26-809: (Redirected from Belomorian ) Area of the Fennoscandian Shield spanning parts of Northwest Russia [REDACTED] Geological map of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Fennoscandia : Archean rocks of the Karelia , Belomorian, and Kola domains Proterozoic rocks of the Karelia and Kola domains Svecofennian Domain Transscandinavian Igneous Belt Timanide Orogen Sveconorwegian Orogen (including
52-636: A large portion of the present day eastern seacoast of Sweden and the Geats in Västergötland and Östergötland . These peoples spoke closely related dialects of an Indo-European language, Old Norse . Although political boundaries have shifted, descendants of these peoples still are the dominant populations in the peninsula in the early 21st century. Although the Nordic countries look back on more than 1,000 years of history as distinct political entities,
78-791: Is the largest of the peninsulas of Europe , with a greater area than the Balkan , Iberian and Italian peninsulas. During the Ice Ages , the sea level of the Atlantic Ocean dropped so much that the Baltic Sea , the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland disappeared, and the countries now surrounding them, including Germany, Poland, the other Baltic countries and Scandinavia, were directly joined by land. The largest peninsula in Europe,
104-738: The Napoleonic Wars and only attained full independence in 1905. Having been an autonomous grand duchy within the Russian Empire since 1809, Finland declared independence during the Soviet revolution of Russia in 1917. Iceland declared its independence from Denmark in 1944, while Denmark was under the occupation of Nazi Germany . Iceland was encouraged to do this by the British and American armed forces that were defending Iceland from Nazi invasion. The Wehrmacht invaded Norway in 1940 and
130-780: The Red Army had invaded southeastern Finland in the Winter War (1939–40) and had taken a large area of territory away from Finland. Sweden remained a neutral country during the First World War , the Korean War and the Cold War . In 1945, Norway, Denmark and Iceland were founding members of the United Nations . Sweden joined the U.N. soon after. Finland joined during the 1950s. The first Secretary General of
156-820: The Western Gneiss Region ) Caledonian nappes The Belomorian Province (also known as Belomorian Terrane , Belomorian Domain , Belomorian orogen , and Belomorides ) is an area of the Fennoscandian Shield spanning the parts of the Republic of Karelia and Murmansk Oblast in Northwest Russia . The province is named after the Russian name for the White Sea . The main rock types are orthogneiss (derived from
182-575: The tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite association), greenstone and paragneiss . Although these rocks formed in the Mesoarchean and Neoarchean , they were disturbed by tectonic movements and heat 1900–1800 million years ago in the Paleoproterozoic . Located between the Kola and Karelian domains the collision of these two blocks would have caused the disturbance. According to one view
208-679: The Atlantic Ocean. Much of the population of the Scandinavian Peninsula is naturally concentrated in its southern part, which is also its agricultural region. The largest cities of the peninsula are Stockholm , Sweden; Oslo , Norway; Gothenburg , Sweden; Malmö , Sweden and Bergen , Norway, in that order. The Scandinavian Peninsula occupies part of the Baltic Shield , a stable and large crust segment formed of very old, crystalline metamorphic rocks . Most of
234-3495: The Belomorian Province could just be a more metamorphosed part of the Karelian Province to the west. References [ edit ] ^ Sorjonen-Ward & Luukkonen 2005, p. 22. ^ Hölttä, Pentti; Balagansky, Victor; Garde, Adam A.; Mertanen, Satu; Peltonen, Petri; Slabunov, Alexander; Sorjonen-Ward, Peter; Whitehouse, Martin (2008). "Archean of Greenland and Fennoscandia" . Episodes . 31 (1): 13–19. doi : 10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i1/003 . ^ Sorjonen-Ward & Luukkonen 2005, p. 24. Bibliography Sorjonen-Ward, P.; Luukkonen, E.J. (2005). "Archean Rocks". In Lehtinen, Martti; Nurmi, Pekka A. (eds.). Precambrian Geology of Finland . Elsevier Science. pp. 18–99. ISBN 9780080457598 . v t e Geology of Fennoscandia Paleosurfaces Borsu surface Hardangervidda Muddus plains Paleic surface Ostrobothnian Plain South Småland peneplain 300 m peneplain 200 m peneplain Strandflat Sub-Cambrian peneplain Sub-Mesozoic hilly relief Sedimentary cover Moraines Billingen terminal moraine Pulju moraine Rogen moraine Salpausselkä Sevetti moraine Skövde terminal moraine Trollgarden Veiki moraine Sedimentary rock Alum Shale Formation Hedmark Group Jotnian sedimentary rock Reusch's Moraine Visingsö Group Structures Faults and shear zones Burträsk Fault Iapetus Suture Lainio Fault Nordfjord-Sogn Detachment Pärvie Fault Protogine Zone Röjnoret Fault Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone South Finland Shear Zone Large impact craters Dellen Gardnos crater Granby crater Hummeln structure Lappajärvi Lockne crater Lumparn Mien Ritland crater Siljan Ring Sääksjärvi Söderfjärden Suvasvesi Tvären Morphostrucures Central Swedish lowland Gulf of Bothnia rift Lake Inari graben Lake Ladoga graben Lofoten horst Muhos Graben Norrland terrain Omberg horst Oslo Graben Scandinavian Mountains Scanian horsts South Swedish Dome Vättern graben White Sea Rift System Lesser igneous provinces Alnö Complex Central Skåne Volcanic Province Fen Complex Kattsund-Koster dyke swarm Kola Alkaline Province Norra Kärr Rapakivi granites Särna Alkaline Complex Satakunta dyke swarms Provinces and orogens Belomorian Province Blekinge-Bornholm Province Kola Province Scandinavian Caledonides Svecofennian Province Sveconorwegian Province Transscandinavian Igneous Belt Timanide Orogen Western Gneiss Region Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belomorian_Province&oldid=1151890929 " Categories : Archean geology Geography of
260-637: The German Army occupied all of Norway until May 1945. With the acquiescence of the Kingdom of Sweden , German troops moved from northern Norway, across northern Sweden, into Finland, which had become an ally of Nazi Germany. Then, in the spring of 1941, the German Army and the Finnish Army invaded the Soviet Union together. The Republic of Finland had a grievance against the Soviet Union because
286-556: The Republic of Karelia Geography of Murmansk Oblast Geology of European Russia Paleoproterozoic orogenies Proterozoic Europe Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Scandinavian Peninsula Chronological history The Scandinavian Peninsula is located in Northern Europe , and roughly comprises the mainlands of Sweden , Norway and
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#1732764758709312-462: The Scandinavian Peninsula is approximately 1,850 kilometres (1,150 mi) long with a width varying approximately from 370 to 805 km (230 to 500 mi). The Scandinavian mountain range generally defines the border between Norway and Sweden. Its highest elevation was Glittertinden in Norway at 2,470 m (8,104 ft) above sea level, but since the glacier at its summit partially melted,
338-553: The Soviet Union and all other potential invaders. Finland later joined NATO in 2023, and Sweden in 2024, in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . Sweden and Finland joined the European Union in 1995. Norway, however, remains outside the Union. Borsu surface The Borsu surface ( Swedish : Borsuytan ) is an erosion surface found as valley benches in the northern Scandinavian Mountains . The surface
364-574: The United Nations , Trygve Lie , was a Norwegian citizen. The second Secretary General of the United Nations, Dag Hammarskjöld , was a Swedish citizen. Thus the people of the Scandinavian Peninsula had a strong influence in international affairs during the 20th century. In 1949, Norway, Denmark and Iceland became founding members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation for their defence against East Germany,
390-566: The area from the Mesolithic (8200 BC), up to the advent of agriculture in the Neolithic (3200 BC). The northern and central part of the peninsula is partially inhabited by the Sami , who began to arrive several thousand years after the Scandinavian Peninsula had already been inhabited in the south. In the earliest recorded periods they occupied the arctic and subarctic regions as well as
416-678: The borders were still fluid, with Finland gaining access to the Barents Sea in 1920, but ceding this territory to the Soviet Union in 1944. Denmark, Sweden and the Russian Empire dominated the political relationships on the Scandinavian Peninsula for centuries, with Iceland , Finland and Norway only gaining their full independence during the 20th century. The Kingdom of Norway – long held in personal union by Denmark – fell to Sweden after
442-635: The central part of the peninsula as far south as Dalarna , Sweden. They speak the Sami language , a non- Indo-European language of the Uralic family which is related to Finnish and Estonian . The first inhabitants of the peninsula were the Norwegians on the west coast of Norway, the Danes in what is now southern and western Sweden and southeastern Norway, the Svear in the region around Mälaren as well as
468-493: The deposits of iron ore in northwestern Sweden. In the 19th century these deposits prompted the building of a railway from northwestern Sweden to the Norwegian seaport of Narvik so that the iron ore could be exported by ship to places like southern Sweden, Germany, Great Britain and Belgium for smelting into iron and steel. This railway is in a region of Norway and Sweden that otherwise does not have any railways because of
494-479: The highest elevation is at 2,469 m (8,100 ft) at Galdhøpiggen , also in Norway. These mountains also have the largest glacier on the mainland of Europe, Jostedalsbreen . About one quarter of the Scandinavian Peninsula lies north of the Arctic Circle , its northernmost point being at Cape Nordkyn , Norway . The climate across Scandinavia varies from tundra ( Köppen : ET) and subarctic (Dfc) in
520-519: The international boundaries came late and emerged gradually. It was not until the middle of the 17th century that Sweden had a secure outlet on the Kattegat and control of the south Baltic coast. The Swedish and Norwegian boundaries were finally agreed and marked out in 1751. The Finnish-Norwegian border on the peninsula was established after extensive negotiation in 1809, and the common Norwegian-Russian districts were not partitioned until 1826. Even then
546-467: The north, with cool marine west coast climate (Cfc) in northwestern coastal areas reaching just north of Lofoten , to humid continental (Dfb) in the central portion and marine west coast (Cfb) in the south and southwest. The region is rich in timber, iron and copper with the best farmland in southern Sweden. Large petroleum and natural-gas deposits have been found off Norway's coast in the North Sea and
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#1732764758709572-478: The northwestern area of Finland . The name of the peninsula is derived from the term Scandinavia , the cultural region of Denmark , Norway and Sweden . That cultural name is in turn derived from the name of Scania , the region at the southern extremity of the peninsula which was for centuries a part of Denmark, which is the ancestral home of the Danes , and is now part of Sweden. The Scandinavian Peninsula
598-516: The river valleys, which were invaded by the sea when the ice melted, creating the noteworthy fjords of Norway. In the southern part of the peninsula, the glaciers deposited vast numbers of terminal moraines , configuring a very chaotic landscape. These terminal moraines covered all of what is now Denmark. Although the Baltic Shield is mostly geologically stable and hence resistant to the influences of other neighbouring tectonic formations,
624-463: The soil covering this substrate was scraped by glaciers during the Ice Ages of antiquity, especially in northern Scandinavia, where the Baltic Shield is closest to the surface of the land. As a consequence of this scouring, the elevation of the land, and the cool-to-cold climate , a relatively small percentage of its land is arable . The glaciation during the Ice Ages also deepened many of
650-515: The very rugged terrain, mountains and fjords of that part of Scandinavia. The first recorded human presence in the southern area of the peninsula and Denmark dates from 12,000 years ago. As the ice sheets from the glaciation retreated, the climate allowed a tundra biome that attracted reindeer hunters. The climate warmed up gradually, favouring the growth of evergreen trees first and then deciduous forest which brought animals like aurochs . Groups of hunter-fisher-gatherers started to inhabit
676-725: The weight of nearly four kilometres of ice during the Ice Ages caused all of the Scandinavian terrain to sink. When the ice sheet disappeared, the shield rose again, a tendency that continues to this day at a rate of about one metre per century. Conversely, the southern part has tended to sink to compensate, causing flooding of the Low Countries and Denmark. The crystalline substrate of the land and absence of soil in many places have exposed mineral deposits of metal ores , such as those of iron , copper , nickel , zinc , silver and gold . The very most valuable of these have been
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