In cryptography , a cipher (or cypher ) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption —a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. An alternative, less common term is encipherment . To encipher or encode is to convert information into cipher or code. In common parlance, "cipher" is synonymous with " code ", as they are both a set of steps that encrypt a message; however, the concepts are distinct in cryptography, especially classical cryptography .
32-610: Baniya or Bania may refer to: Bania (caste) , also spelled Baniya, an Indian caste group Banias , a location in the Golan Heights, ancient Paneas Baniya (surname) , a surname found among Nepali communities Baniyas , a town on the Syrian coast, ancient Balanea See also [ edit ] Baniyas (disambiguation) Bania (disambiguation) Banya (disambiguation) Banyan (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
64-420: A one-time pad , but these have other disadvantages. During the early twentieth century, electro-mechanical machines were invented to do encryption and decryption using transposition, polyalphabetic substitution, and a kind of "additive" substitution. In rotor machines , several rotor disks provided polyalphabetic substitution, while plug boards provided another substitution. Keys were easily changed by changing
96-497: A few have converted to Sikhism , Islam , Christianity and Buddhism . In Gujarat, Hindu Banias are largely Vaishnavas and are followers of Vallabhacharya . It is hypothesized by historians that the Vaishnav Vaniyas of Gujarat are the descendants of the now-extinct Buddhist merchants who were formerly present in the region. Banias are composed of caste in the mercantile and business fields, which have delineated
128-416: A human or computer without the proper mechanism to decrypt it. The operation of a cipher usually depends on a piece of auxiliary information, called a key (or, in traditional NSA parlance, a cryptovariable ). The encrypting procedure is varied depending on the key, which changes the detailed operation of the algorithm. A key must be selected before using a cipher to encrypt a message. Without knowledge of
160-401: A large codebook which linked a random string of characters or numbers to a word or phrase. For example, "UQJHSE" could be the code for "Proceed to the following coordinates." When using a cipher the original information is known as plaintext , and the encrypted form as ciphertext . The ciphertext message contains all the information of the plaintext message, but is not in a format readable by
192-474: A symmetric key algorithm (e.g., DES and AES), the sender and receiver must have a shared key set up in advance and kept secret from all other parties; the sender uses this key for encryption, and the receiver uses the same key for decryption. The design of AES (Advanced Encryption System) was beneficial because it aimed to overcome the flaws in the design of the DES (Data encryption standard). AES's designer's claim that
224-427: A variety of different types of encryption. Algorithms used earlier in the history of cryptography are substantially different from modern methods, and modern ciphers can be classified according to how they operate and whether they use one or two keys. The Caesar Cipher is one of the earliest known cryptographic systems. Julius Caesar used a cipher that shifts the letters in the alphabet in place by three and wrapping
256-607: Is composed of several sub-castes including the Agarwal , Khandelwal , Maheshwari , Oswal , Porwad and Shrimali Baniyas, among others. Traditionally (dating to at least the 15th century), the Gujarati Baniyas had 84 divisions (as did Gujarati Brahmins), although many were simply formulaic. Subcastes are also divided into Visa and Dasa divisions, which are also centuries old, and prohibit intermarriage. Most Banias are followers of either Hinduism or Jainism , but
288-577: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Bania (caste) Bania (also spelled Baniya , Banija , Banya , Vaniya , Vani , Vania and Vanya ) is a mercantile caste mainly from the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan , with strong diasporic communities in Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh , West Bengal , Maharashtra (mainly Mumbai ) and other northern states. Traditionally,
320-476: Is given by whole word ciphers, which allow the user to replace an entire word with a symbol or character, much like the way written Japanese utilizes Kanji (meaning Chinese characters in Japanese) characters to supplement the native Japanese characters representing syllables. An example using English language with Kanji could be to replace "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" by "The quick brown 狐 jumps 上
352-485: The Vigenère ) which changed the substitution alphabet for every letter. For example, "GOOD DOG" can be encrypted as "PLSX TWF" where "L", "S", and "W" substitute for "O". With even a small amount of known or estimated plaintext, simple polyalphabetic substitution ciphers and letter transposition ciphers designed for pen and paper encryption are easy to crack. It is possible to create a secure pen and paper cipher based on
SECTION 10
#1732780790968384-495: The Baniya identity. The term baniya has historically been applied to various mercantile communities who belong to diverse castes. Baniyas are vegetarians, and some groups have greater restrictions on the foods that can be consumed. They also take care not to kill insects when preparing and eating food. Baniyas were known to be hard working and frugal. Only minimum expenses would be made on clothing, food, and furniture. During
416-491: The Jain and Hindu Vaishnavs' beliefs, rituals, prayers, and ceremonies being often very similar. Pushtimarg Vaishnavs would perform emotional seva to Krishna , and Jains would be austere and follow the Jain vows. Lakshmi Puja was performed by Baniyas, as it Lakshmi would be considered to bestow wealth and welfare on the family. According to Basu, the culture of Gujarati Baniyas is viewed ambivalently by outsiders, stating "on
448-492: The accumulation of many small profits. These include short-weighing, adulteration of products, and regular undervaluation of a debt repayments. They were also known for being well spoken when speaking to others, but were not confrontatious. They were very secretive about their business accounts, and would use secret scripts or illegible handwriting. Often two sets of account books were kept, one for showing officials if needed, and one only for family. Business dealings were kept within
480-453: The common means of modern cipher cryptanalytic attacks are ineffective against AES due to its design structure.[12] Ciphers can be distinguished into two types by the type of input data: In a pure mathematical attack, (i.e., lacking any other information to help break a cipher) two factors above all count: Since the desired effect is computational difficulty, in theory one would choose an algorithm and desired difficulty level, thus decide
512-474: The day, Baniya boys were sent to schools called patshala s where they would learn business skills and habits. They learned how to read and write, as well as in secret merchant scripts that were hidden from non-Baniyas. They also learned ciphers , accounting , and arithmetic . The correctness of mathematical calculations was extremely important to Baniyas, and they learnt various methods and tricks so they could perform advanced mental arithmetic. A mercantile ethos
544-516: The family, and in cases of dispute other Baniyas would arbitrate in order to keep business deals secret from non-Baniyas. Their preference for compromises instead of confrontations often led non-Baniyas to think of them as cowardly. In order to prepare for further business success, Baniyas also had to have high levels of information access. They had messengers, intelligence networks, and postal services in order to make sure that they knew about any important knowledge as early as possible. Such information
576-544: The form of Arabic numerals is literally converting the text to "ciphers". In casual contexts, "code" and "cipher" can typically be used interchangeably; however, the technical usages of the words refer to different concepts. Codes contain meaning; words and phrases are assigned to numbers or symbols, creating a shorter message. An example of this is the commercial telegraph code which was used to shorten long telegraph messages which resulted from entering into commercial contracts using exchanges of telegrams . Another example
608-562: The key, it should be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to decrypt the resulting ciphertext into readable plaintext. Most modern ciphers can be categorized in several ways: Originating from the Arabic word for zero صفر (ṣifr), the word "cipher" spread to Europe as part of the Arabic numeral system during the Middle Ages. The Roman numeral system lacked the concept of zero , and this limited advances in mathematics. In this transition,
640-516: The lazy 犬". Stenographers sometimes use specific symbols to abbreviate whole words. Ciphers, on the other hand, work at a lower level: the level of individual letters, small groups of letters, or, in modern schemes, individual bits and blocks of bits. Some systems used both codes and ciphers in one system, using superencipherment to increase the security. In some cases the terms codes and ciphers are used synonymously with substitution and transposition , respectively. Historically, cryptography
672-602: The main occupations of the community are merchants , bankers , money-lenders , and (in modern times) owners of commercial enterprises . The Hindi term baniyā is derived from Sanskrit vaṇija ("trader"), whereas the Marwari bā̃ṇyõ and Gujarati vāṇiyo are derived from Sanskrit vāṇija ("trader"). The community is also known by the term "vanik". In Bengal the term Bania is a functional catch-all for moneylenders, indigenously developed bankers, readers of grocery items and spices, irrespective of caste. The community
SECTION 20
#1732780790968704-564: The message. Transposition of the letters "GOOD DOG" can result in "DGOGDOO". These simple ciphers and examples are easy to crack, even without plaintext-ciphertext pairs. In the 1640s, the Parliamentarian commander, Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester , developed ciphers to send coded messages to his allies during the English Civil War . Simple ciphers were replaced by polyalphabetic substitution ciphers (such as
736-468: The one hand, it is associated negatively with usury and commercial calculation, and on the other, it carries positive connotations of Jaina and Vaiṣṇava religious traditions that place special emphasis upon values of vegetarianism, nonviolence ( ahiṃsā ), and purity". They described as belonging to the Vaishya varna. Cipher Codes generally substitute different length strings of characters in
768-468: The output, while ciphers generally substitute the same number of characters as are input. A code maps one meaning with another. Words and phrases can be coded as letters or numbers. Codes typically have direct meaning from input to key. Codes primarily function to save time. Ciphers are algorithmic. The given input must follow the cipher's process to be solved. Ciphers are commonly used to encrypt written information. Codes operated by substituting according to
800-429: The remaining letters to the front to write to Marcus Tullius Cicero in approximately 50 BC. Historical pen and paper ciphers used in the past are sometimes known as classical ciphers . They include simple substitution ciphers (such as ROT13 ) and transposition ciphers (such as a Rail Fence Cipher ). For example, "GOOD DOG" can be encrypted as "PLLX XLP" where "L" substitutes for "O", "P" for "G", and "X" for "D" in
832-476: The rotor disks and the plugboard wires. Although these encryption methods were more complex than previous schemes and required machines to encrypt and decrypt, other machines such as the British Bombe were invented to crack these encryption methods. Modern encryption methods can be divided by two criteria: by type of key used, and by type of input data. By type of key used ciphers are divided into: In
864-409: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Baniya . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baniya&oldid=1227026512 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
896-542: The word was adopted into Medieval Latin as cifra, and then into Middle French as cifre. This eventually led to the English word cipher (minority spelling cypher). One theory for how the term came to refer to encoding is that the concept of zero was confusing to Europeans, and so the term came to refer to a message or communication that was not easily understood. The term cipher was later also used to refer to any Arabic digit, or to calculation using them, so encoding text in
928-448: Was also instilled in the boys, as they learned the chief aim of life was to acquire wealth and only profitable transactions were worthwhile. After school hours, boys would spend time in the family shop and learn the business. After education was complete boys would try to start their own businesses and if successful, would be allowed to manage the family business. When Baniyas made transactions, they often had dubious qualities that allowed
960-563: Was also tied to socioreligious conduct, as maintaining marital relations within the community, having a strong patriarch, and adherence to religious principles were all highly valued. Wealthy Baniyas only spent large sums of money for specific purposes: hosting feasts, buying jewellery (mainly for women), construction of havelis , and the most honourable being donating to religious causes such as temples or religious festivals. Such displays of wealth allowed Baniyas to show their status and high honour. Baniyas historically are very religious, with
992-410: Was often used in speculation in futures exchanges , which in turn sometimes turned into gambling. Honour was very important to Baniyas, which they called abru . Their honour was tied to their credit worthiness, which were valued higher than their lives. A bankrupt Baniya was stigmatised, and those who were caught to be dishonest with another Baniya were boycotted, bankrupted, and stigmatised. Honour
Baniya - Misplaced Pages Continue
1024-432: Was split into a dichotomy of codes and ciphers, while coding had its own terminology analogous to that of ciphers: " encoding , codetext , decoding " and so on. However, codes have a variety of drawbacks, including susceptibility to cryptanalysis and the difficulty of managing a cumbersome codebook . Because of this, codes have fallen into disuse in modern cryptography, and ciphers are the dominant technique. There are
#967032