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72-487: Preparations for the establishment of the university began in 1967, with the purchase of a tract of land to the west of Ankara. In the late 1970s the foundations of the buildings which now house administrative offices, the faculty of engineering, and the library, were laid. Construction of residences for academic staff, cafeterias, student dormitories, and various academic buildings followed rapidly. The university occupies three campuses. They are located about 12 km west of

144-612: A center of Christian activity (see also below ), due to frequent imperial visits, and through the letters of the pagan scholar Libanius . Bishop Marcellus of Ancyra and Basil of Ancyra were active in the theological controversies of their day, and the city was the site of no fewer than three church synods in 314 , 358 and 375, the latter two in favor of Arianism . The city was visited by Emperor Constans I (r. 337–350) in 347 and 350, Julian (r. 361–363) during his Persian campaign in 362, and Julian's successor Jovian (r. 363–364) in winter 363/364 (he entered his consulship while in

216-461: A large market and trading center but it also functioned as a major administrative capital, where a high official ruled from the city's Praetorium, a large administrative palace or office. During the 3rd century, life in Ancyra, as in other Anatolian towns, seems to have become somewhat militarized in response to the invasions and instability of the town. The city is well known during the 4th century as

288-564: A population of at least 7,000. The total population of Turkey is 85,279,553 according to the 2023 estimate, making it the 18th most populated country in the world. There are 20 Large Cities or Metro Cities in Turkey with the population over a million or more. Cities and towns with a population of over 7,000 inhabitants according to the Turkish Statistical Institute are listed in the following table along with

360-573: A productive agricultural region in Anatolia. In the Ottoman period, Ankara was well known for producing grain, cotton, and fruits. The city has exported mohair (from the Angora goat ) and Angora wool (from the Angora rabbit ) internationally for centuries. In the 19th century, the city also exported substantial amounts of goat and cat skins, gum , wax , honey , berries, and madder root . It

432-461: A short-lived state of her own. The town was reincorporated into the Roman Empire under Emperor Aurelian in 272. The tetrarchy , a system of multiple (up to four) emperors introduced by Diocletian (284–305), seems to have engaged in a substantial program of rebuilding and of road construction from Ancyra westwards to Germe and Dorylaeum (now Eskişehir ). In its heyday, Roman Ancyra was

504-571: A warrior aristocracy which ruled over Phrygian -speaking peasants. However, the Celtic language continued to be spoken in Galatia for many centuries. At the end of the 4th century, St. Jerome , a native of Dalmatia, observed that the language spoken around Ankara was very similar to that being spoken in the northwest of the Roman world near Trier . The city was subsequently passed under the control of

576-525: Is Turkey's second-largest city after Istanbul by population, first by urban area (4,130 km ), and third by metro area (25,632 km ). Serving as the capital of the ancient Celtic state of Galatia (280–64 BC), and later of the Roman province with the same name (25 BC–7th century), Ankara has various Hattian , Hittite , Lydian , Phrygian , Galatian , Greek , Persian , Roman , Byzantine , and Ottoman archeological sites . Ankara

648-483: Is also ranked as one of the most prestigious younger universities in the world: THE powered by Thomson Reuters ranked Bilkent in the category BRICS & Emerging Economies as follows: Bilkent University is particularly noted for the quality of its Faculty of Engineering. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings rank Bilkent among the top 100 universities for Engineering and Technology, as follows: The Faculty of Business Administration of Bilkent University

720-615: Is decreasing, are the provinces with the highest net migration to Ankara. About one third of the Central Anatolia population of 15,608,868 people resides in Ankara. The literacy rate in the whole province for people who are 15 years old or older is 98.18% according to 2020 TÜİK data. Ankara Province also has the highest percentage of tertiary education graduates in Turkey with 29.08% of the population having either an undergraduate, master's or doctor's degree. Ankara has long been

792-611: Is provided by the state institutions; such as the ministries , subministries, and other administrative bodies of the Turkish government. There are also many foreign citizens working as diplomats or clerks in the embassies of their respective countries. List of cities in Turkey This is a list of the largest cities and towns in Turkey by population , which includes cities and towns that are provincial capitals or have

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864-568: The Battle of Ankara in 1402 and took the city, but in 1403 Angora was again under Ottoman control. The Levant Company maintained a factory in the town from 1639 to 1768. In the 19th century, its population was estimated at 20,000 to 60,000. It was sacked by Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha in 1832. From 1867 to 1922, the city served as the capital of the Angora Vilayet , which included most of ancient Galatia. Prior to World War I ,

936-775: The Bronze Age Hattic civilization , which was succeeded in the 2nd millennium BC by the Hittites , in the 10th century BC by the Phrygians , and later by the Lydians , Persians , Greeks , Galatians , Romans , Byzantines , and Turks (the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm , the Ottoman Empire and finally republican Türkiye ). The oldest settlements in and around the city center of Ankara belonged to

1008-587: The East Roman capital, emperors in the 4th and 5th centuries would retire from the humid summer weather on the Bosporus to the drier mountain atmosphere of Ancyra. Theodosius II (408–450) kept his court in Ancyra in the summers. Laws issued in Ancyra testify to the time they spent there. The Metropolis of Ancyra continued to be a residential see of the Eastern Orthodox Church until

1080-680: The Galatian Celtic name was probably a similar variant. Following its annexation by the Seljuk Turks in 1073, the city became known in many European languages as Angora ; it was also known in Ottoman Turkish as Engürü ( انگورو ). The form "Angora" is preserved in the names of breeds of many different kinds of animals, and in the names of several locations in the US (see Angora ). The region's history can be traced back to

1152-650: The Hattic civilization which existed during the Bronze Age and was gradually absorbed c. 2000 – 1700 BC by the Indo-European Hittites . The city grew significantly in size and importance under the Phrygians starting around 1000 BC, and experienced a large expansion following the mass migration from Gordion , (the capital of Phrygia ), after an earthquake which severely damaged that city around that time. In Phrygian tradition, King Midas

1224-858: The Roman Empire . In 25 BC, Emperor Augustus raised it to the status of a polis and made it the capital city of the Roman province of Galatia . Ankara is famous for the Monumentum Ancyranum ( Temple of Augustus and Rome ) which contains the official record of the Acts of Augustus , known as the Res Gestae Divi Augusti , an inscription cut in marble on the walls of this temple. The ruins of Ancyra still furnish today valuable bas-reliefs , inscriptions and other architectural fragments. Two other Galatian tribal centers, Tavium near Yozgat , and Pessinus (Balhisar) to

1296-550: The Trewartha climate classification , the city is classified as humid continental ( Dc ). Due to its elevation and inland location, Ankara has cold and snowy winters, and hot and dry summers. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn. The city lies in USDA Hardiness zone 7b, and its annual average precipitation is fairly low at 414 millimeters (16 in), nevertheless precipitation can be observed throughout

1368-465: The large-scale invasion of Anatolia by Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the next year. Arab sources report that Harun and his successor al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833) took the city, but this information is later invention. In 838, however, during the Amorium campaign , the armies of Caliph al-Mu'tasim (r. 833–842) converged and met at the city; abandoned by its inhabitants, Ancara was razed to the ground, before

1440-641: The 20th century, with about 40,000 faithful, mostly Turkish-speaking, but that situation ended as a result of the 1923 Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations . The earlier Armenian genocide put an end to the residential eparchy of Ancyra of the Armenian Catholic Church , which had been established in 1850. It is also a titular metropolis of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople . Both

1512-554: The Ancient Byzantine Metropolitan archbishopric and the 'modern' Armenian eparchy are now listed by the Catholic Church as titular sees , with separate apostolic successions . After the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Seljuk Turks overran much of Anatolia. By 1073, the Turkish settlers had reached the vicinity of Ancyra, and the city was captured shortly after, at the latest by the time of

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1584-649: The Arab armies went on to besiege and destroy Amorium reaching as far as Smyrna . In 859, Emperor Michael III (r. 842–867) came to the city during a campaign against the Arabs, and ordered its fortifications restored. In 872, the city was menaced, but not taken, by the Paulicians under Chrysocheir . The last Arab raid to reach the city was undertaken in 931, by the Abbasid governor of Tarsus , Thamal al-Dulafi , but

1656-420: The Roman town. It has now been covered and diverted, but it formed the northern boundary of the old town during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. Çankaya, the rim of the majestic hill to the south of the present city center, stood well outside the Roman city, but may have been a summer resort. In the 19th century, the remains of at least one Roman villa or large house were still standing not far from where

1728-611: The Seljuks of Rum retook it. After the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, in which the Mongols defeated the Seljuks, most of Anatolia became part of the dominion of the Mongols. Taking advantage of Seljuk decline, a semi-religious cast of craftsmen and trade people named Ahiler chose Angora as their independent city-state in 1290. Orhan , the second Bey of the Ottoman Empire , captured the city in 1356. Timur defeated Bayezid I at

1800-554: The Turkish Republic. Ankara is the center of the state-owned and private Turkish defence and aerospace companies, where the industrial plants and headquarters of the Turkish Aerospace Industries , MKE , ASELSAN , HAVELSAN , ROKETSAN , FNSS , Nurol Makina , and numerous other firms are located. Exports to foreign countries from these defense and aerospace firms have steadily increased in

1872-594: The capital of the new Bucellarian Theme . The city was captured at least temporarily by the Umayyad prince Maslama ibn Hisham in 739/40, the last of the Umayyads' territorial gains from the Byzantine Empire. Ancyra was attacked without success by Abbasid forces in 776 and in 798/99. In 805, Emperor Nikephoros I (r. 802–811) strengthened its fortifications, a fact which probably saved it from sack during

1944-606: The center of Ankara , and cover a total area of more than 300 hectares. The university library houses a large collection of books with annual acquisitions valued at over 3 million U.S. dollars. As of 2017, Bilkent University Library is the largest university library of Turkey, and it is the only university library to rank in the top 10 libraries in the country. In addition to books, the collection includes periodical subscriptions, microforms , CD-ROM , access to numerous online databases and electronic journals, DVD, VHS and audio cassettes. Sheet music and sound recordings are available in

2016-401: The center of Turkey's road and railway networks. The city gave its name to the Angora wool shorn from Angora rabbits , the long-haired Angora goat (the source of mohair ), and the Angora cat . The area is also known for its pears, honey and Muscat grapes. Although situated in one of the driest regions of Turkey and surrounded mostly by steppe vegetation (except for the forested areas on

2088-655: The chains"), was captured for the first time by the Arabs of the Rashidun Caliphate , under Muawiyah , the future founder of the Umayyad Caliphate . At about the same time, the themes were established in Anatolia, and Ancyra became capital of the Opsician Theme , which was the largest and most important theme until it was split up under Emperor Constantine V (r. 741–775); Ancyra then became

2160-471: The church of St. Clement can be found today in a building just off Işıklar Caddesi in the Ulus district. Quite possibly this marks the site where Clement was originally buried. Four years later, a doctor of the town named Plato and his brother Antiochus also became celebrated martyrs under Galerius. Theodotus of Ancyra is also venerated as a saint. However, the persecution proved unsuccessful and in 314 Ancyra

2232-426: The city again was not captured. Early Christian martyrs of Ancyra, about whom little is known, included Proklos and Hilarios who were natives of the otherwise unknown nearby village of Kallippi, and suffered repression under the emperor Trajan (98–117). In the 280s we hear of Philumenos, a Christian corn merchant from southern Anatolia, being captured and martyred in Ankara, and Eustathius. As in other Roman towns,

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2304-507: The city as a trading center for the commerce of goods between the Black Sea ports and Crimea to the north; Assyria, Cyprus, and Lebanon to the south; and Georgia, Armenia and Persia to the east. By that time the city also took its name Ἄγκυρα ( Ánkyra , meaning anchor in Greek ) which, in slightly modified form, provides the modern name of Ankara . In 278 BC, the city, along with

2376-484: The city as his summer residence, and some information about the ecclesiastical affairs of the city during the early 5th century is found in the works of Palladius of Galatia and Nilus of Ancyra. In 479, the rebel Marcian attacked the city, without being able to capture it. In 610/11, Comentiolus , brother of Emperor Phocas (r. 602–610), launched his own unsuccessful rebellion in the city against Heraclius (r. 610–641). Ten years later, in 620 or more likely 622, it

2448-435: The city). After Jovian's death soon after, Valentinian I (r. 364–375) was acclaimed emperor at Ancyra, and in the next year his brother Valens (r. 364–378) used Ancyra as his base against the usurper Procopius . When the province of Galatia was divided sometime in 396/99, Ancyra remained the civil capital of Galatia I, as well as its ecclesiastical center ( metropolitan see ). Emperor Arcadius (r. 383–408) frequently used

2520-600: The city. Ankara is also famous for its pears. Another renowned natural product of Ankara is its indigenous type of honey ( Ankara Balı ) which is known for its light color and is mostly produced by the Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo in the Gazi district, and by other facilities in the Elmadağ, Çubuk and Beypazarı districts. Çubuk-1 and Çubuk-2 dams on the Çubuk Brook in Ankara were among the first dams constructed in

2592-787: The core piece of land in central Anatolia. In response, the leader of the Turkish nationalist movement, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , established the headquarters of his resistance movement in Angora in 1920. After the Turkish War of Independence was won and the Treaty of Sèvres was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) , the Turkish nationalists replaced the Ottoman Empire with the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. A few days earlier, Angora had officially replaced Constantinople as

2664-484: The countryside into the city to seek a better standard of living. As a result, many illegal houses called gecekondu were built around the city, causing the unplanned and uncontrolled urban landscape of Ankara, as not enough planned housing could be built fast enough. Although precariously built, the vast majority of them have electricity, running water and modern household amenities. Nevertheless, many of these gecekondus have been replaced by huge public housing projects in

2736-577: The departmental members of the Bilkent Student Union are chosen annually among all registered university students. The Student Union is the main sponsor and the organizer of Mayfest, the traditional Bilkent University summer festival. Various student clubs organize regular activities every day on and off the campus, mostly open to everyone. All students are allowed to join, or participate in the events and activities of any club they wish to. Student union and club activities are coordinated under

2808-418: The fact that it was the junction point where the roads in northern Anatolia running north–south and east–west intersected, giving it major strategic importance for Rome's eastern frontier. The great imperial road running east passed through Ankara and a succession of emperors and their armies came this way. They were not the only ones to use the Roman highway network, which was equally convenient for invaders. In

2880-441: The form of tower blocks such as Elvankent, Eryaman and Güzelkent ; and also as mass housing compounds for military and civil service accommodation. Although many gecekondus still remain, they too are gradually being replaced by mass housing compounds, as empty land plots in the city of Ankara for new construction projects are becoming impossible to find. Çorum and Yozgat, which are located in Central Anatolia and whose population

2952-635: The government had moved there, Ankara had about 35,000 residents. By 1927 there were 44,553 residents and by 1950 the population had grown to 286,781. After 1930, the city officially became known in Western languages as Ankara. By the late 1930s, the English name "Angora" was no longer in popular use. Ankara continued to grow rapidly during the latter half of the 20th century and eventually outranked İzmir as Turkey's second-largest city, after Istanbul . Ankara's urban population reached 4,587,558 in 2014, while

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3024-547: The hands of Alexander the Great who conquered the city in 333 BC. Alexander came from Gordion to Ankara and stayed in the city for a short period. After his death at Babylon in 323 BC and the subsequent division of his empire among his generals, Ankara, and its environs fell into the share of Antigonus . Another important expansion took place under the Greeks of Pontos who came there around 300 BC and developed

3096-410: The music rooms. The library also hosts a number of private collections and an exhibition hall. The university offers 33 undergraduate majors, together with 32 graduate programs spanning 22 different fields. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings consistently ranks Bilkent University as one of the top universities in Turkey. Bilkent, as a university with less than 50 years of history,

3168-399: The new Turkish capital city, on 13 October 1923, and Republican officials declared that the city's name is Ankara. After Ankara became the capital of the newly founded Republic of Turkey, new development divided the city into an old section, called Ulus , and a new section, called Yenişehir . Ancient buildings reflecting Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman history and narrow winding streets mark

3240-675: The north; Konya in the south and Kırıkkale in the east. Ankara and its province are located in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. The Çubuk Brook flows through the city center of Ankara. It is connected in the western suburbs of the city to the Ankara River , which is a tributary of the Sakarya River . Ankara has a cold semi-arid climate under the Köppen climate classification ( BSk ), while under

3312-409: The old section. The new section, now centered on Kızılay Square , has the trappings of a more modern city: wide streets, hotels, theaters, shopping malls, and high-rises. Government offices and foreign embassies are also located in the new section. Ankara has experienced a phenomenal growth since it was made Turkey's capital in 1923, when it was "a small town of no importance". In 1924, the year after

3384-527: The past decades. The IDEF in Ankara is one of the largest international expositions of the global arms industry . A number of the global automotive companies also have production facilities in Ankara, such as the German bus and truck manufacturer MAN SE . Ankara hosts the OSTIM Industrial Zone , Turkey's largest industrial park . A large percentage of the complicated employment in Ankara

3456-456: The population of Ankara Province reached 5,150,072 in 2015. The Presidential Palace of Türkiye is situated in Ankara. This building serves as the main residence of the president. Geographically, Ankara is located in the middle of the Kızılırmak and Sakarya rivers, and the Sakarya River forms its border with Eskişehir in the west. Ankara shares its borders with Bolu and Çankırı in

3528-526: The population of the Ankara Province was 5,782,285. When Ankara became the capital of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, it was designated as a planned city for 500,000 future inhabitants. During the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s, the city grew in a planned and orderly pace. However, from the 1950s onward, the city grew much faster than envisioned, because unemployment and poverty forced people to migrate from

3600-647: The rebellion of Nikephoros Melissenos in 1081. In 1101, when the Crusade under Raymond IV of Toulouse arrived, the city had been under Danishmend control for some time. The Crusaders captured the city, and handed it over to the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118). Byzantine rule did not last long, and the city was captured by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum at some unknown point; in 1127, it returned to Danishmend control until 1143, when

3672-584: The reign of Diocletian marked the culmination of the persecution of the Christians. In 303, Ancyra was one of the towns where the co-emperors Diocletian and his deputy Galerius launched their anti-Christian persecution. In Ancyra, their first target was the 38-year-old Bishop of the town, whose name was Clement. Clement's life describes how he was taken to Rome, then sent back, and forced to undergo many interrogations and hardship before he, and his brother, and various companions were put to death. The remains of

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3744-659: The rest of central Anatolia, was occupied by a Celtic group, the Galatians , who were the first to make Ankara one of their main tribal centers, the headquarters of the Tectosages tribe. Other centers were Pessinus , today's Ballıhisar, for the Trocmi tribe, and Tavium , to the east of Ankara, for the Tolistobogii tribe. The city was then known as Ancyra . The Celtic element was probably relatively small in numbers;

3816-617: The ruins of Ankara Castle . Although few of its outworks have survived, there are well-preserved examples of Roman and Ottoman architecture throughout the city, the most remarkable being the 20 BC Temple of Augustus and Rome that boasts the Monumentum Ancyranum , the inscription recording the Res Gestae Divi Augusti . On 23 April 1920, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey

3888-533: The second half of the 3rd century, Ancyra was invaded in rapid succession by the Goths coming from the west (who rode far into the heart of Cappadocia , taking slaves and pillaging) and later by the Arabs . For about a decade, the town was one of the western outposts of one of Palmyrean empress Zenobia in the Syrian Desert , who took advantage of a period of weakness and disorder in the Roman Empire to set up

3960-500: The southern periphery), Ankara can be considered a green city in terms of green areas per inhabitant, at 72 square meters (775 square feet) per head. The orthography of the name Ankara has varied over the ages. It has been identified with the Hittite cult center Ankuwaš , although this remains a matter of debate. In classical antiquity and during the medieval period, the city was known as Ánkyra ( Ἄγκυρα , lit  " anchor ") in Greek and Ancyra in Latin ;

4032-472: The stage every night throughout the week. Bilkent Cyberpark, founded in 2002, is the fastest growing techno park in Turkey serving with 240 technology-based companies, one micro nano chip factory, five research centers, and 4,00 personnel. Ankara Ankara is the capital city of Turkey . Located in the central part of Anatolia , the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and 5.8 million in Ankara Province . Ankara

4104-416: The subject of "Economics & Econometrics". Students can participate in many sports courses and be trained by university staff, mostly for free. The university presents many individuals and teams in different sports in varsity competitions. The most well-known sport teams of the university are the Bilkent Goats and the Bilkent Judges, the ultimate team and the football team, respectively. The board and

4176-507: The supervision of Student Events Center of Bilkent. Bilkent University is host to numerous events regarding music and the performing arts. The university also sponsors frequent lectures, art exhibitions, and literary evenings throughout the academic year. During the first week of may, each year Mayfest is held. Mayfest is a well-known festival among the youth of Ankara, consisting of a large number of activities, as well as open-air concerts where renowned Turkish pop and rock bands and singers take

4248-403: The town had a British consulate and a population of around 28,000, roughly 1 ⁄ 3 of whom were Christian. Following the Ottoman defeat in World War I , the Ottoman capital Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and much of Anatolia was occupied by the Allies, who planned to share these lands between Armenia , France , Greece , Italy and the United Kingdom, leaving for the Turks

4320-400: The west, near Sivrihisar, continued to be reasonably important settlements in the Roman period, but it was Ancyra that grew into a grand metropolis. An estimated 200,000 people lived in Ancyra in good times during the Roman Empire, a far greater number than was to be the case from after the fall of the Roman Empire until the early 20th century. The small Ankara River ran through the center of

4392-488: The whole world from the British Ocean to the barbarian nations", can still be seen, built into the eastern side of the inner circuit of the walls of Ankara Castle. The Column of Julian which was erected in honor of the emperor's visit to the city in 362 still stands today. In 375, Arian bishops met at Ancyra and deposed several bishops, among them St. Gregory of Nyssa . In the late 4th century, Ancyra became something of an imperial holiday resort . After Constantinople became

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4464-408: The year. Monthly mean temperatures range from 0.9 °C (33.6 °F) in January to 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) in July, with an annual mean of 12.6 °C (54.7 °F). Ankara's overall temperature regime is very similar to New York City . Ankara had a population of 75,000 in 1927. There were 74,632 male residents and 48,882 female residents in Ankara according to the 1935 census. As of 2022,

4536-417: The Çankaya Presidential Residence stands today. To the west, the Roman city extended until the area of the Gençlik Park and Railway Station, while on the southern side of the hill, it may have extended downward as far as the site presently occupied by Hacettepe University . It was thus a sizeable city by any standards and much larger than the Roman towns of Gaul or Britannia . Ancyra's importance rested on

4608-420: Was captured by the Sassanid Persians during the Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628 . Although the city returned to Byzantine hands after the end of the war, the Persian presence left traces in the city's archeology, and likely began the process of its transformation from a late antique city to a medieval fortified settlement. In 654, the city, also known in Arabic sources as Qalat as-Salasil ("fortress of

4680-423: Was connected to Istanbul by railway before the First World War , continuing to export mohair, wool, berries, and grain. The Central Anatolia Region is one of the primary locations of grape and wine production in Turkey , and Ankara is particularly famous for its Kalecik Karası and Muscat grapes ; and its Kavaklıdere wine , which is produced in the Kavaklıdere neighborhood within the Çankaya district of

4752-453: Was established in Ankara, which became the headquarters of the Turkish National Movement during the Turkish War of Independence . Ankara became the new Turkish capital upon the establishment of the Republic on 29 October 1923, succeeding in this role as the former Turkish capital Istanbul following the fall of the Ottoman Empire . The government is a prominent employer, but Ankara is also an important commercial and industrial city located at

4824-412: Was historically known as Ancyra and Angora. The Ottomans made the city the capital first of the Anatolia Eyalet (1393 – late 15th century) and then the Angora Eyalet (1827–1864) and the Angora Vilayet (1867–1922). The historical center of Ankara is a rocky hill rising 150 m (500 ft) over the left bank of the Ankara River , a tributary of the Sakarya River . The hill remains crowned by

4896-404: Was involved in the complex theological disputes over the nature of Christ, and a form of Arianism seems to have originated there. In 362–363, Emperor Julian passed through Ancyra on his way to an ill-fated campaign against the Persians, and according to Christian sources, engaged in a persecution of various holy men. The stone base for a statue, with an inscription describing Julian as "Lord of

4968-406: Was probably tottering in Ancyra in Clement's day, it may still have been the majority religion. Twenty years later, Christianity and monotheism had taken its place. Ancyra quickly turned into a Christian city, with a life dominated by monks and priests and theological disputes. The town council or senate gave way to the bishop as the main local figurehead. During the middle of the 4th century, Ancyra

5040-508: Was the center of an important council of the early church ; its 25 disciplinary canons constitute one of the most important documents in the early history of the administration of the Sacrament of Penance . The synod also considered ecclesiastical policy for the reconstruction of the Christian Church after the persecutions, and in particular the treatment of lapsi —Christians who had given in to forced paganism (sacrifices) to avoid martyrdom during these persecutions. Though paganism

5112-402: Was the first business school in Turkey to be accredited by AACSB; less than 5% of the business schools around the world have received this accreditation. The business school has been ranked by Eduniversal among the best business schools of the Eurasia region for international influence. According to the QS World University Rankings of 2012 and 2013 the university ranks in the 151–200 range in

5184-475: Was venerated as the founder of Ancyra, but Pausanias mentions that the city was actually far older, which accords with present archeological knowledge. Phrygian rule was succeeded first by Lydian and later by Persian rule, though the strongly Phrygian character of the peasantry remained, as evidenced by the gravestones of the much later Roman period. Persian sovereignty lasted until the Persians' defeat at

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