Misplaced Pages

#129870

36-464: Blue Funnel May refer to: Blue Funnel Line , A UK Shipping company operating from 1866 to 1988 Blue Funnel Group , A UK pleasure and ferry boat company including Blue Funnel Cruises and Blue Funnel Ferries Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Blue Funnel . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

72-573: A 'tween decks space fitted for refrigerated meat, dairy and fruit cargoes, provided accommodation of the largest consignments. In the 1920s, Blue Funnel became the first British shipping company to employ a woman marine engineer. Victoria Drummond served with the company three times: firstly as Tenth Engineer on the liner Anchises 1922–24, then as refrigeration engineer on the refrigerated cargo ship Perseus in 1943 and finally as resident engineer at Caledon Shipbuilding in Dundee supervising

108-519: A collision that delayed the delivery for several months, thus proving the concept of refrigerated ships, if not the economics. In 1879, Strathleven , equipped with compression refrigeration, sailed successfully from Sydney to the UK with 40 tons of frozen beef and mutton as a small part of her cargo. The clipper sailing ship Dunedin , owned by the New Zealand and Australian Land Company (NZALC),

144-520: A few passengers. The line also had a small number of purely passenger vessels. Nestor , launched 7 December 1912, and Ulysses , launched 5 July 1913, are examples of large cargo/passenger vessels entering the line's service at the time. Both ships were built in Belfast by Workman, Clark and Company with a length of 580 ft (176.8 m) and 14,500 gross tons. Passenger accommodations were for first class only and seven cargo holds, one and

180-476: A major part of the refrigeration system (such as a compressor) may fail, which would have to be replaced or unplugged quickly in the event of a fire. Modern container vessels stow the reefer containers in cellguides with adjacent inspection walkways that enable reefer containers to be carried in the holds as well as on the deck. Modern refrigerated container vessels are designed to incorporate a water-cooling system for containers stowed under deck. This does not replace

216-464: A refrigeration system attached to the rear end of the container. While on a ship these containers are plugged into an electrical outlet (typically 440 VAC ) that ties into the ship's power generation. Refrigerated container ships are not limited by the number of refrigeration containers they can carry, unlike other container ships which may be limited in their number of refrigeration outlets or have insufficient generator capacity. Each reefer container unit

252-404: A salt-ice mixture from Indianola, Texas , to New Orleans, Louisiana , to be served in hospitals, hotels, and restaurants. In 1874, shipping of frozen beef from America to London had already begun, which developed into an annual tonnage of around 10,000 short tons (8,900 long tons; 9,100 t). The insulated cargo space was cooled by ice, which was loaded on departure. The success of this method

288-450: Is typically designed with a stand-alone electrical circuit and has its own breaker switch that allows it to be connected and disconnected as required. In principle each individual unit could be repaired while the ship was still underway. Refrigerated cargo is a key part of the income for some shipping companies. On multi-purpose ships, refrigerated containers are mostly carried above deck, as they have to be checked for proper operation. Also,

324-542: The United States Maritime Commission requisitioned in 1941–1942. They were USS Antigua , USS  Ariel , USS  Merak , USS  Mizar , USS  Talamanca and USS  Tarazed . Antigua , although requisitioned, was never commissioned into the Navy. United States Maritime Commission Type R ship were Reefer ships. In April 1943, the Navy also requisitioned SS Ulua from

360-583: The 1840s). In February 1882, Dunedin sailed from Port Chalmers New Zealand with 4,331 mutton, 598 lamb and 22 pig carcasses, 246 kegs of butter, and hare, pheasant, turkey, chicken and 2,226 sheep tongues and arrived in London after sailing 98 days with its cargo still frozen. After meeting all costs, the NZALC company made a £4,700 profit from the voyage. Soon after Dunedin ' s successful voyage, an extensive frozen meat trade from New Zealand and Australia to

396-710: The Atlantic Ocean for 35 days without losing a single member of the crew. Blue Funnel lost 16 ships in the First World War and 30 in the Second . After each war it restored its fleet with new ships. After the Second War it regained tonnage rapidly by buying six Victory ships from the United States Maritime Commission in 1946 and eight "Sam-" ships from the Ministry of War Transport in 1947. Six of

SECTION 10

#1732780184130

432-625: The Navy. Because of the difficulty of building refrigerated ships only two were delivered in 1944. 26 were delivered in 1945 and the remainder in 1946–1948. According to the CIA's The World Factbook , there were about 38,000 registered merchant ships in the world in 2010, of which about 920 were designed as refrigerated cargo ships. Because of the proliferation of self-contained refrigerated container systems on container ships , there are many more ships than those designed for only refrigerated cargo that are also carrying some refrigerated cargo. As of 2010,

468-572: The Nelson Line that was formed in 1880 for the meat trade from Argentina to UK. Refrigeration made it possible to import meat from the United States, New Zealand, Argentina and Australia. The United Fruit Company has used some type of reefers, often combined with cruise ship passenger accommodations, since about 1889. Because of their cargo was mostly bananas , they were nicknamed the "Banana Fleet". Since bananas are relatively light and

504-602: The UK was developed with over 16 different refrigerated and passenger refrigerated ships built or refitted by 1900 in Scotland and Northern England shipyards for this trade. Within 5 years, 172 shipments of frozen meat were sent from New Zealand to the United Kingdom. Refrigerated shipping also led to a broader meat and dairy boom in Australia, New Zealand and Argentina . Frozen meat and dairy exports continue to form

540-943: The US Navy contracted for 18 refrigerated ships for hauling provisions to the troops in Europe. They were launched 1918 and 1919 as the war was ending and were nearly all scrapped by 1933 in the Great Depression as an economy move. Most were built in Baltimore Dry Dock in Baltimore, Maryland , Moore Dry Dock Company in Oakland, California , and Standard SB Co. in Shooters Island , New York. The Mizar -class stores ships were six United Fruit passenger and refrigerated cargo liners built in 1931–1933 that

576-801: The United Fruit Co. After US navy officers boarded the ship and took possession as it approached the Golden Gate Bridge, the ship became the USS ; Octans . It was the last of the UFC 'reefer' ships to be taken over. Other reefers converted for US Navy use were the Danish ships USS  Pontiac , USS  Roamer and USS  Uranus . In addition, the US Maritime Commission ordered 41 new refrigerated ships for

612-498: The backbone of New Zealand's economy. The Nelson brothers, butchers in County Meath , Ireland , started shipping extensive live beef shipments to Liverpool , England. They successfully expanded their beef business until their imports from Ireland were insufficient to supply their rapidly growing business and Nelson decided to investigate the possibility of importing meat from Argentina . The first refrigerated ship they bought

648-634: The company archive. The company's seafarers later went to fill various roles in the British maritime shore based establishment, including Malcolm Maclachlan, a lecturer in Glasgow and a popular author of books on Maritime business. Reefer ship Types of reefers: Reefer ships may be categorised into three types: A major use of refrigerated cargo hold type ships was for the transportation of bananas and frozen meat, but most of these ships have been partly replaced by refrigerated containers that have

684-598: The company's Liverpool office as director of the new acquisition and profits increased. Eight new Glenearn class ships were ordered, four from UK shipyards and four from abroad but not all were delivered when the Second World War started. The first Outward Bound school was opened in Aberdyfi , Wales in 1941 with the support of the Blue Funnel Line. Outward Bound's founding mission was to improve

720-547: The completion of Rhexenor and Stentor in 1946. These were two of the first new ships built for Blue Funnel to replace its Second World War losses. The company expanded in 1937 through acquisition of the Glen Line in 1935, that provided cargo and passenger service to the Far East from eastern English ports such as London. The overall managing director, C. E. Wurtzburg, brought Herbert Gladstone McDavid to London from

756-700: The eight new ships ordered by Glen Line in 1938 were reacquired, resulting in a fleet of 15 ships by September 1948. The twice-monthly fast service and a slower secondary service to the Far East resumed. Two Blue Funnel ships, Agapenor and Melampus were trapped by the Six-Day War of 1967 and became part of the Yellow Fleet in the Great Bitter Lake , remaining there until 1975. From 1947 to 1970, as Britain's empire began to shrink, so did its trade. Simultaneously, companies from other parts of

SECTION 20

#1732780184130

792-492: The heat through heat exchangers to the abundantly available sea water. There are also refrigeration systems that have two compressors for very precise and low-temperature operations, such as transporting a container of blood to a war zone. Cargoes of shrimp, asparagus, caviar and blood are considered among the most expensive refrigerated items. Bananas, fruit and meat have historically been the main cargo of refrigerated ships. In 1869, reefers were shipping beef carcasses frozen in

828-426: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Funnel&oldid=779661448 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Blue Funnel Line Alfred Holt and Company , trading as Blue Funnel Line ,

864-594: The major ports of Shanghai and Hong Kong to Liverpool. The ship's crews were Chinese as well as European. As a consequence, some Chinese seamen settled in Liverpool from the 1860s to found the oldest Chinese community in Europe. Ships of the Blue Funnel fleet all had names from classical Greek legend or history. The majority were cargo ships , but most of the Ocean SS Co cargo ships also had capacity for

900-656: The majority of the company's vessels. A Dutch subsidiary, the Nederlandsche Stoomvaart Maatschappij Oceaan , was founded in 1891, as was the East India Ocean Steam Ship Company , operated from Singapore . This latter was sold in 1899 to Norddeutscher Lloyd . The company acquired the competing China Mutual Steam Navigation Company in 1902, keeping it as a subsidiary company but operating it as part of Blue Funnel Line. The company's ships connected

936-597: The normal shipping route was to Central America and then back to various US ports, these ships were often built as combination cargo ships and what are now called cruise ships to pay for more of their operating expenses. After about 1910, they called these combination cruise and cargo ships the "Great White Fleet" based on their heat-reducing white paint. To avoid US shipping regulations and taxes they are registered in about six other countries, with very few now maintaining US registry. European associates with their own ships were often employed to ship fruit to Europe. United Brands

972-417: The refrigeration system but facilitates cooling down of the external machinery. Containers stowed on the exposed upper deck are air-cooled, while those under deck are water-cooled. The water cooling design allows additional refrigerated containers under deck, as water can be used to dissipate the high amount of heat they generate. This system draws fresh water from the ship's water supply, which in turn transfers

1008-415: The surrounding air temperature, which froze the cargo in the temperate climate of southern New Zealand and then maintained it below freezing (32 °F, 0 °C) through the tropics. Dunedin ' s most visible sign of being an unusual ship was the funnel for the refrigeration plant placed between her fore and main masts (sometimes leading her to be mistaken for a steamship which had been common since

1044-710: The survival chances of young seamen after their ships were torpedoed in the mid-Atlantic. Captain JF "Freddy" Fuller of the Blue Funnel Line took over the leadership of the Aberdyfi school in 1942 and served the Outward Bound movement as senior warden until 1971. Fuller was seconded following wartime experience during the Battle of the Atlantic of surviving two successive U-boat attacks and commanding an open lifeboat in

1080-511: The world began to operate more competitively. Cabotage regulations prevented British flag companies from trading on routes that were previously their monopolies . Several factors resulted in a decreased number in the Blue Funnel's fleet. The company finally came to an end in 1988 when Ocean Group withdrew from the Barber Blue Sea Service, its last shipping line. The Merseyside Maritime Museum Archive and Library holds

1116-950: The world. These ships normally carried up to 95 cruise ship passengers and a crew to ports in Central America and then would return to the United States with passengers and a cargo of refrigerated bananas and miscellaneous cargo. The renamed USS  Pastores and USS  Calamares were taken over by the United States Navy in World War I and used to take troops and refrigerated supplies to and from Europe. After hostilities ceased they were returned to United Fruit Company in 1919. They were requisitioned again on 2 June 1941 from United Fruit for use in World War II . After hostilities ceased they were then returned again to United Fruit Company in 1946. In World War I ,

Blue Funnel - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-438: Was Spindrift which they renamed in 1890 SS Highland Scot . A vessel of 3,060 gross tons bought by James Nelson and Sons in 1889 and fitted with a somewhat primitive refrigerating plant operating on the cold air system became one of the pioneer vessels in the trade of refrigerated meat and other perishable commodities. They hauled beef carcasses from Argentina to Britain. Their regularly scheduled shipments and ships developed into

1188-551: Was a UK shipping company that was founded in 1866 and operated merchant ships for 122 years. It was one of the UK's larger shipowning and operating companies, and as such had a significant role in the country's overseas trade and in the First and Second World Wars . Alfred Holt founded the business on 16 January 1866. The main operating subsidiary was the Ocean Steam Ship Company , which owned and operated

1224-632: Was limited by insulation, loading techniques, ice block size, distance and climate. The first attempt to ship refrigerated meat across the Pacific was made when the Northam sailed from Australia to the UK in 1876. The refrigeration machinery broke down en route and the cargo was lost. In 1877, the french steamer Paraguay equipped with a Carré compression machine completed the first successful travel with its shipment of 5500 frozen muttons from Argentina arriving to France in excellent condition despite

1260-404: Was refitted in 1881 with a Bell-Coleman compression refrigeration machine. This freezer unit worked by compressing air, then releasing it into the hold of the ship. The expanding air absorbed heat as it expanded, cooling the cargo in the hold. Burning three tons of coal a day in the steam engine that ran the compressor, it could lower the temperature of the hold by 40 °F (22 °C) compared to

1296-595: Was taken over by Chiquita Brands International in the 1980s and owns the largest fleet of banana boats in the world, but none of them now sails under the US flag. SS Pastores and SS Calamares were built in Ireland in 1912 and 1913 for the United Fruit Company as a combination cruise ship and refrigerated cargo ship. The United Fruit Company's fleet of about 85 ships was one of the largest civilian fleets in

#129870