Belle is a chess computer that was developed by Joe Condon (hardware) and Ken Thompson (software) at Bell Labs . In 1983, it was the first machine to achieve master-level play, with a USCF rating of 2250. It won the ACM North American Computer Chess Championship five times and the 1980 World Computer Chess Championship . It was the first system to win using specialized chess hardware.
28-576: [REDACTED] Look up Belle or belle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Belle may refer to: People and fictional characters [ edit ] Belle (given name) , a list of people and fictional characters Belle (surname) , a list of people Southern belle , a stock character representing a young woman of the American South's upper class Belle (Disney character) ,
56-601: A microcode implementation of alpha-beta pruning . The computer also had one megabyte of memory for storing transposition tables . At the end of its career, Belle was donated to the Smithsonian Institution . The overall architecture of Belle was used for the initial designs of ChipTest , the progenitor of IBM Deep Blue . Following his work on the Unix operating system, Ken Thompson turned his attention to computer chess. In summer 1972, he began work on
84-479: A transposition table to avoid redundant examinations of positions. In 1976, Joe Condon implemented a hardware move generator to be used with software version of Belle on the PDP-11. His design had several steps: A similar series of steps uses the move generator to test whether the pseudo-legal move is in fact legal. This ensures that the move does not place the moving side in check . Belle's second generation
112-487: A Belgian-French drama film by André Delvaux Belle (2013 film) , a British film by Amma Asante Belle (2021 film) , a Japanese animated film by Mamoru Hosoda Belle's , an American comedy TV series that premiered in 2013 Music [ edit ] Belle (album) , a 2011 album by Bic Runga "Belle" (Patrick Fiori, Daniel Lavoie and Garou song) , a song from the 1998 musical adaptation of Victor Hugo's novel Notre Dame de Paris "Belle" (Disney song) ,
140-487: A Belgian-French drama film by André Delvaux Belle (2013 film) , a British film by Amma Asante Belle (2021 film) , a Japanese animated film by Mamoru Hosoda Belle's , an American comedy TV series that premiered in 2013 Music [ edit ] Belle (album) , a 2011 album by Bic Runga "Belle" (Patrick Fiori, Daniel Lavoie and Garou song) , a song from the 1998 musical adaptation of Victor Hugo's novel Notre Dame de Paris "Belle" (Disney song) ,
168-771: A commune in France Belle, Udupi , a village in India Belle, Missouri , a town in the United States Belle Township, Holt County, Nebraska , United States Belle, West Virginia , a town in the United States Belle River (disambiguation) Railway trains [ edit ] Bournemouth Belle , a named train run by the Southern Railway (Great Britain) from 1931 until 1948 Brighton Belle ,
196-421: A commune in France Belle, Udupi , a village in India Belle, Missouri , a town in the United States Belle Township, Holt County, Nebraska , United States Belle, West Virginia , a town in the United States Belle River (disambiguation) Railway trains [ edit ] Bournemouth Belle , a named train run by the Southern Railway (Great Britain) from 1931 until 1948 Brighton Belle ,
224-542: A passenger train operated by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway Devon Belle , a passenger train operated by the Southern Railway and then British Railways from 1947 to 1954 Science and technology [ edit ] Belle (chess machine) , an early chess computer Belle experiment , an accelerator-based particle physics experiment Belle, the current version of Nokia's Symbian mobile operating system Ships [ edit ] La Belle (ship) ,
252-489: A passenger train operated by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway Devon Belle , a passenger train operated by the Southern Railway and then British Railways from 1947 to 1954 Science and technology [ edit ] Belle (chess machine) , an early chess computer Belle experiment , an accelerator-based particle physics experiment Belle, the current version of Nokia's Symbian mobile operating system Ships [ edit ] La Belle (ship) ,
280-470: A program for the PDP-11 , which would eventually become Belle. In competition, this early version encouraged Thompson to pursue a brute-force approach when designing Belle's hardware. Belle's design underwent many changes throughout its lifetime. The initial chess program was rewritten to utilize move-vs-evaluation quiescence search and evaluate positions by prioritizing material advantage . Belle also used
308-836: A ship lost in 1686 during a French colonization attempt in Texas USCS Belle (1848) , a survey ship in service with the United Coast Survey from 1848 to 1857 USS Belle (1864) , a Union Navy steamer in the American Civil War Sports teams [ edit ] Battle Creek Belles , part of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (1951–1952) Doncaster Belles , now Doncaster Rovers Belles L.F.C., an English semi-professional women's football club Memphis Belles , member of
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#1732758493550336-511: A ship lost in 1686 during a French colonization attempt in Texas USCS Belle (1848) , a survey ship in service with the United Coast Survey from 1848 to 1857 USS Belle (1864) , a Union Navy steamer in the American Civil War Sports teams [ edit ] Battle Creek Belles , part of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (1951–1952) Doncaster Belles , now Doncaster Rovers Belles L.F.C., an English semi-professional women's football club Memphis Belles , member of
364-535: A song written for Disney's 1991 film Beauty and the Beast Belle (2014 soundtrack) , the soundtrack for the 2013 British drama film Belle Belle (2021 soundtrack) , the soundtrack for the 2021 Japanese animated film Belle Belle , a 1961 musical by Wolf Mankowitz (lyrics) and Monty Norman (music) "Belle", a 1977 song written by Al Green , Fred Jordan and Reuben Fairfax, Jr. Places [ edit ] Belle, Flanders or Bailleul, Nord,
392-475: A song written for Disney's 1991 film Beauty and the Beast Belle (2014 soundtrack) , the soundtrack for the 2013 British drama film Belle Belle (2021 soundtrack) , the soundtrack for the 2021 Japanese animated film Belle Belle , a 1961 musical by Wolf Mankowitz (lyrics) and Monty Norman (music) "Belle", a 1977 song written by Al Green , Fred Jordan and Reuben Fairfax, Jr. Places [ edit ] Belle, Flanders or Bailleul, Nord,
420-539: A tie-breaker for the world-champion title, Belle broke through Chaos's Alekhine's Defense and went on to declare checkmate in eight moves, winning the game on move 41. During the game, Belle searched 160,000 positions per second. In 1983, Belle competed in the U.S. Open, where it scored 8.5 points in twelve games with a performance rating of 2363. Later that year, the USCF awarded Belle the rank of master. Because it reached this level before any other chess computer, Belle
448-405: The 1976 Atlantic hurricane season See also [ edit ] Belle Époque Bel (disambiguation) BEL (disambiguation) Bell (disambiguation) La Belle (disambiguation) Belle Isle (disambiguation) Belles belles belles (musical) , a 2003 musical by Redha Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
476-405: The 1976 Atlantic hurricane season See also [ edit ] Belle Époque Bel (disambiguation) BEL (disambiguation) Bell (disambiguation) La Belle (disambiguation) Belle Isle (disambiguation) Belles belles belles (musical) , a 2003 musical by Redha Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
504-610: The ACM Computer Chess Championships, winning with a perfect four wins in four games. In a pivotal game against Chess 4.7 , the runner-up, Belle examined 5,000 positions per second, while Chess 4.7 examined 3,500. In 1980, the third generation of Belle won the third World Computer Chess Championship in Linz, Austria. After four rounds, it had a score of 3.5 in four games, tied with the Chaos chess machine. In
532-471: The Independent Women's Football League Muskegon Belles , part of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (1953) Racine Belles , a team of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (1943–1950) Other uses [ edit ] Belle (card game) , a 17th-century gambling card game Belle (magazine) , an Australian design magazine Hurricane Belle , a storm of
560-403: The Independent Women's Football League Muskegon Belles , part of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (1953) Racine Belles , a team of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (1943–1950) Other uses [ edit ] Belle (card game) , a 17th-century gambling card game Belle (magazine) , an Australian design magazine Hurricane Belle , a storm of
588-437: The 💕 [REDACTED] Look up Belle or belle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Belle may refer to: People and fictional characters [ edit ] Belle (given name) , a list of people and fictional characters Belle (surname) , a list of people Southern belle , a stock character representing a young woman of the American South's upper class Belle (Disney character) ,
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#1732758493550616-661: The heroine and protagonist of Disney ’s 1991 Academy Award winning animated film Beauty and the Beast . Brands and enterprises [ edit ] Belle Air , a former airline with headquarters in Tirana, Albania Belle Air Europe , a subsidiary of Belle Air in the Kosovo Belle Baby Carriers , an American baby carrier manufacturer Belle International , a Chinese footwear retailer Film and television [ edit ] Belle (1973 film) ,
644-476: The heroine and protagonist of Disney ’s 1991 Academy Award winning animated film Beauty and the Beast . Brands and enterprises [ edit ] Belle Air , a former airline with headquarters in Tirana, Albania Belle Air Europe , a subsidiary of Belle Air in the Kosovo Belle Baby Carriers , an American baby carrier manufacturer Belle International , a Chinese footwear retailer Film and television [ edit ] Belle (1973 film) ,
672-519: The title Belle . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belle&oldid=1252063016 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Ship disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Belle From Misplaced Pages,
700-730: The title Belle . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belle&oldid=1252063016 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Ship disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Belle (chess machine) In its final incarnation, Belle used an LSI-11 general-purpose computer to coordinate its chess hardware. There were three custom boards for move generation, four custom boards for position evaluation, and
728-589: Was awarded the $ 5,000 Fredkin prize. Belle's reign ended when it placed sixth in the Fourth World Computer Chess Championship, despite being the favorite to win. It managed one more win at the ACM Championships in 1986 before retiring. Because of its ability to generate and analyze many chess positions, Belle represented the brute-force approach to chess computing. In the late 1970s, Thompson became interested in
756-469: Was completed in 1978. It implemented several improvements over its predecessor. These changes reduced the role of the PDP-11 software. Now, the software controlled these three devices and ran the alpha-beta pruning algorithm. The second generation of Belle could search 5,000 positions per second. Belle's final incarnation was completed in 1980. It consisted of further improvements to the speed of move generation and evaluation. The third generation of Belle
784-432: Was controlled by an LSI-11 computer. Depending on the stage of the game, it examined 100,000 to 200,000 moves per second. Ken Thompson's software version of Belle competed in the 1972 U.S. Open Chess Championship and the 1973 ACM Computer Chess Championship. Over the next year, Belle played several UCSF games and finished 3-1 in the 1974 ACM Computer Chess Championship. In 1978, the second generation of Belle competed at
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