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63-612: It has been the capital of the Béni Abbès District since 1957. The commune's area is approximately 10,040 km (3,880 sq mi), with a population of 10,885 inhabitants as of the 2008 census, up from 8,850 in 1998, and a population growth rate of 2.1%. Béni Abbès lies in the Saoura valley, on the left bank of the intermittent wadi called Oued Saoura . There are seven ksars (castles) in Béni Abbès, including

126-562: A clade ( monophyletic group) including birds, though the precise definition of this clade varies between authors. Others prioritize the clade Sauropsida , which typically refers to all amniotes more closely related to modern reptiles than to mammals . The earliest known proto-reptiles originated from the Carboniferous period, having evolved from advanced reptiliomorph tetrapods which became increasingly adapted to life on dry land. The earliest known eureptile ("true reptile")

189-447: A temnospondyl ). A series of footprints from the fossil strata of Nova Scotia dated to 315  Ma show typical reptilian toes and imprints of scales. These tracks are attributed to Hylonomus , the oldest unquestionable reptile known. It was a small, lizard-like animal, about 20 to 30 centimetres (7.9 to 11.8 in) long, with numerous sharp teeth indicating an insectivorous diet. Other examples include Westlothiana (for

252-509: A group of tetrapods with an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development . Living reptiles comprise four orders : Testudines ( turtles ), Crocodilia ( crocodilians ), Squamata ( lizards and snakes ), and Rhynchocephalia (the tuatara ). As of May 2023, about 12,000 living species of reptiles are listed in the Reptile Database . The study of the traditional reptile orders, customarily in combination with

315-493: A particularly large one found in a palm grove in the river valley. The people of Béni Abbès are often referred to as Abbabsa . Béni Abbès is written in Arabic بني عباس, Bani Abbas ("The children of Abbas"). C.Rames explains in his book Beni-Abbes (Oran Sahara): Historical, geographical and medical study (1941) that the origin of the name comes from the name of the tribe of the city's first occupant : "Forty years after

378-657: A reciprocal friendship and a certain admiration of Lyautey for Charles. During this period Charles wrote the Meditations on the Holy Gospels . In April 1905, Commander Laperrine requested Charles de Foucauld to leave with him on a tour in the Hoggar. Having sought advice from the abbot Huvelin and Bishop Guerin, he participated in a new tour of supply. He started on June 8, 1905, continuing his prayer life while learning Tamahaq . On 25 Juin, 1905, they met amenokal (chef of

441-495: A section of the clade Amniota : The section that is left after the Mammalia and Aves have been hived off. It cannot be defined by synapomorphies , as is the proper way. Instead, it is defined by a combination of the features it has and the features it lacks: reptiles are the amniotes that lack fur or feathers. At best, the cladists suggest, we could say that the traditional Reptilia are 'non-avian, non-mammalian amniotes'. Despite

504-538: A spring near Béni Abbès; as a result, the country became no longer a desert, the vegetation developed and the valley became full of reeds, trees and pastures. Forty years after these first migrations, Seguia el-Hamra Mehdi Ben Youssef (descendant of Beniabbes of the Beni Hassan tribe) came to Béni Abbès. He lived with Ali Ben Moumen from the Arib tribe, with whom he brought the palm trees of Draa River . They founded

567-569: A tiny gecko, Sphaerodactylus ariasae , which can grow up to 17 mm (0.7 in) to the saltwater crocodile , Crocodylus porosus , which can reach over 6 m (19.7 ft) in length and weigh over 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). In the 13th century, the category of reptile was recognized in Europe as consisting of a miscellany of egg-laying creatures, including "snakes, various fantastic monsters, lizards, assorted amphibians, and worms", as recorded by Beauvais in his Mirror of Nature . In

630-478: A wounded animal topped by a young man and a snake man (homme serpentiforme)." In this scene the participants form a closed chain; the prayer of the orant forms links between the hunter and the sacred animal, represented by the snake man and game respectively. Except for some speculation by historians, there is little information about this period of history of Béni Abbès. Some clues may come from evidence dating from this period, including: The first Arab settlers in

693-546: Is a valley in southwestern Algeria . It is formed by the wadi known as Oued Saoura , formed from the confluence of the Oued Guir and Oued Zouzfana at Igli . From Igli it runs through Béchar Province past the towns of Béni Abbès , Tamtert , El Ouata , Béni Ikhlef , Kerzaz , Timoudi , Ouled Khoudir , and Ksabi then passes under the N6 highway before reaching the endorheic lake Sebkhel el Melah . From 1962 to 1974 it

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756-479: Is equivalent to the more common definition of Sauropsida, which Modesto and Anderson synonymized with Reptilia, since the latter is better known and more frequently used. Unlike most previous definitions of Reptilia, however, Modesto and Anderson's definition includes birds, as they are within the clade that includes both lizards and crocodiles. General classification of extinct and living reptiles, focusing on major groups. The cladogram presented here illustrates

819-491: Is inseparable from love. Whoever wants to imitate love is the secret of my life. Priest since last June, I immediately felt called to go to the lost sheep, to the most abandoned souls, to perform towards them the duty of love. I am happy, very happy, although I do not in any way seek happiness. On January 9, 1902, he bought the freedom of a slave, whom he called Joseph du Sacré-Cœur (Joseph of the Sacred Heart). A portion of

882-505: Is usually very little rain, but occasional heavy rains can occur, causing flooding in the Oued Saoura. The sky is almost always blue both in winter and summer. December, January and February are the coldest months, when it is between 4 °C (39 °F) and 18 °C (64 °F). During the summer months, temperatures can reach 45 °C (113 °F) with a humidity of about 10% during the day. The Saharan ecosystem dominates all

945-588: The Charouine region ( Gourara ). Ali Ben Yahia was a man with broad experience in agriculture. he founded the ksar Ouled Rahu occupied by Moulay and Ali Ben Yahia's sons. After a period, Moussa Ben Ali came, probably from Tamentit (although others say from Gourara) to settle at Béni Abbès in the fourteenth century. In 1593, the Moroccan rebel Abu Mahali settled in Béni Abbès. El Ayachi in his handwritten Arrihla al ayachia 1662 say :"... personage who

1008-418: The amniotic egg . The terms Sauropsida ("lizard faces") and Theropsida ("beast faces") were used again in 1916 by E.S. Goodrich to distinguish between lizards, birds, and their relatives on the one hand (Sauropsida) and mammals and their extinct relatives (Theropsida) on the other. Goodrich supported this division by the nature of the hearts and blood vessels in each group, and other features, such as

1071-1741: The "family tree" of reptiles, and follows a simplified version of the relationships found by M.S. Lee, in 2013. All genetic studies have supported the hypothesis that turtles are diapsids; some have placed turtles within Archosauromorpha, though a few have recovered turtles as Lepidosauromorpha instead. The cladogram below used a combination of genetic (molecular) and fossil (morphological) data to obtain its results. Synapsida ( mammals and their extinct relatives) [REDACTED] † Millerettidae [REDACTED] † Eunotosaurus † Lanthanosuchidae [REDACTED] † Pareiasauromorpha [REDACTED] † Procolophonoidea [REDACTED] † Captorhinidae [REDACTED] † Paleothyris † Araeoscelidia [REDACTED] † Claudiosaurus [REDACTED] † Younginiformes [REDACTED] † Kuehneosauridae [REDACTED] Rhynchocephalia ( tuatara and their extinct relatives) [REDACTED] Squamata ( lizards and snakes ) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] † Eosauropterygia [REDACTED] † Placodontia [REDACTED] † Sinosaurosphargis † Odontochelys † Proganochelys Testudines ( turtles ) [REDACTED] † Choristodera [REDACTED] † Prolacertiformes [REDACTED] † Rhynchosauria [REDACTED] † Trilophosaurus [REDACTED] Archosauriformes ( crocodiles , birds , dinosaurs and extinct relatives) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The placement of turtles has historically been highly variable. Classically, turtles were considered to be related to

1134-453: The 18th century, the reptiles were, from the outset of classification, grouped with the amphibians . Linnaeus , working from species-poor Sweden , where the common adder and grass snake are often found hunting in water, included all reptiles and amphibians in class "III – Amphibia" in his Systema Naturæ . The terms reptile and amphibian were largely interchangeable, reptile (from Latin repere , 'to creep') being preferred by

1197-510: The French on March 1, 1901. General Officer Risbourg visited on March 2 of that year. The Act of March 30, 1902 stipulated the establishment of five Saharan companies commanded by Affairs Indigenous officers. The Saoura's company in Béni Abbès was strengthened by six officers and 202 Non-commissioned officers and Méharistes , including a command platoon and three Méharistes platoons. In 1904 two Saharan Companies were created; one at Béni Abbès,

1260-431: The French. J.N. Laurenti was the first to formally use the term Reptilia for an expanded selection of reptiles and amphibians basically similar to that of Linnaeus. Today, the two groups are still commonly treated under the single heading herpetology . It was not until the beginning of the 19th century that it became clear that reptiles and amphibians are, in fact, quite different animals, and P.A. Latreille erected

1323-593: The Wadi is the Fnine ( Tamarix ), a plant resistant to saline soils. Many species of the Saharan regions' animals are found around Béni Abbès. The most important mammals are the dorcas gazelle ( Gazella dorcas ) and rhim gazelle ( Gazella leptoceros ), both highly threatened by uncontrolled hunting. The sand cat ( Felis margarita ), striped hyena ( Hyaena hyaena ) and the fennec fox ( Vulpes zerda ) are observed in

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1386-436: The administrative division divided the department into two Provinces: Adrar containing Timimoun District , and Béchar containing El Abiodh Sidi Cheikh , Béni Abbès and Tindouf . After the new administrative division of 1984 which gave the title of Province to Tindouf and El-Bayadh , Béni Abbès remained a district of Béchar Province . In 2009 it was put on the list of new delegated provinces. The territory of Béni Abbès

1449-657: The anapsid condition has been found to occur so variably among unrelated groups that it is not now considered a useful distinction. By the early 21st century, vertebrate paleontologists were beginning to adopt phylogenetic taxonomy, in which all groups are defined in such a way as to be monophyletic ; that is, groups which include all descendants of a particular ancestor. The reptiles as historically defined are paraphyletic , since they exclude both birds and mammals. These respectively evolved from dinosaurs and from early therapsids, both of which were traditionally called "reptiles". Birds are more closely related to crocodilians than

1512-603: The area only rarely. Rodents found in the area include sand rat ( Psammomys obesus ), greater Egyptian gerbil ( Gerbillus pyramidum ) and the Libyan jird ( Meriones libycus ). Reptiles in the region include the Sandfish ( Scincus scincus ) and the dob ( Uromastyx ). Birds seen around Béni Abbès include bou-ali ( house sparrow ), bou-tkelem ( Spanish sparrow ) and raptors such as el-béz ( northern goshawk ), skàr ( lanner falcon ) and el-bouma ( little owl ). In

1575-430: The area were from the Beni Hassan tribe, who built two ksars: Ghar el-Diba and Haresse Lil (translated "night watchman"). They migrated to Saguia el-Hamra and Mauritania in the 12th century. The history of the founding of the current Béni Abbès begins with the legend of Sidi Othman called "El Gherib" and his companion Sid Enoun. According to the legend, by the blessing of Sidi Othmane, water gushed and flowed from

1638-458: The choice of location to Ben-Abdeslam. Mohamed Ben-Abdeslam built the new ksar in the palm grove in 1605 and named it Béni Abbés. A little later Taleb Belkacem Ben Abdelah arrived in the area from Tmentite . The descendants of these people, along with the Haratines , make up the population of Béni Abbès. The Ghenanma (Ouled Hamou) lived in an independent ksar. Béni Abbès was occupied by

1701-421: The class Batracia (1825) for the latter, dividing the tetrapods into the four familiar classes of reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals. The British anatomist T.H. Huxley made Latreille's definition popular and, together with Richard Owen , expanded Reptilia to include the various fossil " antediluvian monsters", including dinosaurs and the mammal-like ( synapsid ) Dicynodon he helped describe. This

1764-403: The death of Sidi Othman, in the distant Saguia el-Hamra (Western Sahara), El Mahdi Ben Youssef from the tribe of Beni Abbes". The name actually derives from the similar Arabic بني العباس, Bani Al Abbas ("The children of El-abbas"). El Ayachi wrote in his manuscript Arrihla al ayachia (1662)  : "Then we entered the villages of Bani Al Abbas ...". Béni Abbès is built on a rocky hill on

1827-554: The early proposals for replacing the paraphyletic Reptilia with a monophyletic Sauropsida , which includes birds, that term was never adopted widely or, when it was, was not applied consistently. When Sauropsida was used, it often had the same content or even the same definition as Reptilia. In 1988, Jacques Gauthier proposed a cladistic definition of Reptilia as a monophyletic node-based crown group containing turtles, lizards and snakes, crocodilians, and birds, their common ancestor and all its descendants. While Gauthier's definition

1890-474: The exiled persons to their homes, did not hesitate to join the movement. The Bureau consisted of four people, Touhami Tayeb , Trabelsi Boufeldja , Abdellah Ben-cheikh and Benali Abderrahman , and remained in service until 1954, when the majority of activists transferred to the FLN . The Abbabsa participated in the war of National Liberation between 1954 and 1962. Saoura The Saoura ( Arabic : ساورة )

1953-453: The fetus develops within the mother, using a (non-mammalian) placenta rather than contained in an eggshell . As amniotes, reptile eggs are surrounded by membranes for protection and transport, which adapt them to reproduction on dry land. Many of the viviparous species feed their fetuses through various forms of placenta analogous to those of mammals , with some providing initial care for their hatchlings. Extant reptiles range in size from

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2016-466: The hypothesis that turtles belong to a separate clade within Sauropsida , outside the saurian clade altogether. The origin of the reptiles lies about 310–320 million years ago, in the steaming swamps of the late Carboniferous period, when the first reptiles evolved from advanced reptiliomorphs . The oldest known animal that may have been an amniote is Casineria (though it may have been

2079-526: The ksar Oulad Mehdi in which Mehdi Ben Youssef's sons (Said and Youssef) and Ali Ben Moumen's son (Mohamed) lived. The region was peaceful and prosperous through agriculture and trade, bringing a large number of immigrants. From At-Lamiz in Figuig , two brothers left the ksar towards the east; Ali Ben Yahia and Khalfi bin Abdel-wassàa who settled in Béni Abbès and his brother founded a brotherhood in

2142-508: The late 19th century, a number of definitions of Reptilia were offered. The biological traits listed by Lydekker in 1896, for example, include a single occipital condyle , a jaw joint formed by the quadrate and articular bones, and certain characteristics of the vertebrae . The animals singled out by these formulations, the amniotes other than the mammals and the birds, are still those considered reptiles today. The synapsid/sauropsid division supplemented another approach, one that split

2205-508: The latter are to the rest of extant reptiles. Colin Tudge wrote: Mammals are a clade , and therefore the cladists are happy to acknowledge the traditional taxon Mammalia ; and birds, too, are a clade, universally ascribed to the formal taxon Aves . Mammalia and Aves are, in fact, subclades within the grand clade of the Amniota. But the traditional class Reptilia is not a clade. It is just

2268-568: The left bank of Oued Saoura . The city is bordered to the north, east and west by the Grand Erg Occidental and south and southwest by the valley of the Saoura . The most interesting mountains near Béni Abbès are in the Ougarta Range (around the oasis of Ougarta ) found around 50 kilometres (31 mi) to the south and southwest. Béni Abbès has a hot and arid desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ). There

2331-796: The living reptiles, there are many diverse groups that are now extinct , in some cases due to mass extinction events . In particular, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event wiped out the pterosaurs , plesiosaurs , and all non-avian dinosaurs alongside many species of crocodyliforms and squamates (e.g., mosasaurs ). Modern non-bird reptiles inhabit all the continents except Antarctica. Reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates , creatures that either have four limbs or, like snakes, are descended from four-limbed ancestors. Unlike amphibians , reptiles do not have an aquatic larval stage. Most reptiles are oviparous , although several species of squamates are viviparous , as were some extinct aquatic clades  –

2394-539: The mountain and Hamada, especially near Zeghamra . Some wild herbs in the region are medicinal and used by people traditionally to treat many diseases. Among others, these include Ouezouaza ( Santolina rosmarinifolea ), Gartofa ( Santolina chamaycyparissus ), Shih ( Artemisia herba-alba ), and Terfesse ( Terfeziaceae ), a mushroom used by the Abbassian cuisine to replace meat . An excellent dune-fixing plant Rtéme (Retama raetam) grows on ergs. The predominant plant of

2457-486: The other at Colomb-Bechar. These arrangements were for the defense of the Algeria-Morocco border. In October 1901, Charles de Foucauld ("Foucauld Father") settled in Béni Abbès. With the help of the soldiers present in the town he built a "Khaoua" (fraternity), composed of a room, a chapel and three acres of garden, purchased by the help of Marie de Bondy . The chapel was completed on December 1, 1901. His life

2520-422: The other euryapsids, and given the older name Parapsida. Parapsida was later discarded as a group for the most part (ichthyosaurs being classified as incertae sedis or with Euryapsida). However, four (or three if Euryapsida is merged into Diapsida) subclasses remained more or less universal for non-specialist work throughout the 20th century. It has largely been abandoned by recent researchers: In particular,

2583-940: The people of the central south Sahara and there began the translation of the Gospels in order to transmit it to the Tuaregs . He was disappointed by the attitude of some military Colonials. Arriving near the Algerian border, the tour of supply had to turn around and travel to Tit . Charles wanted to settle in there but the commander Laperrine refused. The tour ended at In Salah in September. Charles joined Bishop Guerin on September 22, 1904, and returned to Béni Abbès on 24 January 1905. Intrigued by Charles de Foucauld, General Hubert Lyautey , appointed in Algeria, decided to visit him at Béni Abbès on January 28, 1905. From this meeting came

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2646-416: The primitive anapsid reptiles. Molecular work has usually placed turtles within the diapsids. As of 2013, three turtle genomes have been sequenced. The results place turtles as a sister clade to the archosaurs , the group that includes crocodiles, non-avian dinosaurs, and birds. However, in their comparative analysis of the timing of organogenesis , Werneburg and Sánchez-Villagra (2009) found support for

2709-570: The rebellion of the tribes against the colonial presence made this approach impossible. Learning of this conflict, however, Charles left to the south on September 2, 1903, in order to rescue the wounded from the Battle of Taghit and El-Moungar . He came back and wrote a short introduction to the catechism which he entitled The Gospel presented to the poor negroes of the Sahara . Sometime later, François-Henry Laperrine asked Charles to come with him during

2772-495: The recent decades or hundreds of years, the local extinction of many animal species has been reported due to drought and lack of prey, for example, al-naàme ( ostrich ) and the cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus ). Just after the French occupation of the region and within the territories of South , Béni Abbès became an indigenous municipality in the Territory of Aïn Séfra which existed between 1902 and 1957. In that time, Tindouf

2835-438: The reptiles into four subclasses based on the number and position of temporal fenestrae , openings in the sides of the skull behind the eyes. This classification was initiated by Henry Fairfield Osborn and elaborated and made popular by Romer 's classic Vertebrate Paleontology . Those four subclasses were: The composition of Euryapsida was uncertain. Ichthyosaurs were, at times, considered to have arisen independently of

2898-578: The road by Zaouiet Men-Laikhaf in Tafilalt , from where a marabout called Mohamed Ben-Abdeslam joined the troupe. On arrival at Béni Abbés the Mkhaznia defeated the Ghenanma. The Abbabsa were in a separate ksar and asked Mohamed Ben-Abdeslam to settle with them for Koranic education. He accepted, on the condition that they build a new well fortified ksar in the palm grove. They accepted, and left

2961-789: The structure of the forebrain. According to Goodrich, both lineages evolved from an earlier stem group, Protosauria ("first lizards") in which he included some animals today considered reptile-like amphibians , as well as early reptiles. In 1956, D.M.S. Watson observed that the first two groups diverged very early in reptilian history, so he divided Goodrich's Protosauria between them. He also reinterpreted Sauropsida and Theropsida to exclude birds and mammals, respectively. Thus his Sauropsida included Procolophonia , Eosuchia , Millerosauria , Chelonia (turtles), Squamata (lizards and snakes), Rhynchocephalia , Crocodilia , " thecodonts " ( paraphyletic basal Archosauria ), non- avian dinosaurs , pterosaurs , ichthyosaurs , and sauropterygians . In

3024-693: The study of modern amphibians , is called herpetology . Reptiles have been subject to several conflicting taxonomic definitions. In Linnaean taxonomy , reptiles are gathered together under the class Reptilia ( / r ɛ p ˈ t ɪ l i ə / rep- TIL -ee-ə ), which corresponds to common usage. Modern cladistic taxonomy regards that group as paraphyletic , since genetic and paleontological evidence has determined that birds (class Aves), as members of Dinosauria , are more closely related to living crocodilians than to other reptiles, and are thus nested among reptiles from an evolutionary perspective. Many cladistic systems therefore redefine Reptilia as

3087-529: The territory of Béni Abbès. Flora and fauna are not as extensive as in other parts of Algeria, however, a variety of plants and creatures have been found here. There is perhaps a surprising range of flora and fauna that can survive in this hot and arid climate. The vegetation of Béni Abbès consists mainly of xeric species. Infrequent rainfall affects the development of plants in the three different types of terrain types found near Béni Abbès: hamada , erg and wadi . Acacia trees and wild herbs are scattered on

3150-586: The tribe) Moussa Ag Amastan , who decided to make an alliance with the French authority. Charles de Foucauld and Moussa Ag Amastan met and seemed to appreciate each other. Their meeting developed into a deep friendship. The Touareg authorized Charles de Foucauld to settle in the Hoggar, near Tamanrasset . In the Saoura region, Béni Abbès has always been an important focus of the nationalist movement. In 1921, Saadoune (born in Béni Abbès) emigrated to France where he militates to Étoile Nord-Africaine (ENA) and

3213-569: The upcoming tour of supply in the South. Abbe Henri Huvelin wrote him to " go where you shoot the Spirit ". Charles toured with supply January 13, 1904, on the air south toward the Hoggar. On February 1, 1904, he and his companions arrived at Adrar oasis where they joined the commander Laperrine. From there, the tour continued towards Akabli . Charles then noted all the possible places of installation. He collected information on Tuareg languages from

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3276-563: The year 1902 was devoted to an exchange of correspondence with Bishop Guerin, the Apostolic prefect of Sahara, about his fight against slavery in the Hoggar . The following year, he planned for trips to Morocco to establish a fraternity. He would be joined by companions of whom he would ask three things : " be prepared to have his head cut off—be prepared to starve—to obey him despite his unworthiness ". On May 27, 1903, Charles de Foucauld

3339-590: The years following Gauthier's paper. The first such new definition, which attempted to adhere to the standards of the PhyloCode , was published by Modesto and Anderson in 2004. Modesto and Anderson reviewed the many previous definitions and proposed a modified definition, which they intended to retain most traditional content of the group while keeping it stable and monophyletic. They defined Reptilia as all amniotes closer to Lacerta agilis and Crocodylus niloticus than to Homo sapiens . This stem-based definition

3402-650: Was Hylonomus , a small and superficially lizard-like animal which lived in Nova Scotia during the Bashkirian age of the Late Carboniferous , around 318  million years ago . Genetic and fossil data argues that the two largest lineages of reptiles, Archosauromorpha (crocodilians, birds, and kin) and Lepidosauromorpha (lizards, and kin), diverged during the Permian period. In addition to

3465-592: Was close to the modern consensus, nonetheless, it became considered inadequate because the actual relationship of turtles to other reptiles was not yet well understood at this time. Major revisions since have included the reassignment of synapsids as non-reptiles, and classification of turtles as diapsids. Gauthier 1994 and Laurin and Reisz 1995's definition of Sauropsida defined the scope of the group as distinct and broader than that of Reptilia, encompassing Mesosauridae as well as Reptilia sensu stricto . A variety of other definitions were proposed by other scientists in

3528-467: Was inhabited during prehistoric times, as evidenced by the rock carvings of Marhouma . The petroglyphs of the region date back to Neolithic times. While less famous than the Tassili rock paintings , they have been studied since 1863. The ideological panel of Marhouma is a remarkably complex scene : "An orant (praying person) on his head a crossed disk and connected to a mammal, surrounded by

3591-419: Was intended to revolve around a strict rule: five hours of sleep, six hours of manual work interspersed with a long time of prayer. However, it was quickly overwhelmed by the long time taken to listen to the poor and the soldiers who come to see him. He described to Gabriel Tourdes: living work of my hands, and unknown to all the poor and enjoy the deep darkness, silence, poverty, in imitation of Jesus. Imitation

3654-627: Was not the only possible classification scheme: In the Hunterian lectures delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons in 1863, Huxley grouped the vertebrates into mammals , sauroids, and ichthyoids (the latter containing the fishes and amphibians). He subsequently proposed the names of Sauropsida and Ichthyopsida for the latter two groups. In 1866, Haeckel demonstrated that vertebrates could be divided based on their reproductive strategies, and that reptiles, birds, and mammals were united by

3717-597: Was occupied and attached to the indigenous municipality of Béni Abbès until 1935. In 1957, after replacing the territories of South by the French Departments of Sahara it became a district in the Saoura Department , of which the prefecture was at Colomb-Bechar . At Algerian independence, Béni Abbès was a district of Saoura Department with Béchar , Adrar , El Abiodh Sidi Cheikh , Timimoun and Tindouf . This arrangement remained until 1974, when

3780-594: Was placed in a state of open rebellion, sedition which began in this town. Today his house is still known and we watch for travelers". The continuous development and prosperity of the region brought him many enemies, including Ghenanma . A long period of raids caused the Abbabsa to complain against the Ghenanma to the King of Fes . Soldiers of the Makhzen ( Mkhaznia ), Fes's ruling elite, left Fes towards Béni Abbès, along

3843-526: Was the name of a wilaya (province) covering present-day Béchar Province , Tindouf Province and Adrar Province . 29°27′N 1°26′W  /  29.450°N 1.433°W  / 29.450; -1.433 This article about a location in Béchar Province is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Reptile This is an accepted version of this page See text for extinct groups. Reptiles , as commonly defined, are

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3906-461: Was then designated as a member committee central of the part in 02/07/1926. Since the 1930s, Béni Abbès has been the exile place of several political and historical Algerian figures such as Ferhat Abbas , Mohammed Memchaoui , Sheikh Abdelkader El Yadjouri and Sheikh Sliman Boudjnah . In late 1947, Sheikh Touhami , an MTLD activist came from Béchar to Béni Abbès to found an office for his political party. The Abbabsa, who have already attended

3969-503: Was visited by Bishop Guerin. Charles was looking for a companion for evangelism and asked to go south to prepare for it. The commander François-Henry Laperrine was interested in the presence of Charles de Foucauld and tried to get him on his tour of supply to the south. Charles showed himself even more favorable than François-Henry Laperrine, who seemed to use methods much less violent than its predecessors. On June 18, 1903, Charles asked Bishop Guerin for permission to accompany Laperrine, but

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