In botany and mycology , a haustorium (plural haustoria ) is a rootlike structure that grows into or around another structure to absorb water or nutrients. For example, in mistletoe or members of the broomrape family , the structure penetrates the host's tissue and draws nutrients from it. In mycology , it refers to the appendage or portion of a parasitic fungus (the hyphal tip), which performs a similar function. Microscopic haustoria penetrate the host plant's cell wall and siphon nutrients from the space between the cell wall and plasma membrane but do not penetrate the membrane itself. Larger (usually botanical, not fungal) haustoria do this at the tissue level.
15-506: (Redirected from Blue Hearts ) Bluehearts and Blue Hearts may refer to: Buchnera americana , American bluehearts flowering plant Buchnera floridana , Florida bluehearts flowering plant Operation Bluehearts , plan for an amphibious landing during the Korean War The Blue Hearts , Japanese punk band Blue Hearts (album) by Bob Mould Topics referred to by
30-506: A cell, expanding between the cell wall and cell membrane. In the Chytridiomycota , the entire fungus may become enclosed in the cell, and it is arguable whether this should be considered analogous to a haustorium. Haustoria arise from intercellular hyphae, appressoria , or external hyphae. The hypha narrows as it passes through the cell wall and then expands on invaginating the cell. A thickened, electron -dense collar of material
45-421: A haustorium. The haustoria attacks the host's xylem and/or phloem and attaches itself to the host. This structure both anchors the mistletoe, and taps into the host plant. Mistletoes use passive mechanisms to draw water from their hosts. They keep their leaf stomata open night and day which sets up a moisture gradient between mistletoe and host. A second meaning of 'haustorium' in botany is to describe tissues in
60-476: A host but grow more strongly with a host. They attach to their host plant by parasitic roots called haustoria . During stressful conditions (such as drought), bluehearts may heighten their parasitic effects to the point where a large group of them may damage small trees. Common host trees of bluehearts are white oak ( Quercus alba ), eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus ), green ash ( Fraxinus pennsylvanica ), and cottonwood ( Populus deltoides ). Caterpillars of
75-478: Is a perennial flowering plant with underground rhizomes and an above-ground stem. The stem of the plant is usually covered with trichomes (small hair-like projections), and can grow 40 to 80 cm (16 to 31 in) tall. The leaves are opposed, meaning that they grow in pairs, sprouting directly across from each other. The flowers are light purple. The fruits are dark purple and form in capsules 7 mm (0.28 in) in length. The plant blooms year round, but
90-411: Is deposited around the hypha at the point of invagination. Further, the host cell wall becomes highly modified in the invaginated zone. Inclusions normally present in plasma membrane are absent, and the outer layer contains more polysaccharide. The wall of both partners is severely reduced. Functional exchange takes place within the haustorial complex. The host supplies organic carbon to the fungus, and
105-497: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Buchnera americana Buchnera americana , commonly known as American bluehearts or bupleurum , is a locally endangered herbaceous perennial plant of the broomrape family Orobanchaceae . Found widely across the eastern United States, it also occurs in one location in the Canadian province of Ontario. Buchnera americana
120-560: Is mostly found along the edges of wet depressions, in limestone glades, prairies, moist sandy soils, and open woods. It sometimes forms a hemiparasitic relationship with a tree (any of several species) by attaching itself to the root system. In Canada, Buchnera americana is only found in "a 10 km (6.2 mi) stretch of the shoreline of Lake Huron in South-western Ontario". Only six populations exist, and they are considered Endangered provincially and nationally. In
135-824: The United States, bluehearts are found in 11 states, from Ohio and Indiana to Georgia and Missouri. They are state ranked from S1 to S5 according to their degree of occurrence: S1 is extremely rare and S5 is secure. In Georgia and Virginia bluehearts are listed as S1; they are listed as S2 in Ohio and Texas; they are listed as S3 in Illinois, Kansas, Tennessee and parts of Kentucky; they are listed as S4 in Arkansas, Missouri and parts of Kentucky. In Ontario their natural interdunal habitats are threatened by development for housing, cottages and recreational areas, such as parks where
150-545: The common buckeye ( Junonia coenia ) feed on the blueheart. Buchnera americana has no known medicinal uses. In the garden, this plant is highly attractive to bees, butterflies, and birds. Haustorium The etymology of the name corresponds to the Latin word haustor meaning the one who draws, drains or drinks , and refers to the action performed by the outgrowth. Fungi in all major divisions form haustoria. Haustoria take several forms. Generally, on penetration,
165-478: The flowers are at their peak between June and September. During the remaining months of the year, the petals darken and dry up. Bluehearts are found in 12 states, ranging from Ohio to Florida. They are most common in Missouri and Tennessee, where they are abundant in moist environments. The plant also occurs in a small area of south-western Ontario 10 km (6.2 mi) from Lake Huron . Buchnera americana
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#1732775718679180-511: The flowers are stepped on or picked. In the United States, bluehearts live in prairie habitats, where fire is a necessary disturbance for seed germination and growth of other plants. Since burning needs to occur in a rotational 3–4 year cycle in Indiana, Illinois, Missouri and Ohio, Bluehearts are greatly affected by habitat loss in these areas of the United States. Bluehearts are hemiparasitic, meaning they are able to grow independently without
195-478: The fungus increases the surface area in contact with host plasma membrane releasing enzymes that break up the cell walls, enabling greater potential movement of organic carbon from host to fungus. Thus, an insect hosting a parasitic fungus such as Cordyceps may look as though it is being "eaten from the inside out" as the haustoria expand inside of it. The simplest forms of haustoria are small spheres. The largest are complex formations adding significant mass to
210-450: The metabolic activity within the complex is considerably greater than outside. Carbon from the host is absorbed by the fungus, and transported to the rest of the thallus . The host plant appears to be functioning according to signals from the fungus and the complex appears to be under the control of the invader. The haustorium may be mycelium or root-shaped. Mistletoes (including Loranthaceae and Viscaceae ) attach to their hosts via
225-417: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Bluehearts . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bluehearts&oldid=1189785494 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
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