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Birya ( Hebrew : בִּירִיָּה , also Biriya) is an agricultural village in northern Israel . Located in the Upper Galilee near Safed , it falls under the jurisdiction of the Merom HaGalil Regional Council . As of 2022 its population was 872.

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52-668: Biriya existed in the Classic Era, as Jews lived in Birya and environs in Talmudic times. In early Ottoman era, the village had a mixed Muslim and Jewish population. Jewish community abandoned the location in late 16th century. By late 19th century, the village of Biriyya housed an Arab Muslim community. The Jewish village was founded in 1946 on a site adjacent to the Arab town of Biriyya . Both Arab and Jewish locations were depopulated during

104-474: A sheaf ") and his son Beow ("Barley") are associated with the grain, or are possibly corn-gods; J. R. R. Tolkien wrote a poem "King Sheave" about them, and based a major element of his legendarium , the Old Straight Road from Middle-earth to the earthly paradise of Valinor , on their story. William of Malmesbury 's 12th century Chronicle tells the story of the related figure Sceafa as

156-470: A brittle spike ; upon maturity, the spikelets separate, facilitating seed dispersal . Domesticated barley has nonshattering spikelets, making it much easier to harvest the mature ears. The nonshattering condition is caused by a mutation in one of two tightly linked genes known as Bt 1 and Bt 2 ; many cultivars possess both mutations. The nonshattering condition is recessive , so varieties of barley that exhibit this condition are homozygous for

208-435: A meal). Consuming breakfast cereals containing barley over weeks to months improves cholesterol levels and glucose regulation. Barley contains gluten , which makes it an unsuitable grain for consumption by people with gluten-related disorders , such as coeliac disease , non-coeliac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy sufferers. Nevertheless, some wheat allergy patients can tolerate barley. Barley, made into malt ,

260-478: A member of the grass family , is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains ; it was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent around 9000 BC, giving it nonshattering spikelets and making it much easier to harvest . Its use then spread throughout Eurasia by 2000 BC. Barley prefers relatively low temperatures and well-drained soil to grow. It

312-403: A mix), and there are important differences in enzyme content, kernel shape, and other factors that malters and brewers must take into consideration. In traditional taxonomy, different forms of barley were classified as different species based on morphological differences. Two-row barley with shattering spikes (wild barley) was named Hordeum spontaneum . Two-row barley with nonshattering spikes

364-540: A simple inheritance-based tree. Bambusoideae (bamboos)  ( fescue , ryegrass ) Hordeum (barley) Triticum (wheat) Secale (rye) Oryza (rice) other grasses Sorghum (sorghum) Zea (maize) Barley was one of the first grains to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent , an area of relatively abundant water in Western Asia, around 9,000 BC. Wild barley ( H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum ) ranges from North Africa and Crete in

416-525: A sleeping child in a boat without oars with a sheaf of corn at his head. Axel Olrik identified Peko , a parallel "barley-figure" in Finnish culture, in turn connected by R.D. Fulk with the Eddaic Bergelmir . In English folklore , the figure of John Barleycorn in the folksong of the same name is a personification of barley, and of the alcoholic beverages made from it: beer and whisky. In

468-399: A total estimated population of 319 persons. The villagers paid taxes on crops such as wheat , barley , and olives and other types of produce and owned beehives, vineyards, and a press that was used for processing olives. Total taxes paid was 3,145 akçe . A map from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed the place, named as "Beria", while in 1838 Biria was noted as

520-571: A total of 5000 Mbp. Details of the genome are freely available in several barley databases. The barley genus Hordeum is relatively closely related to wheat and rye within the Triticeae , and more distantly to rice within the BOP clade of grasses ( Poaceae ). The phylogeny of the Triticeae is complicated by hybridization between species, so there is a network of relationships rather than

572-523: A village in the Safad region. In 1875 Victor Guérin found Biriyya to have about 150 Muslim inhabitants. In 1881, the PEF 's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Biriyya as having "good stone houses, containing about 100 Muslims, surrounded by arable cultivation, and several good springs near the village". A population list from about 1887 showed Biria to have about 355 Muslim inhabitants. In

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624-404: Is a cereal , a member of the grass family with edible grains. Its flowers are clusters of spikelets arranged in a distinctive herringbone pattern . Each spikelet has a long thin awn (to 160 mm (6.3 in) long), making the ears look tufted. The spikelets are in clusters of three. In six-row barley, all three spikelets in each cluster are fertile; in two-row barley, only the central one

676-401: Is a form of domesticated barley with an easier-to-remove hull . Naked barley is an ancient food crop, but a new industry has developed around uses of selected hulless barley to increase the digestibility of the grain, especially for pigs and poultry. Hulless barley has been investigated for several potential new applications as whole grain, bran, and flour. In 2022, world production of barley

728-523: Is a key ingredient in beer and whisky production. Two-row barley is traditionally used in German and English beers. Six-row barley was traditionally used in US beers , but both varieties are in common usage now. Distilled from green beer, Scottish and Irish whisky are made primarily from barley. About 25% of American barley is used for malting, for which barley is the best-suited grain. Accordingly, barley

780-508: Is a traditional Jewish stew often eaten on the Sabbath , in numerous recipes by both Mizrachi and Ashkenazi Jews ; its original form was a barley porridge. In Eastern and Central Europe, barley is used in soups and stews such as ričet . In Africa, where it is a traditional food plant, it has the potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development, and support sustainable landcare. The six-row variety bere

832-636: Is at best mixed. Barley grains were once used for measurement in England, there being nominally three or four barleycorns to the inch. By the 19th century, this had been superseded by standard inch measures. In ancient Mesopotamia , barley was used as a form of money, the standard unit of weight for barley, and hence of value, being the shekel . In the Old English poem Beowulf , and in Norse mythology , Scyld Scefing (the second name meaning "with

884-530: Is believed to have been built on the site of the Roman village of Beral or Bin , which was later also a Jewish town. Ishtori Haparchi , however, thought the village to have been the Beri of rabbinic literature. In the 1596 tax record , Biriyya was a village in the nahiya of Jira ( Liwa' of Safad ) with a Muslim population of 38 families and 3 bachelors, and a Jewish population of 16 families and 1 bachelor;

936-599: Is cultivated in Orkney , Shetland, Caithness and the Western Isles of the Scottish Highlands and Islands . When milled into beremeal , it is used locally in bread , biscuits , and the traditional beremeal bannock . In Japanese cuisine, barley is mixed with rice and steamed as mugimeshi . The naval surgeon Takaki Kanehiro introduced it into institutional cooking to combat beriberi , endemic in

988-613: Is fertile. It is a self-pollinating , diploid species with 14 chromosomes . The genome of barley was sequenced in 2012 by the International Barley Genome Sequencing Consortium and the UK Barley Sequencing Consortium. The genome is organised into seven pairs of nuclear chromosomes (recommended designations: 1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H), and one mitochondrial and one chloroplast chromosome , with

1040-653: Is grown around the world in temperate areas. It grows best in well-drained soil in full sunshine. In the tropics and subtropics, it is grown for food and straw in South Asia, North and East Africa, and in the Andes of South America. In dry regions it requires irrigation. It has a short growing season and is relatively drought-tolerant . Barley is more tolerant of soil salinity than other cereals, varying in different cultivars. It has less winter-hardiness than winter wheat and far less than rye. Like other cereals, barley

1092-578: Is often assessed by its malting enzyme content. Barley wine is a style of strong beer from the English brewing tradition. An 18th-century alcoholic drink of the same name was made by boiling barley in water, then mixing the barley water with white wine, borage , lemon and sugar. In the 19th century, a different barley wine was prepared from recipes of ancient Greek origin. Nonalcoholic drinks such as barley water and roasted barley tea have been made by boiling barley in water. In Italy, roasted barley

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1144-431: Is relatively tolerant of drought and soil salinity but is less winter-hardy than wheat or rye . In 2022, barley was fourth among grains in quantity produced, 155 million tonnes , behind maize , wheat, and rice . Globally, 70% of barley production is used as animal feed , while 30% is used as a source of fermentable material for beer , or further distilled into whisky , and as a component of various foods. It

1196-535: Is sometimes used as coffee substitute, caffè d'orzo (barley coffee). Some 70% of the world's barley production is used as livestock feed, for example for cattle feeding in western Canada. In 2014, an enzymatic process was devised to make a high-protein fish feed from barley, suitable for carnivorous fish such as trout and salmon . Barley straw has been placed in mesh bags and floated in fish ponds or water gardens to help prevent algal growth without harming pond plants and animals. The technique's effectiveness

1248-630: Is susceptible to several viral diseases, such as barley mild mosaic bymovirus . Some viruses, such as barley yellow dwarf virus , vectored by the rice root aphid , can cause serious crop injury. For durable disease resistance, quantitative resistance is more important than qualitative resistance . The most important foliar diseases have corresponding resistance gene regions on all chromosomes of barley. A large number of molecular markers are available for breeding of resistance to leaf rust, powdery mildew, Rhynchosporium secalis , Pyrenophora teres f. teres , Barley yellow dwarf virus , and

1300-425: Is typically planted on tilled land. Seed was traditionally scattered , but in developed countries is usually drilled . As it grows it requires soil nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), often supplied as fertilizers. It needs to be monitored for pests and diseases, and if necessary treated before these become serious. The stems and ears turn yellow when ripe, and the ears begin to droop. Traditional harvesting

1352-631: Is used in gruel . This gruel is known as سويق : sawīq in the Arab world . With a long history of cultivation in the Middle East , barley is used in a wide range of traditional Arabic , Assyrian , Israelite , Kurdish , and Persian foodstuffs including keşkek , kashk , and murri . Barley soup is traditionally eaten during Ramadan in Saudi Arabia. Cholent or hamin (in Hebrew)

1404-399: Is used in soups and stews and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt using a traditional and ancient method of preparation. In English folklore, John Barleycorn personifies the grain and the alcoholic beverages made from it. English pub names such as The Barley Mow allude to its role in the production of beer. The Old English word for barley

1456-453: The Barley yellow mosaic virus complex . Hulled barley (or covered barley) is eaten after removing the inedible, fibrous, outer husk or hull. Once removed, it is called dehulled barley (or pot barley or scotch barley). Pearl barley (or pearled barley) is dehulled to remove most of the bran, and polished. Barley meal, a wholemeal barley flour lighter than wheat meal but darker in colour,

1508-558: The 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities , Biria had a population of 128, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 170, still all Muslims, in a total of 38 houses. In the 1945 statistics it had a population of 240 Muslims with a total of 5,579 dunums of land. A total of 328 dunums were used for cereals, 53 dunums for irrigation for use in the orchards, while 25 dunums were built-up (urban) land. The villagers sold their products at

1560-659: The 1948 Arab-Israeli War . Under Israeli governance, a Jewish agricultural village was re-established at the site. The town of Birya is mentioned in the Talmud . According to the Jewish National Fund , Jews lived in Birya and environs in Talmudic times. In early Ottoman era, the village had a mixed Muslim and Jewish population. The author of the Shulchan Aruch , Rabbi Joseph Caro is said to have completed one of his works at Birya. Jewish community abandoned

1612-607: The Religious Kibbutz Movement settled at a site near Birya Fortress . In February 1946, after an attack on an Arab Legion camp in the area, the British army searched the village and found arms on the land. All the kvutza members were arrested and the village was occupied by the British military. In response thousands of young Jews from all parts of the country re-established the settlement not far from

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1664-660: The rachis . In wild barley (and other Old World species of Hordeum ), only the central spikelet is fertile, while the other two are reduced. This condition is retained in certain cultivars known as two-row barleys. A pair of mutations (one dominant, the other recessive) result in fertile lateral spikelets to produce six-row barleys. A mutation in one gene, vrs1 , is responsible for the transition from two-row to six-row barley. Brewers in Europe tend to use two-row cultivars and breweries in North America use six-row barley (or

1716-516: The B vitamin niacin (14% DV), and dietary minerals , including iron (10% DV) and manganese (12% DV) (table). According to Health Canada and the US Food and Drug Administration , consuming at least 3 grams per day of barley beta-glucan can lower levels of blood cholesterol , a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases . Eating whole-grain barley, a high-fibre grain, improves regulation of blood sugar (i.e., reduces blood glucose response to

1768-704: The Korean Peninsula since the Early Mumun Pottery Period ( circa 1500–850 BC). Barley ( Yava in Sanskrit ) is mentioned many times in the Rigveda and other Indian scriptures as a principal grain in ancient India. Traces of barley cultivation have been found in post-Neolithic Bronze Age Harappan civilization 5,700–3,300 years ago. Barley beer was probably one of the first alcoholic drinks developed by Neolithic humans; later it

1820-583: The armed forces in the 19th century. It became standard prison fare, and remains a staple in the Japan Self-Defense Forces . Cooked barley is 69% water, 28% carbohydrates , 2% protein , and 0.4% fat (table). In a 100-gram (3.5 oz) reference serving, cooked barley provides 515 kilojoules (123 kcal) of food energy and is a good source (10% or more of the Daily Value , DV) of essential nutrients , including, dietary fibre ,

1872-595: The domestication of barley, in the form of cultivars that cannot reproduce without human assistance, comes from Mesopotamia, specifically the Jarmo region of modern-day Iraq, around 9,000–7,000 BC. Domestication changed the morphology of the barley grain substantially, from an elongated shape to a more rounded spherical one. Wild barley has distinctive genes , alleles , and regulators with potential for resistance to abiotic or biotic stresses ; these may help cultivated barley to adapt to climatic changes. Wild barley has

1924-470: The fifth century AD. This grain, along with a cool climate that permitted storage, produced a civilization that was able to raise great armies. It is made into a flour product called tsampa that is still a staple in Tibet. In medieval Europe, bread made from barley and rye was peasant food, while wheat products were consumed by the upper classes. Spikelets are arranged in triplets which alternate along

1976-582: The initiates, prepared from barley and herbs, mentioned in the Homeric hymn to Demeter . The goddess's name may have meant "barley-mother", incorporating the ancient Cretan word δηαί (dēai), "barley". The practice was to dry the barley groats and roast them before preparing the porridge, according to Pliny the Elder 's Natural History . Tibetan barley has been a staple food in Tibetan cuisine since

2028-422: The location in late 16th century. By late 19th century, the village of Biriyya housed an Arab Muslim community. In 1908, Baron Rothschild purchased land in Birya for the farmers of Rosh Pina . A group of Palestinian Jewish pioneers settled there in 1922 but when their efforts failed, the land was transferred to the Jewish National Fund and afforestation work began. In 1945, a group of pioneers affiliated with

2080-508: The market in nearby Safad. On April 7, 1948, it was reported that 20 Arabs had been killed near Mount Canaan , outside Safad. On May 1, 1948, the Palmach's First Battalion captured Biriyya. The occupation of Safad and eastern Galilee was completed in May 1948 during Operation Yiftach . In 1992 the village site was described: "About fifteen houses remain and are inhabited by the residents of

2132-667: The mutant allele . Domestication in barley is followed by the change of key phenotypic traits at the genetic level. The wild barley found currently in the Fertile Crescent may not be the progenitor of the barley cultivated in Eritrea and Ethiopia , indicating that it may have been domesticated separately in eastern Africa. Archaeobotanical evidence shows that barley had spread throughout Eurasia by 2,000 BC. Genetic analysis demonstrates that cultivated barley followed several different routes over time. By 4200 BC domesticated barley had reached Eastern Finland. Barley has been grown in

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2184-511: The original site. The British withdrew their troops two months later, although the villagers were not released until the following summer. In 1947, Birya had a population of 150 Jews. Modern Birya was founded in 1971. Birya was one of the settlements hit by Katyusha rockets launched by Hezbollah during the Second Lebanon War in 2006. Efforts were made to resuscitate the forest on its outskirts, which suffered severe damage in

2236-455: The settlement of Biriyya , the settlement has been expanded to include the village site. In addition to the inhabited houses, four are semi-deserted or used for storage. Stones from destroyed houses can be found in some of the walls around the settlement. Many old almond, olive, fig, and eucalyptus trees are scattered throughout the site, mingled with trees that have been planted more recently." Barley Barley ( Hordeum vulgare ),

2288-454: The song, John Barleycorn is represented as suffering attacks, death, and indignities that correspond to the various stages of barley cultivation, such as reaping and malting; but he is revenged by getting the men drunk: "And little Sir John and the nut-brown bowl / Proved the strongest man at last." The folksong " Elsie Marley " celebrates an alewife of County Durham with lines such as "And do you ken Elsie Marley, honey? / The wife that sells

2340-661: The war. The forests were planted by the Jewish National Fund in the 1940s with contributions from within Palestine, as well as the Mizrahi Organization of Great Britain , and the Mizrahi Women of Britain and America . Within the forest lies the ruins of Ein al-Zeitun , with structures and spring featured along The Fighter's Path trail. Biriyya Biriyya ( Arabic : بيريّا )

2392-584: The west to Tibet in the east. A study of genome-wide diversity markers found Tibet to be an additional center of domestication of cultivated barley. The earliest archaeological evidence of the consumption of wild barley , Hordeum spontaneum , comes from the Epipaleolithic at Ohalo II at the southern end of the Sea of Galilee , where grinding stones with traces of starch were found. The remains were dated to about 23,000 BC. The earliest evidence for

2444-412: Was bere . This survives in the north of Scotland as bere ; it is used for a strain of six-row barley grown there. Modern English barley derives from the Old English adjective bærlic , meaning "of barley". The word barn derives from Old English bere-aern meaning "barley-store". The name of the genus is from Latin hordeum , barley, likely related to Latin horrere , to bristle. Barley

2496-412: Was 155 million tonnes, led by Russia accounting for 15% of the world total (table). France, Germany, and Canada were secondary producers. Worldwide barley production was fourth among grains, following maize (1.2 billion tonnes), wheat (808 million tonnes), and rice (776 million tonnes). Barley is a crop that prefers relatively low temperatures, 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F) in the growing season; it

2548-599: Was a Palestinian Arab village in the Safad Subdistrict . It was depopulated during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on May 2, 1948, by The Palmach's First Battalion of Operation Yiftach . It was located 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi) northeast of Safad . Today the Israeli moshav of Birya includes the village site. The village was on a hill 1.5 kilometres northeast of Safad . It

2600-940: Was by hand with sickles or scythes ; in developed countries, harvesting is mechanised with combine harvesters . Among the insect pests of barley are aphids such as Russian wheat aphid , caterpillars such as of the armyworm moth , barley mealybug , and wireworm larvae of click beetle genera such as Aeolus . Aphid damage can often be tolerated, whereas armyworms can eat whole leaves. Wireworms kill seedlings, and require seed or preplanting treatment. Serious fungal diseases of barley include powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis , leaf scald caused by Rhynchosporium secalis , barley rust caused by Puccinia hordei , crown rust caused by Puccinia coronata , various diseases caused by Cochliobolus sativus , Fusarium ear blight , and stem rust ( Puccinia graminis ). Bacterial diseases of barley include bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens . Barley

2652-428: Was named as H. distichon , six-row barley with nonshattering spikes as H. vulgare (or H. hexastichum ), and six-row with shattering spikes as H. agriocrithon . Because these differences were driven by single-gene mutations, coupled with cytological and molecular evidence, most recent classifications treat these forms as a single species, H. vulgare . Hulless or "naked" barley ( Hordeum vulgare var. nudum )

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2704-646: Was used as currency. The Sumerian language had a word for barley, akiti . In ancient Mesopotamia , a stalk of barley was the primary symbol of the goddess Shala . Rations of barley for workers appear in Linear B tablets in Mycenaean contexts at Knossos and at Mycenaean Pylos . In mainland Greece, the ritual significance of barley possibly dates back to the earliest stages of the Eleusinian Mysteries . The preparatory kykeon or mixed drink of

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