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12-635: It is named as Western in the Basque dialects' classification drawn up by linguist Koldo Zuazo , since it is not only spoken in Biscay but also extends slightly into the northern fringes of Alava and deeper in the western part of Gipuzkoa . The dialect's territory bears great similarity to that of the Caristii tribe, as described by Roman authors. While it is treated as stylish to write in Biscayan and

24-431: A new classification and a new map of these dialects—this has been a revolution in a field where few changes were made since Louis Lucien Bonaparte 's works (1863). According to Zuazo, the Basque dialects (together with other language innovations) originated in urban areas: Zuazo has observed that all dialects had a similar influence of Latin and therefore he thinks that all dialects originated after Roman times . This

36-600: A spelling with characters such as ĺ and ŕ , straddling away of the Spanish-influenced tradition. Only some of their innovations had been taken up by modern Biscayan and Standard Basque. The borders of Biscayan match those of the pre-Roman tribe of the Caristii . Biscay was formerly included, along with Alava and the Valley of Amezcoa , within the ecclesiastical circumscription of Calahorra , which explains

48-423: A study by Yrizar , this dialect was spoken in the seventies by around 200,000 people, with the number of estimated speakers approaching 300,000 by the eighties. In 1991 16% of the population of this province could speak Basque, and data gathered in 2001 data 22% of the total 1,122,710 Biscayans (i.e. 247,000) could speak and write in Basque. However, this data is only illustrative, as there is no record of how many of

60-575: Is aligned with Mitxelena's earlier thoughts on this subject. Zuazo thinks that the Western dialect originated in Araba , based on the similarities between the dialects of Biscay , west of Navarre , the Deba valley and Goierri . Diocese of Calahorra The Diocese of Calahorra and La Calzada-Logroño ( Latin : Dioecesis Calaguritanus et Calceatensis – Lucroniensis ) ) is a Latin diocese of

72-464: The Basque speakers spoke Biscayan specifically and it does not take into account Biscayan speakers in Gipuzkoan territory ( Bergara , Leintz Gatzaga , Mondragon , Oñati , etc.) Biscayan is not a homogeneous dialect, it has two subdialects and eight main variations. The Biscayan used by Arana and his followers  [ eu ] introduced several neologisms and purist forms. They also used

84-580: The current main experts in local vocabulary is Iñaki Gaminde , who in the last years has extensively researched and published on this subject. Koldo Zuazo Koldo Zuazo (born 1956) is a Basque linguist, professor at the University of the Basque Country and specialist in Basque language dialectology and sociolinguistics . Since 1998, Zuazo's work on the Basque dialects has drawn

96-415: The dialect is still spoken generally in about half of Biscay and some other municipalities, it suffers from the pressure of Spanish . Biscayan was used by Sabino Arana and his early Basque nationalist followers as one of the signs of Basqueness. In the words of Georges Lacombe , because of the special features of this dialect , Euskera could well be divided into two groups of dialects: Biscayan and

108-536: The rest of the Basque dialects and also with Standard Basque or Batua, and respecting their corresponding uses, the Euskaltzaindia has produced a Model for Written Biscayan ( Basque : Bizkaieraren idatzizko ereduaren finkapenak ), a set of rules mainly focused on morphosyntax . The official use of the dialects of Euskera is regulated through Regulation 137 of the Euskaltzaindia, according to which

120-443: The rest. He argued that this dialect was so different from the rest, that the isoglosses separating it from the adjacent dialects (Gipuzkoan or central) are so close to each other that form a clear line; that is, the phonetic - phonological , morphosyntactic and lexical features of Biscayan coincide geographically to the point of creating a distinctively clear and defined dialectical border. Because of these differences both with

132-625: The use of Batua should be limited to the fields of communication, administration and teaching. Since 1997 and according to the new dialectical classification realized by Koldo Zuazo , author of Euskalkiak. Herriaren lekukoak (Elkar, 2004), the name given to Biscayan is the Western Dialect , due to its use not being limited to the province of Biscay, but with users in some Gipuzkoan regions such as Debagoiena (mainly) and Debabarrena , and also some Alavan municipalities such as Aramaio (Aramayona) and Legutio (Villarreal). According to

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144-573: The wide influence of the Western Dialect in these regions. Some features of Biscayan as perceived by other dialect speakers may be summed up as follows: Biscayan dialect has a very rich lexicon , with vocabulary varying from region to region, and from town to town. For example, while gura ‘to want’ and txarto ‘bad’ are two words widely used in Biscayan, some Biscayan speaker might use cognates of nahi and gaizki respectively, which are generally used in other dialects. One of

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