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49-552: Badger Hill is the name of two historic mining areas in Nevada County . The first to be established, in August 1849, was located just east of Grass Valley , approximately where the narrow gauge railroad's Grass Valley station was later located. It appears to have been quickly incorporated into Grass Valley. The second was established around 1853, about 15 miles northeast of Grass Valley, 1 mile north of Cherokee and just south of

98-701: A shooting spree . Two of the victims were murdered in Nevada City and a third victim was killed in Grass Valley. Thorpe was arrested and declared not guilty by reason of insanity . He currently resides in Napa State Hospital . Since the enactment of the statute in which the California State Legislature defined the common boundary between Nevada and Sierra Counties in 1874, no survey was conducted to determine where

147-408: A center of placer mining activity. At this time many mining operations were powered by steam engines which consumed vast amounts of wood as their fuel. Some water wheels were used in the larger rivers, but they were ineffective in the smaller streams that were found near the mines. Pelton worked on a design for a water wheel that would work with the relatively small flow found in these streams. By

196-424: A commercial and social center. This Nevada County, California -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This California ghost town -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Nevada County, California Nevada County ( / n ɪ ˈ v æ d ə / niv- AD -ə ) is a county located in the U.S. state of California , in

245-715: A household in the county was $ 45,864, and for a family was $ 52,697. Males had a median income of $ 40,742 versus $ 27,173 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 24,007. About 5.5% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 9.5% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over. According to the California Secretary of State , as of February 10, 2019, Nevada County has 78,736 registered voters. Of those, 24,677 (36%) are registered Democrats , 22,252 (32.3%) are registered Republicans , 9,426 (13.76%) are registered to another party, and 7,845 (11.5%) have declined to state

294-604: A name derived from the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The word nevada is Spanish for "snowy" or "snow-covered". Charles Marsh was one of the first settlers in what became Nevada City, and is perhaps the one who named the town. He went on to build extensive water flumes/ditches/canals in the area, and was influential in the building of the first transcontinental railroad and the Nevada County Narrow Gauge Railroad . Nevada City

343-452: A political party. In both 2000 and 2004, George W. Bush won a majority of the votes in the county. In 2008, Barack Obama carried the county with a 51.5%–46.2% margin. 2008 marked the first time Nevada County went for a Democrat since Lyndon Johnson in 1964 . In 2012 , Obama lost by a narrow margin to Mitt Romney , turning the county red once again, only for Hillary Clinton to win it back in 2016 over Donald Trump . Joe Biden won

392-445: Is V i Assuming that the jet velocity is higher than the runner velocity, if the water is not to become backed-up in runner, then due to conservation of mass, the mass entering the runner must equal the mass leaving the runner. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible (an accurate assumption for most liquids). Also, it is assumed that the cross-sectional area of the jet is constant. The jet speed remains constant relative to

441-540: Is nearly incompressible, almost all of the available energy is extracted in the first stage of the hydraulic turbine. "Therefore, Pelton wheels have only one turbine stage, unlike gas turbines that operate with compressible fluid." Pelton wheels are the preferred turbine for hydro-power where the available water source has relatively high hydraulic head at low flow rates. Pelton wheels are made in all sizes. There exist multi-ton Pelton wheels mounted on vertical oil pad bearings in hydroelectric plants . The largest units –

490-510: Is no theoretical limit. Such "peltric sets", consisting of a Pelton wheel, an induction generator and a control mechanism, are used in Nepal. The specific speed η s {\displaystyle \eta _{s}} parameter is independent of a particular turbine's size. Compared to other turbine designs, the relatively low specific speed of the Pelton wheel implies that

539-665: Is the paratransit bus company providing door to door service for seniors and persons with disabilities in Grass Valley, Nevada City, and Penn Valley. Nevada County Air Park is a general-aviation airport located just east of Grass Valley. Truckee Tahoe Airport is a general-aviation airport in Truckee , partially in Nevada County and partially in Placer County . Alta Sierra Airport is a private-aviation airport located south of Grass Valley . The population ranking of

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588-503: Is the ratio of the jet power to the waterpower at the base of the nozzle. The power P  = Fu  = Tω , where ω is the angular velocity of the wheel. Substituting for F , we have P  = 2 ρQ ( V i  − u ) u . To find the runner speed at maximum power, take the derivative of P with respect to u and set it equal to zero, [ dP / du  = 2 ρQ ( V i  − 2 u )]. Maximum power occurs when u  = V i /2. P max = ρQV i /2. Substituting

637-660: Is the site of one of the oldest, deepest, and richest gold mines in California. The park is in Grass Valley at 10791 East Empire Street. In operation for more than 100 years, the mine extracted 5.8 million ounces of gold before it closed in 1956. In 1988, the 49er Fire was accidentally started near Highway 49 by a homeless local man who was suffering from undiagnosed schizophrenia. The fire went on to burn well over 100 homes and more than 33,000 acres in Nevada County. The 2001 Nevada County shootings occurred on January 10, 2001, in which Scott Harlan Thorpe murdered three people in

686-449: Is the wheel diameter, the torque on the runner is. The torque is maximal when the runner is stopped (i.e. when u  = 0, T  = ρQDV i ). When the speed of the runner is equal to the initial jet velocity, the torque is zero (i.e., when u  = V i , then T  = 0). On a plot of torque versus runner speed, the torque curve is straight between these two points: (0, pQDV i ) and ( V i , 0). Nozzle efficiency

735-505: Is zero for u  = 0 and for u  =  V i . As the equations indicate, when a real Pelton wheel is working close to maximum efficiency, the fluid flows off the wheel with very little residual velocity. In theory, the energy efficiency varies only with the efficiency of the nozzle and wheel, and does not vary with hydraulic head. The term "efficiency" can refer to: Hydraulic, Mechanical, Volumetric, Wheel, or overall efficiency. The conduit bringing high-pressure water to

784-837: The Bieudron Hydroelectric Power Station at the Grande Dixence Dam complex in Switzerland – are over 400 megawatts . The smallest Pelton wheels are only a few inches across, and can be used to tap power from mountain streams having flows of a few gallons per minute. Some of these systems use household plumbing fixtures for water delivery. These small units are recommended for use with 30 metres (100 ft) or more of head, in order to generate significant power levels. Depending on water flow and design, Pelton wheels operate best with heads from 15–1,800 metres (50–5,910 ft), although there

833-686: The Middle Yuba River . It adopted its own mining laws in March 1854. Hydraulic mining predominated with the arrival of ditch water. It had a number of successful mines, some of which operated into the 20th century. The English Company and the Badger Hill Gold Mining Company were among the principal mines. The mines abutted those of Cherokee to the south, and Cherokee seems to have served the Badger Hill miners as

882-621: The Sierra Nevada . As of the 2020 census , its population was 102,241. The county seat is Nevada City . Nevada County comprises the Truckee - Grass Valley micropolitan statistical area , which is also included in the Sacramento - Roseville combined statistical area , part of the Mother Lode Country . Created in 1851, from portions of Yuba County , Nevada County was named after the mining town of Nevada City ,

931-721: The California gold rush era. The gold industry in Nevada County thrived into the post-WWII days. The county had many firsts and historic technological moments. The first long-distance telephone in the world, built in 1877 by the Ridge Telephone Company, connected French Corral with French Lake, 58 miles (93 km) away. It was operated by the Milton Mining Company from a building on this site that had been erected about 1853. The Pelton wheel , designed to power gold mines, still drives hydroelectric generators today. Nevada City and Grass Valley were among

980-767: The Company added a branch on the east coast at 143 Liberty Street in New York City . By 1900, over 11,000 turbines were in use. In 1914, the company moved manufacturing to new, larger premises at 612 Alabama Street in San Francisco. In 1956, the company was acquired by the Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Company , which company ended manufacture of Pelton Wheels. In New Zealand, A & G Price in Thames, New Zealand produced Pelton waterwheels for

1029-464: The Pelton turbine is geared most suitably for applications with relatively high hydraulic head H , due to the 5/4 exponent being greater than unity, and given the characteristically low specific speed of the Pelton. In the ideal ( frictionless ) case, all of the hydraulic potential energy ( E p  = mgh ) is converted into kinetic energy ( E k  = mv /2) (see Bernoulli's principle ). Equating these two equations and solving for

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1078-547: The South Fork of the Middle Yuba River to a point ten miles above the mouth of the latter. Since the line had never been surveyed and the legislature never defined where the "point east of the source of the South Fork of the Middle Yuba River" was, the location of the straight air line between the state line and this point was unknown. As such, both counties claimed that the point east of the source, which itself

1127-413: The blades. The impulse energy of the water jet exerts torque on the bucket-and-wheel system, spinning the wheel; the water jet does a "u-turn" and exits at the outer sides of the bucket, decelerated to a low velocity. In the process, the water jet's momentum is transferred to the wheel and hence to a turbine. Thus, " impulse " energy does work on the turbine. Maximum power and efficiency are achieved when

1176-404: The census of 2000, 92,033 people, 36,894 households, and 25,936 families resided in the county. The population density was 96/sq mi (37/km ). The 44,282 housing units had an average density of 46 per square mile (18/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 93.4% White, 0.3% African American, 0.9% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 2.0% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. About 5.7% of

1225-574: The county in 2020 with the largest share of votes for a presidential candidate in recent elections, continuing its Democratic shift. Nevada County is located in California's 3rd congressional district represented by Kevin Kiley ( R – Rocklin ) In the state legislature , Nevada County is in the 1st Assembly District , represented by Republican Megan Dahle and in the State Senate ,

1274-506: The county is in the 1st Senate District , represented by Republican Brian Dahle . On November 4, 2008, Nevada County voted for Proposition 8 , which amended the California Constitution to ban same-sex marriages by three votes, the narrowest margin of any county in the state. The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense. Gold Country Lift

1323-720: The county was created, the founders wanted to include access to the transcontinental railroad , so a rectangular section was added that includes the railroad town of Truckee . Nevada County is one of four counties in the United States to border a state with which it shares the same name (the other three counties are Texas County, Oklahoma ; Delaware County, Pennsylvania ; and Ohio County, West Virginia ). The county has substantial areas of forest, grassland, savanna , riparian area, and other ecosystems . Forests include both coniferous- and oak-dominated woodland types. Also, numerous understory forbs and wildflowers occur, including

1372-603: The first California towns with electric lights. The Olympics , NASA , and virtually every television station around the country uses video/broadcasting equipment designed and manufactured by Grass Valley Group , founded in Grass Valley. The Nevada County Narrow Gauge Railroad, built in 1876, was the only railroad in the West that was never robbed, though its primary freight was gold. (Builder-owner John Flint Kidder 's reputation made it clear that he would personally hunt down and kill anyone who tried.) The rail line closed in 1942 and

1421-645: The following table is based on the 2010 census of Nevada County. † county seat 39°18′N 120°46′W  /  39.30°N 120.77°W  / 39.30; -120.77 Pelton wheel Lester Allan Pelton was born in Vermillion, Ohio in 1829. In 1850, he traveled overland to take part in the California Gold Rush . Pelton worked by selling fish he caught in the Sacramento River . In 1860, he moved to Camptonville ,

1470-703: The geometry is inherently a " low gear " design. Thus it is most suitable to being fed by a hydro source with a low ratio of flow to pressure (meaning relatively low flow and/or relatively high pressure). The specific speed is the main criterion for matching a specific hydro-electric site with the optimal turbine type. It also allows a new turbine design to be scaled from an existing design of known performance. η s = n P / ρ ( g H ) 5 / 4 {\displaystyle \eta _{s}=n{\sqrt {P}}/{\sqrt {\rho }}(gH)^{5/4}} (dimensionless parameter), where: The formula implies that

1519-404: The initial jet power V i  = √ 2 gh , this simplifies to P max  = ρghQ . This quantity exactly equals the kinetic power of the jet, so in this ideal case, the efficiency is 100%, since all the energy in the jet is converted to shaft output. A wheel power divided by the initial jet power, is the turbine efficiency, η  = 4 u ( V i  − u )/ V i . It

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1568-419: The initial jet velocity ( V i ) indicates that the theoretical (maximum) jet velocity is V i  = √ 2 gh . For simplicity, assume that all of the velocity vectors are parallel to each other. Defining the velocity of the wheel runner as: ( u ), then as the jet approaches the runner, the initial jet velocity relative to the runner is: ( V i  −  u ). The initial velocity of jet

1617-443: The legislature defined the boundary in dispute by referencing Public Land Survey System lines. It also determined that the source of South Fork of the Middle Yuba River was that of several springs in the Sierra Nevada , contrary to the artificial English Lake, which ceased to exist after the failure of its dam in 1883, which is where the source of said waterway was in the eyes of Nevada County. The California Supreme Court affirmed

1666-479: The local market. One of these is on outdoor display at the Thames Goldmine Experience. Nozzles direct forceful, high-speed streams of water against a series of spoon-shaped buckets, also known as impulse blades, which are mounted around the outer rim of a drive wheel (also called a runner ). As the water jet hits the blades, the direction of water velocity is changed to follow the contours of

1715-624: The mid 1870s, Pelton had developed a wooden prototype of his new wheel. In 1876, he approached the Miners Foundry in Nevada City, California to build the first commercial models in iron. The first Pelton Wheel was installed at the Mayflower Mine in Nevada City in 1878. The efficiency advantages of Pelton's invention were quickly recognized and his product was soon in high demand. He patented his invention on 26 October 1880. By

1764-673: The mid-1880s, the Miners Foundry could not meet the demand, and in 1888, Pelton sold the rights to his name and the patents to his invention to the Pelton Water Wheel Company in San Francisco. The company established a factory at 121/123 Main Street in San Francisco . The Pelton Water Wheel Company manufactured a large number of Pelton Wheels in San Francisco which were shipped around the world. In 1892,

1813-461: The oldest theater built in California in 1865. It operates to this day and once hosted Mark Twain, among other historical figures. The Old 5 Mile House stagecoach stop, built in 1890, also operates to this day as a provider of hospitality spanning three centuries. This historical site still features "The stagecoach safe" that is on display outside the present-day restaurant and is the source of many legends of stagecoach robbers and notorious highwaymen in

1862-555: The population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race. Regarding ancestry,16.4% were German , 16.3% English , 11.1% Irish , 6.8% Italian , and 6.6% American , according to Census 2000 ; 94.0% spoke English and 4.2% Spanish as their first language. Of the 36,894 households, 28.7% had children under 18 living with them, 57.6% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were not families. About 22.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who

1911-416: The runner. So as the jet recedes from the runner, the jet velocity relative to the runner is: − ( V i  − u ) = − V i  + u . In the standard reference frame (relative to the earth), the final velocity is then: V f  = (− V i  + u) + u  = − V i  + 2 u . The ideal runner speed will cause all of the kinetic energy in the jet to be transferred to

1960-406: The same rate it is filled, and thereby allows the high-pressure input flow to continue uninterrupted and without waste of energy. Typically two buckets are mounted side-by-side on the wheel, with the water jet split into two equal streams; this balances the side-load forces on the wheel and helps to ensure smooth, efficient transfer of momentum from the water jet to the turbine wheel. Because water

2009-483: The straight line segment of the common boundary between the two counties ran. In particular, the statute, at the time codified as Section 3921 of the California Political Code, at the time stated: ...thence south on said state line (state of Nevada) to the northeast corner of Nevada County, a point east of the source of the South Fork of the Middle Yuba River; thence west to the source of, and down

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2058-411: The trial courts decision on December 28, 1908. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 974 square miles (2,520 km ), of 16 square miles (41 km ) (1.6%) are covered by water. The county is drained by Middle and South Yuba Rivers . The western part of the county is defined by the course of several rivers and the irregular boundaries of adjoining counties. When

2107-401: The velocity of the water jet is twice the velocity of the rotating buckets, which, assuming that water jet collides elastically with the bucket, would mean the water leaves the bucket with zero velocity, thus imparting all kinetic energy to the wheel. In practice, a very small percentage of the water jet's original kinetic energy will remain in the water, which causes the bucket to be emptied at

2156-433: The wheel. In this case the final jet velocity must be zero. If − V i  + 2 u  = 0, then the optimal runner speed will be u  = V i /2, or half the initial jet velocity. By Newton's second and third laws , the force F imposed by the jet on the runner is equal but opposite to the rate of momentum change of the fluid, so where ρ is the density, and Q is the volume rate of flow of fluid. If D

2205-453: The yellow mariposa lily ( Calochortus luteus ). The 2010 United States Census reported that Nevada County had a population of 98,764. The racial makeup of Nevada County was 90,233 (91.4%) White, 389 (0.4%) African American, 1,044 (1.1%) Native American, 1,187 (1.2%) Asian, 110 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 2,678 (2.7%) from other races, and 3,123 (3.2%) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 8,439 persons (8.5%). As of

2254-400: Was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.47, and the average family size was 2.88. In the county, the age distribution was 23.1% under 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 29.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 94.7 males. The median income for

2303-450: Was also unknown, was located in different places. This created a situation where a strip of land averaging 1.22 miles in width and around 31.29 square miles were under dispute, with Sierra County claiming that Nevada County was encroaching on their jurisdiction when attempting to levy property taxes . The trial court , that of Plumas County , sided with Sierra County, declaring that the disputed area had always belonged to Sierra County since

2352-518: Was the first to use the word "Nevada" in its name. In 1851, the newly formed Nevada County used the same name as the county seat. The bordering state of Nevada used the same name in 1864. The region came to life in the Gold Rush of 1849 . Many historical sites remain to mark the birth of this important region in California's formative years. Among them are the Nevada Theatre in Nevada City,

2401-695: Was torn up for scrap. In Grass Valley, the historic Holbrooke Hotel opened in 1851 and housed Mark Twain , Bret Harte , and four U.S. Presidents ( Ulysses S. Grant , Grover Cleveland , Benjamin Harrison , and James A. Garfield ). The community of Rough and Ready seceded from the Union for a time and became the Great Republic of Rough and Ready . Nevada County is home to the Empire Mine State Historic Park , which

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