hence, Saleh ibn Tariq ibn Khalid al-Fulan translates as "Saleh, son of Tariq, son of Khalid; who
275-413: Is the father's personal name or, in this particular case, the name of a remote male ancestor. ʿAmmār ibn Sumayya means "ʿAmmār son of Sumayya ". Sumayya is the personal name of ʿAmmār's mother, the same person can also be identified by his father's personal name "ʿAmmār ibn Yasir". In later Islamic periods the nasab was an important tool in determining a child's father by means of describing paternity in
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#1732797498563300-409: Is the prefix ʿAbd ("Worshipper", fem. Amah ) combined with the word for God ( Allah ), Abdullah ( عبد الله "Worshipper of God"), or with one of the epithets of God . As a mark of deference, ʿAbd is usually not conjoined with the prophet's names. Nonetheless, such names are accepted in some areas. Its use is not exclusive to Muslims and throughout all Arab countries,
325-548: Is typically descriptive of the person. An example is the name of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid , which uses the definite article al- . Harun is the Arabic version of the name Aaron and al-Rasheed means "the Rightly-Guided". Another common form of laqab is that of compounds ending with al-Dīn ( lit. ' of the faith ' or ' of the religion ' ), al-Dawla ('of
350-725: The Chicago Manual of Style , Arabic names are indexed by their surnames. Names may be alphabetized under Abu , Abd and ibn , while names are not alphabetized under al- and el- and are instead alphabetized under the following element. Agnomen Pseudo-Probus uses the hero of the Punic Wars, Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus , as an example: Men's personal names are of four types, praenomen , nomen , cognomen and agnomen : 'praenomen for instance Publius, nomen Cornelius, cognomen Scipio and agnomen Africanus. Marius Victorinus further elucidates: Now
375-530: The Philippines , due to its almost ubiquitous use as a first name, a person will often be referred to by their second name: The nasab ( Arabic : نسب , lit. 'lineage') is a patronymic or matronymic , or a series thereof. It indicates the person's heritage by the word ibn ( ابن "son of", colloquially bin ) or ibnat ("daughter of", also بنت bint , abbreviated bte. ). Ibn Khaldun ( ابن خلدون ) means "son of Khaldun". Khaldun
400-577: The agnomen comes from outside, and in three styles, from personality or physique or achievements: From personality, such as Superbus ["Haughty"] and Pius [displaying the Roman syndrome of virtues including honesty, reverence to the gods, devotion to family and state, etc. ], from physique, such as Crassus ["Fatty"] and Pulcher ["Handsome"], or from achievements, such as Africanus and Creticus [from their victories in Africa and on Crete]. Africanus, Creticus and
425-575: The Arabian Peninsula, when descendant of a famous ancestor, start their last name with Āl "family, clan" ( آل ), like the House of Saud ﺁل سعود Āl Suʻūd or Al ash-Sheikh ("family of the sheikh "). Āl is distinct from the definite article ( ال ). If a reliably-sourced version of the Arabic spelling includes آل (as a separate graphic word), then this is not a case of the definite article, so Al (capitalised and followed by
450-455: The Prophet bearing a maternal nasab, as the naming conventions reflected in their names still stem from pre-Islamic attitudes and beliefs. Several nasab names can follow in a chain to trace a person's ancestry backwards in time, as was important in the tribal society of medieval Arabs, both for purposes of identification and for socio-political interactions. Today, however, ibn or bint
475-514: The State'), al-Mulk ('of the Kingdom'), or al-Islām ('of Islam'). Examples include Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn , Shams al-Dīn , Nūr al-Dīn , Izz al-Din , Nāṣir al-Dawla , Niẓām al-Mulk , Sayf al-Islām . In ancient Arab societies, use of a laqab was common, but today is restricted to the surname, or family name, of birth. The nisbah ( نسبة ) surname could be an everyday name, but is mostly
500-457: The likes are also known as victory titles . For example, Gaius Marcius Coriolanus earned his from the capture of Corioli . Latin agnōmen (also spelled adnomen ) comes from ad "to" and nōmen "name". As a minimum, a Roman agnomen is a name attached to an individual's full titulature after birth and formal naming by the family. True Roman nicknames, fully replacing the individual's name in usage, are rare. One such example in which
525-546: The middle name is the father's name and the last name is the father's family name. The Arabic names listed below are used in the Arab world with correspondent Hebrew, English, Syriac and Greek equivalents in many cases. Most are derived from Syriac transliterations of the Hebrew Bible. Often Arabic names can be spelled multiple ways in English, and sometimes a person's name may be treated inconsistently. According to
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#1732797498563550-432: The name Abdel-Massih , "Servant of Christ", is a common Christian last name. Converts to Islam may often continue using the native non-Arabic non-Islamic names that are without any polytheistic connotation, or association. Generally, Arab Christians have names indistinguishable from Muslims, with the exception of some explicitly Islamic names, e.g. Muhammad . Some common Christian names are: Some people, especially in
575-498: The name from the noun or adjective. However Arabic newspapers will occasionally place names in brackets, or quotation marks, to avoid confusion. In fact, the name Muhammad is so popular throughout parts of Africa , Arabia , the Middle East , South Asia and Southeast Asia , that it is often represented by the abbreviation "Md.", "Mohd.", "Muhd.", or just "M.". In India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Malaysia , Indonesia and
600-547: The name of the ancestral tribe, clan, family, profession, town, city, country, or any other term used to show relevance. It follows a family through several generations. A demonym example is الحلبي al-Halabi , meaning that the person is originally from Aleppo or a descendant of people from Aleppo. For a profession example, الخياط al-khayyat meaning "the tailor". The laqab and nisbah are similar in use, but they could be used simultaneously. For example: Sayf Al-Dīn Al-Halabi. A kunya ( Arabic : كنية , kunyah )
625-675: The nickname fully replaced the individual's name in usage was the Emperor Caligula ; that name was used in place of and not along with his full name, which was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Caligula's praenomen was Gaius, his nomen Julius, his cognomen Caesar. Some agnomina were inherited like cognomina and thus established a sub-family. Caligula's agnomen came from the little boots that he wore as part of his miniature soldier's uniform while accompanying his father, Germanicus , on campaigns in northern Germania . In turn, Germanicus received his agnomen in 9 BC, when it
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