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78-466: Basketry is made from a variety of fibrous or pliable materials—anything that will bend and form a shape. Examples include pine , straw , willow (esp. osier ), oak , wisteria , forsythia , vines , stems , fur , hide , grasses , thread, and fine wooden splints. There are many applications for basketry, from simple mats to hot air balloon gondolas. Many Indigenous peoples are renowned for their basket-weaving techniques. While basket weaving

156-416: A tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen climate classification Aw ), with a lengthy wet season and relatively constant temperatures throughout the year. Ibadan's wet season runs from March through October, though August sees somewhat of a lull in precipitation. This lull divides the wet season into two different wet seasons. November to February forms the city's dry season , during which Ibadan experiences

234-445: A basket are the base, the side walls, and the rim. A basket may also have a lid, handle, or embellishments. Most baskets begin with a base. The base can either be woven with reed or wooden. A wooden base can come in many shapes to make a wide variety of shapes of baskets. The "static" pieces of the work are laid down first. In a round basket, they are referred to as "spokes"; in other shapes, they are called "stakes" or "staves". Then

312-488: A fabric. Artificial fibers consist of regenerated fibers and synthetic fibers. Semi-synthetic fibers are made from raw materials with naturally long-chain polymer structure and are only modified and partially degraded by chemical processes, in contrast to completely synthetic fibers such as nylon (polyamide) or dacron (polyester), which the chemist synthesizes from low-molecular weight compounds by polymerization (chain-building) reactions. The earliest semi-synthetic fiber

390-467: A general aspect ratio (defined as the ratio of fiber length to diameter) between 20 and 60, and (ii) long fibers, also known as continuous fibers, the general aspect ratio is between 200 and 500. Metallic fibers can be drawn from ductile metals such as copper, gold or silver and extruded or deposited from more brittle ones, such as nickel, aluminum or iron. Carbon fibers are often based on oxidized and via pyrolysis carbonized polymers like PAN , but

468-463: A long tradition in Tamil Nadu and surrounding states. Chinese bamboo weaving , Taiwanese bamboo weaving , Japanese bamboo weaving and Korean bamboo weaving go back centuries. Bamboo is the prime material for making all sorts of baskets, since it is the main material that is available and suitable for basketry. Other materials that may be used are ratan and hemp palm. In Japan, bamboo weaving

546-710: A low number of surface defects; asbestos is a common one. Invented in Japan in the early 1980s, microfibers are also known as microdenier fibers. Acrylic, nylon, polyester, lyocell and rayon can be produced as microfibers. In 1986, Hoechst A.G. of Germany produced microfiber in Europe. This fiber made it way into the United States in 1990 by DuPont. Microfibers in textiles refer to sub-denier fiber (such as polyester drawn to 0.5 denier). Denier and Dtex are two measurements of fiber yield based on weight and length. If

624-649: A major point of bulk trade. In 1893, the Ibadan area became a British Protectorate after a treaty signed by Fijabi, the Baale of Ibadan with the British acting Governor of Lagos Colony , George C. Denton on 15 August. Its central location and accessibility from the capital city of Lagos were major considerations in the choice of Ibadan as the headquarters of the Western Provinces (1939) which ranged from

702-417: A number of applications. This is because artificial fibers can be engineered chemically, physically, and mechanically to suit particular technical engineering. In choosing a fiber type, a manufacturer would balance their properties with the technical requirements of the applications. Various fibers are available to select for manufacturing. Here are typical properties of the sample natural fibers as compared to

780-707: A relaxation bar. The city is also host to dozens of football academies where soccer talents are groomed. The Agodi Gardens of Oyo State has been completely refurbished to contain a Botanical Garden, Zoo, Swimming pool, Guest house, Bar and Restaurants. In addition, there are the Ibadan Polo Club at Eleyele and the Ibadan Golf Club in the Onireke reservation Area. The city has the first standard Nigerian stadium, The Obafemi Awolowo Stadium formerly Liberty Stadium as well as The Lekan Salami Stadium which

858-483: A replacement for the palm fronds and/or re-use of discarded prayer mat materials. These baskets are strong and used for laundry hampers, planters, bowls, rugs, and more. Zulu baskets are a traditional craft in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa and were used for utilitarian purposes including holding water, beer, or food; the baskets can take many months to weave. Starting in the late 1960s, Zulu basketry

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936-525: A report, Ibadan is the 3rd cheapest Nigerian city to live in. Ibadan is a busy city but also accommodates an adequate amount of entertainment and relaxation. There are various sport centres and facilities within the city limits of Ibadan. The Ibadan recreational club established 1902 in the Sabo area of the city is one of the oldest of such clubs in the country. It offers a swimming pool, tennis courts, basketball courts, snooker, squash courts, darts corner, and

1014-744: A tradition of coiled basketry, using the sedge grasses growing near the lakes and mouth of the Murray River . The fibre basketry of the Gunditjmara people is noted as a cultural tradition, in the World Heritage Listing of the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape in western Victoria, Australia , used for carrying the short-finned eels that were farmed by the people in an extensive aquaculture system. Native Americans traditionally make their baskets from

1092-546: A variety of grasses. These materials vary widely in color and appearance. Because vines have always been readily accessible and plentiful for weavers, they have been a common choice for basketry purposes. The runners are preferable to the vine stems because they tend to be straighter. Pliable materials like kudzu vine to more rigid, woody vines like bittersweet, grapevine, honeysuckle, wisteria and smokevine are good basket weaving materials. Although many vines are not uniform in shape and size, they can be manipulated and prepared in

1170-678: A viscous mass and formed into fibers by extrusion through spinnerets. Therefore, the manufacturing process leaves few characteristics distinctive of the natural source material in the finished products. Some examples of this fiber type are: Historically, cellulose diacetate and -triacetate were classified under the term rayon, but are now considered distinct materials. Synthetic come entirely from synthetic materials such as petrochemicals , unlike those artificial fibers derived from such natural substances as cellulose or protein. Fiber classification in reinforced plastics falls into two classes: (i) short fibers, also known as discontinuous fibers, with

1248-433: A way that makes them easily used in traditional and contemporary basketry. Most vines can be split and dried to store until use. Once vines are ready to be used, they can be soaked or boiled to increase pliability. The type of baskets that reed is used for are most often referred to as " wicker " baskets, though another popular type of weaving known as "twining" is also a technique used in most wicker baskets. The parts of

1326-634: A woven, non woven or knitted structure. Fiber surfaces can also be dull or bright. Dull surfaces reflect more light while bright tends to transmit light and make the fiber more transparent. Very short and/or irregular fibers have been called fibrils. Natural cellulose , such as cotton or bleached kraft , show smaller fibrils jutting out and away from the main fiber structure. Fibers can be divided into natural and artificial (synthetic) substance, their properties can affect their performance in many applications. Synthetic fiber materials are increasingly replacing other conventional materials like glass and wood in

1404-529: Is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate fibers, for example carbon fiber and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene . Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but for clothing natural fibers have some benefits, such as comfort, over their synthetic counterparts. Natural fibers develop or occur in

1482-531: Is a traditional practice across the Pacific islands of Polynesia . It uses natural materials like pandanus , coconut fibre , hibiscus fibre , and New Zealand flax according to local custom. Baskets are used for food and general storage, carrying personal goods, and fishing. Basketry has been traditionally practised by the women of many Aboriginal Australian peoples across the continent for centuries. The Ngarrindjeri women of southern South Australia have

1560-537: Is a vital part of Mi'kmaw culture and art. Baskets were functional, used in agriculture, and also decorative. Mi'kmaw basket makers were renowned for their intricate patterns woven in bright colours. In New England , traditional baskets are woven from Swamp Ash . The wood is peeled off a felled log in strips, following the growth rings of the tree. In Maine and the Great Lakes regions, traditional baskets are woven from black ash splints. Pack baskets from

1638-539: Is estimated that Ibadan covered 400 km . The growth of the built-up area during the second half of the 20th century (from 40 km in the 1950s to 250 km in the 1990s) shows clearly that there has been an underestimate of the total growth of the city. In the 1980s, the Ibadan-Lagos expressway generated the greatest urban sprawl (east and north of the city), followed by the Eleiyele expressway (west of

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1716-434: Is home to several industries such as Agro allied, Textile, Food processing, Health Care and Cosmetic, Tobacco processing and Cigarette manufacturing, Leatherworks and furniture making Etc. There is abundance of clay , kaolin and aquamarine in the city environs, and there are several cattle ranches , a dairy farm as well as a commercial abattoir in Ibadan. There are dozens of banks and Insurance firms spread out across

1794-565: Is home to the first television station in Africa. The city has two zoological gardens , one located within the University of Ibadan and another at Agodi Gardens which also contains a botanical garden . The Bower's Tower , built in 1936, is to the east on Oke Aàre (Aare's Hill) ("Aare" in Yoruba means commander-in-chief or generalissimo), which can be seen from practically any point in

1872-556: Is located in south-western Nigeria in the southeastern part of Oyo State at about 119 kilometres (74 miles) northeast of Lagos and 120 kilometres (75 miles) east of the Nigerian international border with the Republic of Benin . It lies completely within the tropical forest zone but close to the boundary between the forest and the derived savanna. The city ranges in elevation from 150 m in the valley area, to 275 m above sea level on

1950-399: Is one of the widest spread crafts in the history of any human civilization , it is hard to say just how old the craft is, because natural materials like wood, grass, and animal remains decay naturally and constantly. So without proper preservation, much of the history of basket making has been lost and is simply speculated upon. The earliest reliable evidence for basket weaving technology in

2028-425: Is plentiful and can be cut into any size or shape that might be needed for a pattern. This includes flat reed, which is used for most square baskets; oval reed, which is used for many round baskets; and round reed, which is used to twine; another advantage is that reed can also be dyed easily to look like oak or hickory. Many types of plants can be used to create baskets: dog rose, honeysuckle, blackberry briars once

2106-420: Is registered as a traditional Japanese craft ( 工芸 , kōgei ) with a range of fine and decorative arts. Southeast Asia has thousands of sophisticated forms of indigenous basketry produce, many of which use ethnic-endemic techniques. Materials used vary considerably, depending on the ethnic group and the basket art intended to be made. Bamboo, grass, banana, reeds, and trees are common mediums. Basketry

2184-417: Is still practiced today, for instance by Mike Dart ( Cherokee Nation ). Northwestern peoples use spruce root, cedar bark, and swampgrass. Ceremonial basketry hats are particularly valued by Northwest peoples and are worn today at potlatches . Traditionally, women wove basketry hats, and men painted designs on them. Delores Churchill is a Haida from Alaska who began weaving in a time when Haida basketry

2262-476: Is the capital and most populous city of Oyo State , in Nigeria . It is the third-largest city by population in Nigeria after Lagos and Kano , with a total population of 3,649,000 as of 2021, and over 6 million people within its metropolitan area. It is one of the country's largest cities by geographical area . At the time of Nigeria's independence in 1960, Ibadan was the largest and most populous city in

2340-412: Is the cellulose regenerated fiber, rayon . Most semi-synthetic fibers are cellulose regenerated fibers. Cellulose fibers are a subset of artificial fibers, regenerated from natural cellulose . The cellulose comes from various sources: rayon from tree wood fiber, bamboo fiber from bamboo, seacell from seaweed , etc. In the production of these fibers, the cellulose is reduced to a fairly pure form as

2418-620: Is the headquarters for the Oodua Investment Company co-owned by all south-western states. Other tall buildings around Dugbe axis include Femi Johnson glass house, CBN building, United Bank for Africa, Oxford building, Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria's Building, among others. There is a museum in the building of the Institute of African Studies , which exhibits several remarkable pre-historic bronze carvings and statues. The city has several well stocked libraries , and

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2496-612: Is the home of 3SC, Shooting stars football club , the team that won Nigeria's first international trophy, The African Cup Winners' Cup in 1976 by defeating Tonnerre Yaoundé of Cameroon 4 – 2 on aggregate points. The city of Ibadan is a major Nigerian transport hub with freeways linking it with Lagos in the South South West, Ijebu Ode and Shagamu in the South, Abeokuta in the West, Oyo , ogbomosho , Offa and Ilorin in

2574-714: The Adirondack region have traditionally been woven from black ash or willow . Baskets are also woven from sweet grass , as is traditionally done by Canadian indigenous peoples. Birchbark is used throughout the Subarctic , by a wide range of peoples from the Dene to Ojibwa to Mi'kmaq . Birchbark baskets are often embellished with dyed porcupine quills. Some of the more notable styles are Nantucket Baskets and Williamsburg Baskets. Nantucket Baskets are large and bulky, while Williamsburg Baskets can be any size, so long as

2652-720: The Negev in the Middle East, dates to 10,500 years old. However, baskets seldom survive, as they are made from perishable materials. The most common evidence of a knowledge of basketry is an imprint of the weave on fragments of clay pots, formed by packing clay on the walls of the basket and firing . During the Industrial Revolution , baskets were used in factories and for packing and deliveries. Wicker furniture became fashionable in Victorian society. During

2730-485: The "weavers" are used to fill in the sides of a basket. A wide variety of patterns can be made by changing the size, colour, or placement of a certain style of weave. To achieve a multi-coloured effect, aboriginal artists first dye the twine and then weave the twines together in complex patterns. Basketry exists throughout the Indian subcontinent. Since palms are found in the south, basket weaving with this material has

2808-421: The 1890s which extended over much of northern and eastern Yorubaland. It was appropriately nicknamed idi-Ibon or "gun base", because of its unique military character. In Ibadan, unlike other Yoruba cities with traditional kingship institutions, the warrior class became the rulers of the city as well as the most important economic group. Ibadan grew into an impressive and sprawling urban canter, such that by

2886-1204: The Middle East comes from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic phases of Tell Sabi Abyad II and Çatalhöyük . Although no actual basketry remains were recovered, impressions on floor surfaces and on fragments of bitumen suggest that basketry objects were used for storage and architectural purposes. The extremely well-preserved Early Neolithic ritual cave site of Nahal Hemar yielded thousands of intact perishable artefacts, including basketry containers, fabrics, and various types of cordage. Additional Neolithic basketry impressions have been uncovered at Tell es-Sultan (Jericho), Netiv HaGdud , Beidha , Shir, Tell Sabi Abyad III , Domuztepe , Umm Dabaghiyah, Tell Maghzaliyah , Tepe Sarab , Jarmo , and Ali Kosh . The oldest known baskets were discovered in Faiyum in upper Egypt and have been carbon dated to between 10,000 and 12,000 years old, earlier than any established dates for archaeological evidence of pottery vessels, which were too heavy and fragile to suit far-ranging hunter-gatherers. The oldest and largest complete basket, discovered in

2964-634: The Mokola axis of the city. Modes of transport include, cabs & taxis, taxi-vans commonly called Danfos , and in more recent times mass transit buses have commenced operations to reduce the hardship of students and workers commuting from various suburban areas to the city centre, private/personal/family cars, scooters commonly known as Okadas , Coach (bus) services, more commonly known locally as "luxurious busses" such as Alakowe Bus , ABC Transport , Cross Country ltd Etc., which operate To and Fro services linking Ibadan and all other major destinations in

3042-632: The Nigerian Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), all under the auspices of The Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria. In 1853, the first Europeans to settle in Ibadan, Reverend David and Anna Hinderer , started Ibadan's first Western schools. They built churches and Anna taught at the new school. They built the first two-storey building in Ibadan, which can still be found today at Kudeti. The first pupils to attend an elementary school in Ibadan were Yejide Olunloyo (female) and Akinyele Olunloyo (male) –

3120-634: The North, Ife , Ado Ekiti , Osogbo , Ilesha , Akure , Okene , Auchi and other cities towards the East. The city is also served by an airport, the Ibadan Airport , which operates daily flights to Abuja, Lagos, Kano, Ilorin etc. through major airlines in Nigeria. The city is a major terminus railway station on the main railway line linking Lagos with Kano in the North of the country. Nearly all

3198-789: The University College of Ibadan), the Obafemi Awolowo Hall in the University of Ibadan is said to be one of the tallest and largest hostel in West Africa. The first teaching hospital in Nigeria, University College Hospital, were both built in this ancient city. Ibadan is host to Nigeria's premier higher institution of learning, the University of Ibadan . Established as a college of the University of London in 1948, and later converted into an autonomous university in 1962. Other higher educational institutions in

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3276-511: The World Wars some pannier baskets were used for dropping supplies of ammunition and food to the troops . Basketry may be classified into four types: Weaving with rattan core (also known as reed) is one of the more popular techniques being practiced, because it is easily available. It is pliable, and when woven correctly, it is very sturdy. Also, while traditional materials like oak, hickory , and willow might be hard to come by, reed

3354-710: The city and its suburbs. Other noteworthy institutions in the city include The University College Hospital, Ibadan (UCH), which is the first teaching hospital in Nigeria; the internationally acclaimed International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) headquartered in the city. Established in 1967, it focuses on the agricultural and developmental needs of tropical countries, with several research stations spread across Africa. The Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER), The Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria , The National Root Crops Research Institute , and The Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), The Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria ,

3432-927: The city and six semi-urban local governments. Local governments at present are institutions created by the military government but recognised by the 1999 constitution, and they are the third tier of government in Nigeria. Local government councils consist of the Executive Arm made up of the Executive Chairman, the Vice Chairman, the Secretary and the Supervisory Councillors. Ibadan Urban – LGA Chairman Ibadan Semi-Urban – LGA Chairman The former Executive Governor of Oyo State, Senator Isiaka Abiola Ajimobi , created some Local Council Development Areas (LCDAs) out of some of

3510-508: The city include; The Polytechnic, Ibadan , Lead City University , First Technical University, Kola Daisi University, Federal college of Animal health and Production Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Highland College of Technology, Samonda, Federal School of Statistics, Federal Cooperative College, Tower Polytechnic, Ibadan, Ibadan City Polytechnic, Citigate Polytechnic, NIIT University among others. There are also numerous public and private primary and secondary schools located in

3588-547: The city is to use reference points and notable landmarks . Dugbe district is the commercial nerve centre of Ibadan. This is where many banks have one or more branches. The south west regional office of the Central Bank of Nigeria is at Dugbe. Also at Dugbe is the Cocoa House , Nigeria 's first skyscraper . It is one of the few skyscrapers in the city and is at the hub of Ibadan's commercial centre. The Cocoa house

3666-508: The city was approximately 103.8 km However, only 36.2 km was built up. This meant that the remaining 67 km were devoted to non-urban uses, such as farmlands, river floodplains, forest reserves and water bodies. These "non-urban land uses" disappeared in the 1960s: an aerial photograph in 1973 revealed that the urban landscape had completely spread over about 100 km . The land area increased from 136 km in 1981 to 210–240 km in 1988-89 (Areola, 1994: 101). By 2000, it

3744-788: The city). Since then, Ibadan city has spread further into the neighbouring local government areas of Akinyele and Egbeda in particular. Among the places of worship , there are Christian churches and temples: Church of Nigeria ( Anglican Communion ), Dominion City Church, Presbyterian Church of Nigeria ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ), Nigerian Baptist Convention ( Baptist World Alliance ), Living Faith Church Worldwide , Redeemed Christian Church of God , HarvestHouse Christian Centre, The Covenant Nation, Assemblies of God , Seventh-day Adventist Church , Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ibadan ( Catholic Church ), Ensign Church of Nations , The Deeper Life Bible Church,and some Pentecostal churches, and Muslim mosques. The best method to move about

3822-430: The city, and was initially intended to be a war camp for warriors coming from Oyo, Ife and Ijebu . As a forest site containing several ranges of hills, varying in elevation from 160 to 275 meters, the location of the camp offered strategic defense opportunities. Moreover, its location at the fringe of the forest (from which the city got its name) promoted its emergence as a marketing center for traders and goods from both

3900-592: The city; it also provides an excellent view of the whole city from the top. It is named after Robert Lister Bower , and is sometimes called "Láyípo" - a testament to the spiral staircase in the monument. Other buildings include Mapo Hall – the colonial style city hall – perched on top of a hill, "Oke Mapo", Mapo Hill ("oke" is hill in Yoruba, the cultural centre Mokola and the Obafemi Awolowo Stadium (formerly Liberty Stadium). The first citadel of higher learning, University of Ibadan (formerly

3978-558: The cityscape that service the city's millions of inhabitants. The main economic activities engaged in by the Ibadan populace include Agriculture, Trade, Public service employment, Factory work, Service sector/Tertiary production, Etc. The headquarters of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) have extensive grounds for crop and agricultural research into key tropical crops such as bananas, plantains, maize, cassava, soybean, cowpea and yam. According to

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4056-418: The country and beyond, as well as pedestrian walking. Since 2021, there is a new railway connection (standard gauge), which brings passengers to Lagos in less than 3 hours. It leaves at 8:00 and 16:00 every day (on time). The new railway line came with a new railway station. Phase 1 of the Ibadan circular road, a 110 km road which encircles Ibadan, as at April 2023 is under construction The city host

4134-758: The country, and the second-most populous in Africa behind Cairo . Ibadan is ranked one of the fastest-growing cities in sub-Saharan Africa, according to the UN Human Settlements Program (2022). It is also ranked third in West Africa in the tech startups index. Ibadan joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2016. Ibadan is located in south-western Nigeria, 129 kilometres (80 mi) inland northeast of Lagos and 530 kilometres (330 mi) southwest of Abuja ,

4212-457: The country. Ibadan, coined from the phrase "Eba-Odan", which literally means 'by the edge of the meadow', came into existence in 1829, during a period of turmoil that characterized Yorubaland at the time. It was in this period that many old Yoruba cities such as old Oyo (Oyo-ile), Ijaye and Owu disappeared, and newer ones such as Abeokuta , new Oyo (Oyo Atiba) and Ibadan sprang up to replace them. According to local historians, Lagelu founded

4290-624: The craft of Zulu basket weaving but because of the Vukani Arts Association they taught others and revived the art. Beauty Ngxongo is the most renowned living Zulu basket weaver. Zulu telephone wire baskets are a contemporary craft. These are often brightly colored baskets and made with telephone wire (sometimes from a recycled source), which is a substitute for native grasses. Fiber Fiber (also spelled fibre in British English ; from Latin: fibra )

4368-446: The end of 1829, Ibadan dominated the Yoruba region militarily, politically and economically . The military sanctuary expanded even further when refugees began arriving in large numbers from northern Oyo following raids by Fulani warriors. After losing the northern portion of their region to the marauding Fulanis , many Oyo indigenes retreated deeper into the Ibadan environs. The Fulani Caliphate attempted to expand further into

4446-758: The end product is almost pure carbon. Silicon carbide fibers, where the basic polymers are not hydrocarbons but polymers, where about 50% of the carbon atoms are replaced by silicon atoms, so-called poly-carbo- silanes . The pyrolysis yields an amorphous silicon carbide, including mostly other elements like oxygen, titanium, or aluminium, but with mechanical properties very similar to those of carbon fibers. Fiberglass , made from specific glass, and optical fiber , made from purified natural quartz , are also artificial fibers that come from natural raw materials, silica fiber , made from sodium silicate (water glass) and basalt fiber made from melted basalt. Mineral fibers can be particularly strong because they are formed with

4524-588: The existing local government areas in Oyo State. From the Ibadan Urban Local Government areas, the following LCDAs were created. Out of Ibadan North Local Government area, Aare Latosa LCDA and Irepodun LCDA were created. Out of Ibadan North East Local Government area, Ibadan East LCDA was created. Out of Ibadan North West Local Government area, Oke'Badan North LCDA was created. Out of Ibadan South East Local Government area, Ibadan South LCDA

4602-527: The federal capital. It is a prominent transit point between the coastal region and areas in the hinterland of the country. Ibadan had been the administrative center of the old Western Region since the early days of British colonial rule, and parts of the city's ancient protective walls still stand to this day. The principal inhabitants of the city are the Yoruba people , as well as various communities (notably Igbo, Hausa , Edo, and Ibibio ) from other parts of

4680-572: The fiber density is known, you also have a fiber diameter, otherwise it is simpler to measure diameters in micrometers. Microfibers in technical fibers refer to ultra-fine fibers (glass or meltblown thermoplastics ) often used in filtration. Newer fiber designs include extruding fiber that splits into multiple finer fibers. Most synthetic fibers are round in cross-section, but special designs can be hollow, oval, star-shaped or trilobal . The latter design provides more optically reflective properties. Synthetic textile fibers are often crimped to provide bulk in

4758-401: The fiber shape, and include those produced by plants, animals, and geological processes. They can be classified according to their origin: Artificial or chemical fibers are fibers whose chemical composition, structure, and properties are significantly modified during the manufacturing process. In fashion, a fiber is a long and thin strand or thread of material that can be knit or woven into

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4836-789: The first T.V station in Africa NTA, Ibadan established as Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) in 1959. The oldest surviving Nigeria newspaper is in Ibadan Tribune founded by chief Obafemi Awolowo Premier of Western Nigeria. The first private TV station Galaxy TV in Oyo State also started in the city. As at 2014 the city is home to several media outlets including Galaxy TV Satellite channels are provided by The radio stations in Ibadan are increasing in number compared to 5–10 years ago, when only 3 operated. Today, there are: There are also online communities of Ibadan residents such as CONNECTIBADAN, Ibadan247, IBpulse and WhatsupIbadan. They help

4914-477: The forest and grassland areas. In 1852, the Church Missionary Society sent David and Anna Hinderer to found a mission. They decided to build the mission and a church in Ibadan when they arrived in 1853. Ibadan thus had initially begun as a military state and remained so until the last decade of the 19th century. The city-state also succeeded in building a large empire from the 1860s to

4992-514: The limberbush plant, Jatropha cuneata . In Greece, basket weaving is practiced by the anchorite monks of Mount Athos . Wolof baskets are a coil basket created by the Wolof tribe of Senegal . These baskets is considered a women's craft, which have been passed across generations. The Wolof baskets were traditionally made by using thin cuts of palm frond and a thick grass called njodax; however contemporary Wolof baskets often incorporate plastic as

5070-455: The major north–south ridge which crosses the central part of the city. The city covers a total area of 3,080 square kilometres (1,190 sq mi), the largest in Nigeria. The city of Ibadan is naturally drained by five rivers with many tributaries: Ona River in the North and West; Ogbere River towards the East; Ogunpa River flowing through the city and Kudeti River in the Central part of

5148-504: The major roads are dualized (Double carriage roads), such roads include the Ojoo-Sango-Mokola road that passes in front of the University of Ibadan, others include Ring road-Orita-Challenge-New Garage ways and the recently completed Dugbe-Eleyele-Jerico Road. There are various roundabouts, intersections and flyovers within the city, the latest being the Mokola flyover built to reduce persistent traffic gridlock being experienced in

5226-1003: The materials available locally. Arctic and Subarctic tribes use sea grasses for basketry. At the dawn of the 20th century, Inupiaq men began weaving baskets from baleen , a substance derived from whale jaws, and incorporating walrus ivory and whale bone in basketry. In Mi'kma'ki (composed of now Nova Scotia , New Brunswick and eastern Quebec , Canada ), the Mi’kmaq used plants and animals for their fibre and dye sources in their basketry. Two archaeological sites revealed traditional materials of moose-tendon fibres, cattail plant ( Typha latifolia ), true rush (Scirpus lacustris), sweetgrass ( Hierochloe odorata ), American beach grass (Amophilia brevingulata), birch tree ( Betula papyrifera ), white cedar ( Thuja occidentalis ), basswood (Tilia Americana), black ash ( Fraxinus nigra ), white ash ( Fraxinus americana ), poplar ( Populus tremuloides ), and red maple ( Acer rubrum ). Black ash, or wosqoq, basketry

5304-579: The metropolis. Ogunpa River , a third-order stream with a channel length of 12.76 km and a catchment area of 54.92 km . Lake Eleyele is located at the northwestern part of the city, while the Osun River , Asejire Lake bounds the city to the east and the fifth rivers boundary Ibadan with other Oke-Oguns towns, witch call Odo-ogun Rivers across Lagos State , Ogun State , Osun State, Iseyin Town and Eruwa Town boundary to Ibadan. Ibadan has

5382-624: The northernmost areas of Oyo State to Ekeremor , Bomadi and Patani, which were regions transferred from the old Delta province in the Old Western region and later Mid-west to the old Rivers state and later Bayelsa, in the redistricting of Nigeria carried out by the Yakubu Gowon administration shortly before the Nigerian Civil War . In 2024, Ibadan was the site of a failed coup attempt by Yoruba separatists . Ibadan

5460-564: The properties of artificial fibers. (in) (Ksi) (Ksi) (%) (%) (Kraft Pulp) b  N/A means properties not readily available or not applicable (0.001 in) (Ksi) (%) (%) (°C) Temp (°C)    Low    High 0.92 0.95 11-17 50-71 25-50 20-30 nil nil 110 135 55 65 b  N/A means properties not readily available or not applicable Ibadan Ibadan ( UK : / ɪ ˈ b æ d ən / , US : / ɪ ˈ b ɑː d ən / ; Yoruba : Ìbàdàn )

5538-475: The southern region of modern-day Nigeria, but was decisively defeated by the armies of Ibadan in 1840, which eventually halted their progress. The colonial period reinforced the position of the city in the Yoruba urban network. After a small boom in rubber business (1901–1913), cocoa became the main produce of the region and attracted European and Levantine firms, as well as southern and northern traders from Lagos, Ijebu-Ode and Kano among others. The city became

5616-747: The thorns have been scraped off and many other creepers. Willow was used for its flexibility and the ease with which it could be grown and harvested. Willow baskets were commonly referred to as wickerwork in England. Water hyacinth is used as a base material in some areas where the plant has become a serious pest. For example, a group in Ibadan led by Achenyo Idachaba have been creating handicrafts in Nigeria. Other materials used in basketry include cedar bark, cedar root, spruce root, cattail leaves and tule. Some elements that may be used for decoration include maidenhair fern stems, horsetail root, red cherry bark and

5694-422: The two children of an Ibadan high chief. Ibadan is the capital city of Oyo State , the fourth largest state economy in Nigeria, and the second largest non-oil state economy in Nigeria after Lagos state . With its strategic location on the railway line connecting Lagos to Kano , the city is a major centre for trade in cassava , cocoa , cotton , timber , rubber , and palm oil . The city and its environs

5772-502: The two sides of the basket bow out slightly and get larger as it is woven up. Southeastern peoples, such as the Atakapa , Cherokee , Choctaw , and Chitimacha , traditionally use split river cane for basketry. A particularly difficult technique for which these peoples are known is double-weave or double-wall basketry, in which each basketry is formed by an interior and exterior wall seamlessly woven together. Doubleweave, although rare,

5850-465: The typical West African harmattan . The mean total rainfall for Ibadan is approximately 1,230 millimetres or 48 inches, falling over about 123 days. There are two peaks for rainfall, June and September. The mean daily temperature is 26.46 °C or 79.63 °F, the mean minimum 21.42 °C or 70.56 °F, and the relative humidity 74.55%. There are 11 local governments in the Ibadan metropolitan area, consisting of five urban local governments in

5928-552: Was a dying art form due to the introduction of tin and plastic water containers. Kjell Lofroth, a Swedish minister living in South Africa, noticed a decline in the local crafts, and after a drought in the KwaZulu-Natal province and he formed the Vukani Arts Association (English: wake up and get going) to financially support single women and their families. In this time period of the late 1960s, only three elderly women knew

6006-566: Was created. Out of Ibadan South West Local Government area, Ibadan West LCDA was created. From the Ibadan Semi-urban Local Government areas, the following LCDAs were created. Out of Akinyele Local Government area, Akinyele South LCDA and Akinyele East LCDA were created. Until 1970, Ibadan was the largest city in Sub-Saharan Africa by surface area. In 1952, it was estimated that the total area of

6084-500: Was in decline, but she and others have ensured it will continue by teaching the next generation. Indigenous peoples of California and Great Basin are known for their basketry skills. Coiled baskets are particularly common, woven from sumac , yucca , willow , and basket rush . The works by Californian basket makers include many pieces in museums. In northwestern Mexico , the Seri people continue to "sew" baskets using splints of

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