33-453: Bartolomeu Dias ( c. 1450 – 29 May 1500) was a Portuguese mariner and explorer. In 1488, he became the first European navigator to round the southern tip of Africa and to demonstrate that the most effective southward route for ships lies in the open ocean, well to the west of the African coast. His discoveries effectively established the sea route between Europe and Asia. Bartolomeu Dias
66-555: A legendary figure believed to be the powerful Christian ruler of a realm somewhere beyond Europe, possibly in the African interior. Dias was provided with two caravels of about 50 tons each ( São Cristóvão and São Pantaleão ) and a square-rigged supply ship captained by his brother Diogo. He recruited some of the leading pilots of the day, including Pêro de Alenquer and João de Santiago, who had previously sailed with Cão. No contemporary documents detailing this historic voyage have been found as almost all maritime records were destroyed in
99-668: A life-size replica of the ship that was used by Bartolomeu Dias and his crew when they landed in Mossel Bay 1488. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911). " Diaz de Novaes, Bartholomeu ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 8 (11th ed.). p. 172. [REDACTED] Media related to Bartolomeu Dias at Wikimedia Commons Cape Agulhas Cape Agulhas ( / ə ˈ ɡ ʊ l j ə s / ; Portuguese : Cabo das Agulhas [ˈkaβu ðɐz ɐˈɣuʎɐʃ] , "Cape of Needles")
132-412: A storm or because they were deliberately trying to find more favorable winds. Whatever its cause, the change of course brought them success: the ships traced a broad arc around the tip of Africa and, on 4 February 1488, after 30 days on the open ocean, they reached the continent's southern cape and entered what would later become known as Mossel Bay . The ships continued east for a time and confirmed that
165-404: A warm Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csb ). The climate is consistently mild, with no temperature or rainfall extremes. According to South African National Parks , who administer the nature reserve, the average rainfall is 400–600 mm per annum, mostly received in winter. Temperature climate data is available for Cape Agulhas, averages are: The sea off Cape Agulhas
198-582: Is Porto Alexandre, Angola , Dias left the supply ship behind so that it could re-provision them later, on their return voyage. By December, Dias had passed the farthest point reached by Cão, and on 8 December 1487 he arrived at the Golfo da Conceição (modern-day Walvis Bay , Namibia ). After making slow progress along the Namibian coast, the two ships turned southwest, away from land. Historians have debated whether this happened because they were driven offshore by
231-660: Is a rocky headland in Western Cape , South Africa . It is the geographic southern tip of Africa and the beginning of the traditional dividing line between the Atlantic and Indian oceans according to the International Hydrographic Organization . It is approximately half a degree of latitude , or 55 kilometres (34 mi), farther south than the Cape of Good Hope . Historically,
264-502: Is notorious for winter storms and mammoth rogue waves , which can range up to 30 metres (100 ft) high and can sink even large ships. Over the past few hundred years it has been believed that around 150 ships have sunk around Agulhas. These conditions are caused by a number of factors. The naturally strong winds of the Roaring Forties , which blow from west to east, and the cold Antarctic Circumpolar Current flowing in
297-487: The 1755 Lisbon earthquake and ensuing tsunami . Much of the available information comes from the sixteenth-century historian João de Barros , who wrote about the voyage some sixty years later. The small fleet left Lisbon in or around July 1487. Like his predecessor, Cão, Dias carried a set of padrões , carved stone pillars to be used to mark his progress at important landfalls. Also on board were six Africans who had been kidnapped by Cão and taught Portuguese. Dias's plan
330-677: The Agulhas Bank off the coast are quite shallow and are renowned as one of the best fishing grounds in South Africa. The rocks that form Cape Agulhas belong to the Table Mountain Group, often loosely termed the Table Mountain sandstone. They are closely linked to the geological formations that are exposed in the spectacular cliffs of Table Mountain, Cape Point and the Cape of Good Hope . Cape Agulhas has
363-595: The Cape Verde Islands . Two years later he was one of the captains of the second Indian expedition , headed by Pedro Álvares Cabral . This flotilla was the first to reach Brazil , landing there on 22 April 1500 before continuing east to India. Dias perished in May 1500 when captaining a ship near the Cape of Good Hope: four ships, including Dias's, encountered a huge storm off the cape and were lost on 29 May. Dias
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#1732783838008396-721: The Eastern Cape province of South Africa . It is a section of the Addo Elephant National Park . It is here that the Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias erected the Padrão de São Gregório , his first padrão , or stone cross on 12 March 1488. First visited by Robert Jacob Gordon on 13 February 1786, remnants of the cross were rediscovered in 1938 by E. Axelson and transferred to the University of
429-465: The Cape of Good Hope ( Cabo da Boa Esperança ) because it symbolized the opening of a sea route from west to east. At the cape, Dias erected the last of their padrões and then headed northward. They reached their supply ship in July, after nine months of absence, and found that six of that ship's nine crewmen had died in skirmishes with the natives. The vessel had become rotten with worms, so they unloaded
462-522: The Cape of Good Hope. When lined up, these crosses point to Whittle Rock , a large, permanently submerged shipping hazard in False Bay . The Bartolomeu Dias Museum Complex (also spelled "Bartholomeu"), located at Mossel Bay , features an exhibition displaying the history of early European sea voyagers who discovered sea routes. The local history 19th-century artefacts and 20th-century photographs are also displayed in this building. The building houses
495-660: The Guinea coast as early as 1478. In 1481, Dias accompanied an expedition, led by Diogo de Azambuja , to construct a fortress and trading post called São Jorge da Mina in the Gulf of Guinea . Indirect evidence also points to his possible participation in Diogo Cão 's first expedition (1482–1484) down the African coast to the Congo River . In 1486 he seems to have been a cavalier of the king's household, and superintendent of
528-484: The South Atlantic Ocean and take enormous amounts of heat and salt into the neighbouring ocean. This mechanism constitutes one of the key elements in the global conveyor belt circulation of heat and salt. Cape Agulhas has a gradually curving coastline with rocky and sand beaches. A survey marker and a new marker depicting the African continent are located at the most Southern tip of Africa. The waters of
561-642: The Witwatersrand in Johannesburg . 34 kilometres (21 mi) away, shortly after midnight on 17 July 1755, the East Indiaman Doddington struck the south-eastern corner of the low-lying Bird Island (or Chaos Island as it was then known). She went down within 20 minutes, with only 23 of the 270 passengers and crew surviving. They were marooned on the island for seven months, before they managed to make their way to India on
594-630: The cape has been known to sailors as a major hazard on the traditional clipper route . It is sometimes regarded as one of the great capes . It was most commonly known in English as Cape L'Agulhas until the 20th century. The town of L'Agulhas is near the cape. Cape Agulhas is located in the Overberg region, 170 kilometres (105 mi) southeast of Cape Town . The cape was named by Portuguese navigators , who called it Cabo das Agulhas — Portuguese for "Cape of Needles"—after noticing that around
627-420: The cape, after which it falls steeply away to the abyssal plain . These hazards have combined to make the cape notorious among sailors. The coast here is littered with wrecks: Arniston (1815), Geortyrder (1849), Elise (1879), Cooranga (1964), Gwendola (1968), Federal Lakes (1975), and Gouritz (1981), but these are just a few of the vessels lost in the proximity of the "Cape of Needles". Owing to
660-505: The coast gradually trended to the northeast. Dias realized that they had accomplished Portugal's long-sought goal: they had rounded the southern cape of Africa. Dias's expedition reached its furthest point on 12 March 1488, when it anchored at Kwaaihoek , near the mouth of the Boesmans River —where they erected the Padrão de São Gregório . By then, the crew had become restless and were urging Dias to turn around. Supplies were low and
693-473: The contrary, when the great Indian expedition was being prepared (for Vasco da Gama 's future leadership) Bartolomeu only superintended the building and outfit of the ships; when the fleet sailed in 1497, he only accompanied da Gama to the Cape Verde Islands, and after this was ordered to São Jorge da Mina. Dias was later ennobled for his accomplishments, and by 1494 he was serving as a squire in
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#1732783838008726-479: The court of King John II. He also served as superintendent of the royal warehouses from 1494 to 1497. Following Dias's return from his successful first voyage around Africa's southern cape, Portugal took a decade-long break from Indian Ocean exploration. King John was beset by numerous problems, including the death of his only son, a war in Morocco, and his own failing health. It was not until 1497 that another voyage
759-519: The hazards and following the loss of several vessels, notably the Arniston , a lighthouse was built in 1848. The lighthouse now plays host to a museum and a small rustic restaurant. 34°49′59.6″S 20°00′0″E / 34.833222°S 20.00000°E / -34.833222; 20.00000 ( Cape Agulhas ) Kwaaihoek Kwaaihoek is a rocky headland on the coast of Algoa Bay , at Boknesstrand near Bushman's River Mouth in
792-408: The royal warehouses; on the 10th of October in this year he received an annuity of 6000 reis from King John for "services to come"; and some time after this (probably about July or August 1487, rather than July 1486, the traditional date) he left Lisbon with three ships to carry on the work of African exploration so greatly advanced by Diogo Cão. Dias was also charged with searching for Prester John ,
825-500: The same direction, come up against the warmer Agulhas Current in the region of the cape. These conflicting currents of water of different densities, and the west winds blowing against the Agulhas Current, can create extremely hazardous wave conditions; these are further exacerbated by the shallow waters of the Agulhas Bank , a broad, shallow part of the continental shelf which juts 250 kilometres (155 mi) south from
858-430: The ships were battered. Although Dias wanted to continue, the rest of the officers unanimously favored returning to Portugal, so he agreed to turn back. On their return voyage, they sailed close enough to Africa's southwestern coast to encounter the Cape of Good Hope for the first time in May 1488. Tradition has it that Dias originally named it the Cape of Storms ( Cabo das Tormentas ) and that King John II later renamed it
891-476: The southern tip of the continent, and it had demonstrated that the most effective southward ship route lay in the open ocean well to the west of the African coast-a route that would be followed by generations of Portuguese sailors. Despite these successes, Dias' reception at court was muted. There were no official proclamations, and, at the time, Dias received little in recognition of his accomplishments. No record has yet been found of any adequate reward for Diaz: on
924-566: The supplies they needed from it, and burnt it on the beach. Few details are known about the remainder of the voyage. The ships made stops at Príncipe , the Rio do Resgate (in present-day Liberia), and the Portuguese trading post of São Jorge da Mina. Dias returned to Lisbon in December 1488, after an absence of 16 months. The Dias expedition had explored a thousand more miles of the African coastline than previous expeditions had reached; it had rounded
957-699: The year 1500 the direction of magnetic north (and therefore the compass needle) coincided with true north in the region. The cape is within the Cape Agulhas Local Municipality in the Overberg District of the Western Cape province of South Africa. South of Cape Agulhas the warm Agulhas Current that flows south along the east coast of Africa retroflects back into the Indian Ocean. While retroflecting, it pinches off large ocean eddies (Agulhas rings) that drift into
990-572: Was born around 1450 in the Faro District of Portugal. His family had a maritime background, and one of his ancestors, Dinis Dias, explored the African coast in the 1440s and discovered the Cap-Vert peninsula in today's Senegal in 1445. Tracing his biography is complicated by the existence of several contemporary Portuguese seafarers with the same name. He was clearly a seaman of considerable experience and may have been trading for ivory along
1023-539: Was commissioned and Dias was asked to provide assistance. Drawing on his experience with maritime exploration, Dias contributed to the design and construction of the São Gabriel and its sister ship the São Rafael . These were two of the ships that Vasco da Gama used to sail around the Cape of Good Hope and continue to India. Dias participated in the first half of da Gama's voyage but stayed behind after reaching
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1056-406: Was married and had two sons, Simão Dias de Novais and António Dias de Novais. His grandson Paulo Dias de Novais became the first governor of Portuguese Angola and, in 1576, the founder of São Paulo de Luanda . The Portuguese government erected two navigational beacons, Dias Cross and da Gama Cross , to commemorate Dias and Vasco da Gama, who were the first modern European explorers to reach
1089-571: Was to drop them off at various points along the African coast so that they could testify to the grandeur of the Portuguese kingdom and make inquiries into the possible whereabouts of Prester John. The expedition sailed directly to the Congo, and from there proceeded more carefully down the African coast, often naming notable geographic features after saints that were honored on the Catholic Church's calendar. When they weighed anchor at what today
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