Misplaced Pages

#826173

65-676: Like other states in India , the head of state of Bihar is the Governor , appointed by the President of India on the advice of the central government . The head of state is largely ceremonial. The Chief Minister is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. Patna is the capital of Bihar hence, it serves as the headquarter for almost all the departments. The Patna High Court , located in Patna, has jurisdiction over

130-534: A constitution . The reference to "state" denotes country subdivisions that are officially or widely known as "states", and should not be confused with a " sovereign state ". Most federations designate their federal units "state" or the equivalent term in the local language; however, in some federations, other designations are used such as Oblast or Republic . Some federations are asymmetric , designating greater powers to some federal units than others. Provinces are usually divisions of unitary states but occasionally

195-561: A governor , who represents the King of Australia (currently Charles III ) and performs the ceremonial duties of a head of state . Unlike the Canadian lieutenant-governors, a state governor is appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the state government, not the federal government. Every state also has a parliament ; most states have a bicameral parliament, except for Queensland , where

260-427: A parliamentary system in which the executive is dependent on and accountable to the legislature. The unicameral provincial legislature is elected by party-list proportional representation , and the legislature in turn elects one of its members as Premier to head the executive. The Premier appoints an Executive Council (a cabinet), consisting of members of the legislature, to administer the various departments of

325-405: A state government . The governing powers of the states are shared between the state government and the union government . On the other hand, the union territories are directly governed by the union government. The Indian Empire was a very complex political entity consisting of various imperial divisions and states and territories of varying autonomy. At the time of its establishment in 1876, it

390-524: A case the provincial legislation prevails, but national legislation may prescribe standards and frameworks for provinces to follow, and may prevent provinces from adversely affecting national interests or the interests of other provinces. The functional areas in which the provincial governments have powers include agriculture, arts and culture, primary and secondary education, the environment and tourism, health, housing, roads and transport, and social welfare. The provincial governments are structured according to

455-466: A minor presence, along with the other extreme leftist parties. Local governments function at the basic level. It is the third level of government apart from union and state governments. It consists of panchayats in rural areas and municipalities in urban areas. They are elected directly or indirectly by the people. Structurally Bihar is divided into divisions (Pramandal), districts (Zila), sub-divisions (Anumandal) & circles (Aanchal).The state

520-464: A second alliance between Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD, National People's Party), Hindustani Awam Morcha , Rashtriya Lok Janata Dal and Indian National Congress (INC). There are many other political formations. The Communist Party of India had a strong presence in Bihar at one time, which has since weakened. The Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPI(M) and CPM and All India Forward Bloc (AIFB) have

585-464: A sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states: Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu -speaking northern districts of Madras State . The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal in 1954. In the same year Pondicherry , comprising

650-597: A state legislature) such as in North Carolina or simply Legislature as in Texas ). In Nebraska , United States Virgin Islands and Guam (the latter two being federal territories rather than states) the legislature is unicameral . The states are sovereign entities in their own right and maintain much control over their internal affairs with issues such as public transport and law enforcement generally being

715-544: A union territory (currently, only the UTs of Delhi and Puducherry have serving Chief Ministers). Following elections to the Bihar Legislative Assembly , the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of

SECTION 10

#1732780788827

780-491: Is Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico is treated in a manner similar to a state in many areas but in others is quite different. Most notably it does not have representation in the United States Congress other than its non-voting Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico . However, it does enjoy more autonomy in taxation and some other areas than the states and thus is commonly classified as a sort of autonomous region for

845-415: Is bicameral in 6 states and unicameral in the rest. Bihar is one of the six states where bicameral legislature exists. Other states are Uttar Pradesh , Karnataka , Maharashtra , Telangana and Andhra Pradesh . The Bihar Legislative Council is Vidhan Parishad serves as the upper house and Bihar Legislative Assembly is Vidhan Sabha serves as the lower house of the bicameral legislature of

910-615: Is a federal nation with six states (and two mainland territories). Section 51 of the Australian Constitution sets out the division of legislative power between the states and the Commonwealth (federal) government. The Commonwealth government is given a variety of legislative powers, including control of foreign policy , taxation (although this cannot discriminate between states or parts of states), and regulation of interstate commerce and corporations . Since

975-532: Is divided into nine divisions, 38 districts, 101 subdivisions and 534 circles. 17 municipal corporations, 84 Nagar Parishads and 151 Nagar Panchayats, for administrative purposes. States and territories of India India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories , for a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into 806 districts and smaller administrative divisions . The states of India are self-governing administrative divisions, each having

1040-435: Is headed by the governor who appoints the chief minister and his council of ministers. The governor is appointed for five years and acts as the constitutional head of the state. Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state, the day-to-day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and his council of ministers in whom a great deal of legislative powers is vested.. The secretariat headed by

1105-607: Is often used to pacify factions within the party or coalition. It is similar to the rarely used Deputy-Prime minister post in Central government of India. During the absence of the Chief minister, the deputy-CM may chair cabinet meetings and lead the Assembly majority. Various deputy chief ministers have also taken the oath of secrecy in line with the one that chief minister takes. This oath has also sparked controversies. The government

1170-439: Is the principal court of the state of Bihar . However, a high court exercises its original civil and criminal jurisdiction only if the subordinate courts are not authorized by law to try such matters for lack of pecuniary, territorial jurisdiction. High courts may also enjoy original jurisdiction in certain matters, if so designated Specially in a state or federal law It was established on February 3, 1916, and later affiliated under

1235-467: Is usually considered a unitary state but its government system possesses a strong similarity to a federal one. The Constitution of South Africa does not describe the state as federal or unitary. South Africa is divided into nine provinces which have their own elected governments. Chapter Six of the Constitution of South Africa describes the division of power between the national government and

1300-803: The Crown Colony of Burma . In 1947, the last Act of the Crown was passed. The act dissolved the Indian Empire, the Imperial Legislative Council and the Chamber of Princes and the Union of India was consequently established from 9 former Indian provinces ( East Punjab , United Provinces , Central Provinces , Madras , Bombay , Bihar , Orissa , West Bengal and Assam ) and 562 former Indian states. Between 1947 and 1950,

1365-628: The Government of India Act 1915 ( 5 & 6 Geo. 5 . c. 61). The court is headquartered in Patna, the administrative capital of the state . A proclamation was made by the Governor-General of India on 22 March 1912. The foundation-stone of the High Court Building was laid on 1 December 1913 by the late Viceroy and Governor-General of India, Sir Charles Hardinge of Penshurst. The Patna High Court building on its completion

SECTION 20

#1732780788827

1430-536: The Indian state of Bihar . Lower house is elected with 5 years term, while in upper house 1/3 of the total members in the house gets elected every two years with six-year term. The Vidhan Sabha is also known as Legislative Assembly. The Bihar Legislative Assembly first came into being in 1937 and not a permanent body and subject to dissolution. The tenure of the Legislative Assembly is five years from

1495-713: The Rajya Sabha , which represents the states , are elected by the members of State legislative assemblies by proportional representation , except for 12 members who are nominated by the president. In Bihar Vidhan Parishad , 1/3 of the total members in the house gets elected every 2 years with 6-year term. As of 2023, there are two main political formations: the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which comprises Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP, Indian People's Party), Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) (LJP (RV)) and Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party (RLJP); and

1560-491: The district courts of the State governments in India for every district or for one or more districts together taking into account of the number of cases, population distribution in the district. They administer justice in India at a district level. Bihar has 37 district courts in total. The Civil Court/District Court is judged by District and Sessions Judge. It is the principal court of original civil jurisdiction besides

1625-463: The states while lieutenant governors or administrator exist in union territories . According to the Constitution of India , the Governor is a state's head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. The governor acts as the nominal head whereas the real power lies with the Chief ministers of the states and his/her councils of ministers. The Governor of a State is appointed by

1690-474: The Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu , effective from 26 January 2020. Ladakh UT The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any state between

1755-585: The High Court of the State and which derives its jurisdiction in civil matters primarily from the code of civil procedure. The district court is also a court of sessions when it exercises its jurisdiction on criminal matters under the Code of Criminal Procedure . The district court is presided over by a district judge appointed by the state governor with on the advice of chief justice of that high court. In addition to

1820-491: The Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished. In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu 's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became a separate union territory as Daman and Diu . In November 2000, three new states were created, namely: Pondicherry was renamed Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa

1885-748: The President of India. The factors based on which the President evaluates the candidates is not mentioned in the Constitution. In his ex-officio capacity, the Governor of Bihar is Chancellor of the universities of Bihar (at present 12) as per the Acts of the Universities. In the Republic of India , a chief minister is the elected head of government of the each state out of 28 states and sometimes

1950-576: The States respectively, making the United States a decentralized federation. Federal law generally takes preference over State law when the two conflict due to a number of constitutional clauses and judicial precedents. In most states, governors are directly elected heads of state and commander in chief of their state's respective military structure. State legislatures exerce legislative authority. In 49 states out of 50 as well as three of

2015-468: The Union and that state. State government A state government is the government that controls a subdivision of a country in a federal form of government , which shares political power with the federal or national government . A state government may have some level of political autonomy , or be subject to the direct control of the federal government. This relationship may be defined by

Government of Bihar - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-437: The assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits . In 1946 First Cabinet of Bihar formed; consisting of two members, Dr. Sri Krishna Sinha as first Chief Minister of Bihar and Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha as Bihar's first Deputy Chief Minister cum Finance Minister (also in charge of Labour, Health, Agriculture and Irrigation). Other ministers were inducted later. The cabinet served as

2145-577: The case of tie. The current strength of the House is 243. The Vidhan Parishad is also known as Legislative Council. Bihar Legislative Council is a permanent body and not subject to dissolution. But as nearly as possible, one-third of the members thereof retire as soon as may be on the expiration of every second year. Members are now elected or nominated for six years and one-third of them retire every second year. The presiding officers of Vidhan Parishad are now known as chairman and Deputy Chairman. Members of

2210-501: The date appointed for its first sitting unless dissolved sooner. Members of the Legislative Assembly are directly elected by the people. There are three sessions (Budget session, Monsoon session, Winter session) every year. The Sessions of Legislative Assembly are presided by Speaker. The Speaker certifies that whether a bill is ordinary bill or money bill. Generally he does not participate in voting but he casts his vote in

2275-501: The defunct Bengal Presidency for judicial and legal purposes. Agra was separated in 1878 and merged with Oudh . The Bengal Presidency was re-established in 1912 as a governorship. All these provinces had their own legislatures established by the Indian Councils Acts, and high courts established by Indian High Courts Acts. Laws passed by these legislatures needed the dual assent of the governor or lieutenant-governor of

2340-492: The designation is also given to the federal units such as the Provinces of Argentina or Canada . Their governments, which are also provincial governments , are not the subject of this article. Many people confuse the state with city governments, and while a small ticket or small crime will be overlooked by the federal government and handled by the state or city government, that are not the same. The Commonwealth of Australia

2405-488: The district judge there are a number of additional district and sessions judges and assistant district judges. The additional district judge and the court presided over by the additional district judge have equivalent rank, status and jurisdiction as the district judge and presiding court. Assistant sessions judge is subordinate to the district judge and additional(s). India has a quasi-federal form of government, called "union" or "central" government, with elected officials at

2470-475: The domain of state governments (although the Federal government often works with states in these areas). Large portions of the welfare state in the United States are administered by the states as well which means that levels of social services vary from state to state. This has sometimes been controversial, such as in the case of Medicaid expansion . There are also several territories, the most notable of which

2535-595: The extent of the Commonwealth's power over trade union and industrial relations legislation. One difference between the Australian and United States models of federalism is that, in Australia, the Commonwealth Parliament has explicit constitutional power over marriage legislation; this has been a focal point for recent controversies over same-sex marriage . Each state of Australia has

2600-543: The first Bihar Government after independence in 1947. From 1946, 23 people have been Chief Minister of Bihar. The inaugural holder was Sri Krishna Sinha of the Indian National Congress , he also has the longest incumbency. The current incumbent is Nitish Kumar who is having incumbency since 22 February 2015. Despite being not mentioned in the constitution or law, the Deputy-Chief minister office

2665-587: The former French enclaves of Pondichéry , Karikal , Yanaon and Mahé , was transferred to India. This became a union territory in 1962. Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli , declaring the short-lived de facto state of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli . In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli . The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised

Government of Bihar - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-415: The inhabited Territories of the United States ( Puerto Rico , Northern Mariana Islands , and American Samoa ), the legislature is bicameral with the houses commonly, though not exclusively being styled House of Representatives and Senate although the name of the legislative body as a whole varies between the states (the most common are General Assembly (Itself sometimes a term for the lower house of

2795-492: The original ratification of the constitution, the High Court of Australia has settled a number of disputes concerning the extent of the Commonwealth's legislative powers, some of which have been controversial and extensively criticised; these included a dispute in 1982 over whether the Commonwealth was entitled to designate land for national heritage purposes under United Nations agreements, as well as numerous disputes over

2860-648: The province and the governor-general of India , who functioned as the representative of the Emperor . In addition to these, there were certain territories ruled directly by the Government of India through nominated chief commissioners. These were former independent states annexed to India and since ruled directly by the Supreme Government. A vast majority of the Indian states in the late nineteenth century were, in terms of imperial divisions, organised within

2925-466: The provinces with only territories under direct Crown rule. The latter years of the Indian Empire saw the enactment of the last Government of India Act by the Crown. This act granted full autonomy to Indian provinces. Provincial laws no longer needed the assent of the governor-general. This act created the office of a Premier in each province, who functioned as the new head of government and

2990-627: The provinces. However a good number of states were organised into imperial structures called agencies, or residencies. An Agent to the Governor-General (AGG) functioned as the Emperor's representative to all the states in the agency. In 1919, the fourth Government of India was enacted by the Crown. This saw many major changes. The legislatures of the provinces were made elected ones rather than nominated ones. Some provinces were given bicameral legislatures . All provinces were elevated to governorships and all lieutenant governors were made governors. Burma

3055-458: The provincial administration. The United States is divided into 50 states , which comprise the federated polities. Unlike many other federal systems, the states of the U.S. created the federal government. Under the 10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution , all governmental powers not granted to the Federal government of the United States nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to

3120-444: The provincial governments, listing those "functional areas" of government that are exclusively reserved to the provincial governments and those where both levels of government have concurrent powers; the remaining areas not listed are reserved to the national government. In areas where both levels have concurrent powers there is a complex set of rules in the event of a conflict between national and provincial legislation. Generally in such

3185-570: The real executive power rests with a Council of Ministers , headed by a Chief Minister . The legislative structure consists of a directly-elected legislative assembly and, in the case of 6 states, an indirectly-elected legislative council . The judicial setup consists of the state's high court and the district courts subordinate to it. Mexico also has states. In Nigeria , States are constituent political entities of which there are currently 36. States have an elected Governor and legislature and broad powers in some areas. Powers not given to

3250-531: The representative of the Emperor to that province and head of government of the directly ruled territories in the province. The governor or lieutenant-governor also served as the Emperor's representative to the constituent states of the province. The first three of the lieutenant-governorships were territories annexed to India from other powers and temporarily governed by the erstwhile Bengal Presidency, before being made into their own separate provinces. Agra and Bengal were still considered de jure parts of

3315-429: The representative of the federal government and responsible for the enforcement of federal legislation. Germany has sixteen states with their own governments. In India , state governments are the governments ruling over the country's 28 states and two of its eight union territories ( Delhi and Puducherry ). Under the Constitution of India , the executive power of a state is vested in its Governor ; however,

SECTION 50

#1732780788827

3380-490: The secretary to the governor assists the council of ministers. The council of ministers consists of cabinet ministers, ministers of state and deputy ministers. The chief minister is assisted by the chief secretary, who is the head of the administrative services. State governments in India are the governments ruling states of India and the chief minister heads the state government. Power is divided between union government and state governments. State government's legislature

3445-495: The states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states. As a result of this act: Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. The former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963. The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and

3510-490: The states belong to the federal government under the Constitution of Nigeria . In Pakistan , the Provinces of Pakistan are the federal units. There are currently four. The Provincial Governments are each headed formally by a Provincial Governor but for practical purposes power is exercised by the Chief Minister , in a parliamentary system similar to that of the Federal government of Pakistan . South Africa

3575-552: The territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the new Indian Union . Most were merged into existing provinces. Others were organised into new provinces and states , such as Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh , Malwa Union , Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States Union , and Patiala and East Punjab States Union , made up of multiple princely states. A few, including Mysore , Hyderabad , Bhopal , and Bilaspur , became separate states. The new Constitution of India , which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India

3640-415: The transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh . The act designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana. Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. The north-eastern states of Manipur , Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972. Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of

3705-480: The union, state and local levels. At the national level, the head of government , the prime minister , is appointed by the president of India from the party or coalition that has the majority of seats in the Lok Sabha . The members of the Lok Sabha (Center) and Bihar Vidhan Sabha are directly elected for a term of five years by universal adult suffrage through a first-past-the-post voting system. Members of

3770-478: The upper chamber (the Legislative Council ) was abolished in 1922. Like their Indian counterparts, Australian states have a Westminster system of parliamentary government; the head of government, known in each state as a Premier , is drawn from the state parliament. In Austria, a Landtag (state parliament) elects a Landeshauptmann , who is not only the chairman of a state government but also

3835-477: The upper house, the Legislative Council are indirectly elected through an electoral college. There are 27 Committees which are, at present, functional in the council. Besides, there are three Financial Committees consisting of the members of the two Houses of the State Legislature. The Patna High Court ( Hindi : पटना उच्च न्यायालय ) is the High Court of the state of Bihar. The Patna High Court

3900-514: The whole state. The present legislative structure of Bihar is bicameral . The Legislative houses are the Bihar Vidhan Sabha ( Bihar Legislative Assembly ) and Bihar Vidhan Parishad ( Bihar Legislative Council ). Their normal term is five years, unless dissolved earlier. The Governors of the states of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as those of the President of India at Union level. Governors exist in

3965-571: Was formally opened by the same Viceroy on 3 February 1916. Hon. Sir Justice Edward Maynard Des Champs Chamier was the first Chief Justice of Patna High Court. This High Court has given two Chief Justices of India : Hon'ble Mr. Justice Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha , the 6th C.J.I. , and Hon. Mr. Justice Lalit Mohan Sharma , the 24th C.J.I.. Hon. Mr Justice K. Vinod Chandran is the current Chief Justice of Patna High Court. Patna High Court has strength of 53 Judges which includes 40 permanent and 13 additional judges. The District Courts of India are

SECTION 60

#1732780788827

4030-506: Was given a special status and made an autonomous province. The Chamber of Princes was established by Emperor George V in 1920. One of the major consequences of this was the creation of many more agencies from the states of the provinces, thus granting them direct relations with the Emperor instead of with the Governors. This saw the separation of all the states from the provinces and addition to before-mentioned agencies. This left all

4095-555: Was made up of 584 constituent states and the directly ruled territories of the Crown . The entire empire was divided into provinces and agencies. A province consisted of territory under the direct rule of the Emperor of India (who was also the King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions ) and a few minor states, ruled by Indian princes under the suzerainty of the Emperor. A Governor or Lieutenant-Governor acted as

4160-593: Was renamed Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh . In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 , which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh , effective from 31 October 2019. Later that year in November,

4225-399: Was responsible to the provincial legislature. Bengal, Madras and Bombay which had been till now styled Presidencies, were now officially styled as provinces. The provinces of Orissa and Sind were created from Bihar and Bombay respectively. The Province of Burma which had previously functioned as an autonomous province of India was now separated from the Indian Empire, and established as

#826173