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113-604: Black berets are also worn by navies. In some navies, the naval color called black is officially "very dark blue". The Dutch Navy and Marines wear dark navy blue berets; a silver anchor for the Navy and a gold or dark brown (field duty) anchor on a red background for the Marines. The Portuguese Marines and San Marco Regiment , the Marines of the Italian Navy also wear a dark blue beret. The Royal Norwegian Air Force also use

226-565: A green-water navy , having enough frigates and auxiliaries to operate far out at sea, while depending on land-based air support, and, with the large amphibious squadron, they will have significant brown-water navy capabilities. In April 2018, the Dutch Government approved a multi-year investment program and allocated funds for the 2018–2030 period, including: Together with the United States and several other NATO members,

339-609: A "statute of admiralty" issued by Maximilian, King of the Romans (future Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I), and his son Philip the Fair , the ruler of Burgundian lands (a minor at that time) on 8 January 1488. The Netherlands navy was involved in several wars against other European powers from the late 16th century, initially for independence against Spain in European waters, later for shipping lanes, trade and colonies in many parts of

452-568: A 2013 autosomal DNA study, the ancestral composition of the state of Minas Gerais can be described as: 59.20% European, 28.90% African and 11.90% Native American During the time of the gold rush, thousands of Portuguese immigrated to Brazil (mainly from the Minho), and many of them to Minas Gerais, the place where the gold rush activities took place. Most of them came from Entre Douro e Minho, in Northern Portugal. The reference book for

565-484: A Black mother and a Portuguese father) and Cabras (people of mixed ancestry, usually with high degree of Amerindian admixture). Black people and "Mulattoes" predominated in the population after the beginning of the colonization. By the 19th century, however, whites were already the largest single group in the Minas Gerais population. Taking the population as a whole (all groups included), European genes account for

678-770: A Cold Weather and Mountain Warfare Course. Today, all units of the Southern Marine Force of the Argentine Marine Corps wear black berets with unit badges. In the Australian Army, All RAAC Units (Royal Australian Armoured Corps), wear the black beret. In the Austrian Bundesheer all armored units (Armored Battalions, Mechanized Infantry Battalions, Artillery Battalions and Mechanized Headquarter Battalions), wear

791-454: A black beret during the revolution against the Batista government of Cuba. In the 1960s several activist groups adopted the beret. The Argentine Navy 's Batallón de Infantería de Marina 5 (5th Marine Battalion), of Falklands War Mount Tumbledown fame (1982), wears a black beret. This was introduced by (then) Commander Manuel Tomé around 1977, and the beret was awarded on completion of

904-541: A considerable number of minesweepers . As a member of NATO , the Netherlands developed its security policy in close cooperation with other members. The establishment of the Warsaw pact in 1955 intensified the arms race between West and East. Technical innovations rapidly emerged, the introduction of radar and sonar were followed by nuclear weapon systems and long-range missiles. The geopolitical situation allowed for

1017-549: A dark blue beret. Finnish Marine Infantry wear a dark blue beret with the Navy insignia.(Finnish Coastal Jaegers - marine commandos - part of the same Nylands Brigade, wear the green beret). Perhaps the most famous Commonwealth wearer of the black beret was Field Marshal Montgomery who wore a Royal Tank Regiment (RTR) beret complete with cap badge , presented to him by the regiment, to which he added his own general 's (later field marshal 's) rank insignia . The usage of black berets by militaries dates to World War I . During

1130-625: A deck landing on board HNLMS  Rotterdam for the first time as part of an initial study into the possibilities for wider use of the helicopters as these will be upgraded to the AH-64E standard which has specific features for maritime operations. The Dutch amphibious support ship HNLMS  Johan de Witt and the JSS HNLMS Karel Doorman are designed to handle Royal Netherlands Air Force CH-47F Chinook helicopters but still require additional anti corrosion measures (part of

1243-700: A fixed military strategy. Beginning in 1965, the Dutch Navy joined certain permanent NATO squadrons like the Standing Naval Force Atlantic . The constituent parts of the Royal Netherlands Navy are: Contains all surface combatants, replenishment ships, and amphibious support ships. Houses the submarines and a support vessel. Contains various minehunters. The Hydrographic Service is responsible for relevant hydrographic surveys. Provides healthcare to personnel of

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1356-417: A great social mobility to former slaves, mainly for women. In Tejuco , the percentage of White males who were head of family (37.7%) was very similar to the percentage of Black women who were head of family (38.5%). Many former slaves were able to accumulate goods and many of them became slave owners as well. Some Black people and mainly Mulattos were able to integrate themselves in the highest social stratum of

1469-663: A hundred indigenous groups inhabited the current territory of Minas Gerais at the time of the arrival of the Portuguese. In the valleys of the Doce , Jequitinhonha and Mucuri rivers, people generally known as " botocudos " lived, such as the Maxakalis , Maconis, Naquenuques, Aranãs, Krenaks and Pataxós . Northern Minas Gerais was dominated by the Kiriris and Xakriabás . Center, western and southern Minas Gerais were inhabited by

1582-586: A large number of these families is "Velhos Troncos Mineiros" (Old Mineiro Branches) by Raimundo Trindade. The Native American population of Minas Gerais was estimated to be at 97,000 in 1500, by the time the Portuguese arrived in Brazil in 1500 (John Hemming in " Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians "). The ancestry of the Africans brought to Minas Gerais was both West African and Bantu, with

1695-524: A million people, in turn, consider themselves irreligious, of which around seventy thousand are atheists and just over seven thousand are agnostics. Minas Gerais is the second-largest consumer market in Brazil, behind the state of São Paulo. It shares 10.4% of the Brazilian consumer market. Companies of this Brazilian state have access to 49% of the Brazilian consumer market, with estimated consumption potential of 223 billion US dollars. The service sector

1808-542: A population of 20,539,989 according to the 2022 census . Located in the Southeast Region of the country, it is bordered to south and southwest by São Paulo ; Mato Grosso do Sul to the west; Goiás and the Federal District to the northwest; Bahia to the north and northeast; Espírito Santo to the east; and Rio de Janeiro to the southeast. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte ,

1921-603: A population that lived there thousands of years ago, nicknamed the "Lagoa Santa People". The region of Minas Gerais was inhabited by indigenous peoples as long as 11,400 to 12,000 years ago, based on the estimated age of the Luzia woman , the name of the oldest human fossil found in the Americas. Luzia was found in 1974 in excavations in Lapa Vermelha, a cave between the municipalities of Lagoa Santa and Pedro Leopoldo , in

2034-440: A predominance of the former initially and a predominance of the latter later. Religion in Minas Gerais (2010) According to the 2010 Brazilian census , most of the population consider themselves to be Catholic, which puts the state in ninth place when considering the percentage of the population belonging to this religion (70.4%). Although the number of Catholics has been gradually decreasing in recent years, Roman Catholicism

2147-477: A short time led to epidemics and food shortages. In 1697, the Portuguese used enslaved African labor to start building the Estrada Real , the "royal road," that would connect the ports of cities of Rio de Janeiro and Paraty to the mineral-rich regions of Vila Rica, Serro, and, at the northernmost point, Diamantina. São Paulo settlers considered themselves owners of the gold taken from the mines, claiming

2260-458: A total of 20 ships (including two of its three light cruisers) and 2,500 sailors killed in the course of the campaign. The Dutch navy had suffered from years of underfunding and came ill-prepared to face an enemy with more and heavier ships with better weapons, including the Long Lance -torpedo, with which the cruiser Haguro sank the light cruiser HNLMS  De Ruyter . After the war,

2373-481: A whole. Monogamy and weddings in churches would only take root in Brazil in the 19th century, fitting the moral standards imposed by the Church. The role of women in colonial Minas Gerais was much more dynamic than it would be allowed by the standards of the time. Many women used to live on their own, were heads of family and worked, particularly the "women of color" and former slaves. The society of Minas Gerais provided

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2486-480: Is a major urban and finance center in Brazil, being the sixth most populous municipality in the country while its metropolitan area ranks as the third largest in Brazil with just over 5.8 million inhabitants, after those of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro . Minas Gerais' territory is subdivided into 853 municipalities , the largest number among Brazilian states. The state's terrain is quite rugged and some of Brazil's highest peaks are located in its territory. It

2599-481: Is also home to the source of some of Brazil's main rivers, such as the São Francisco and Grande rivers, which places it in a strategic position with regard to the country's water resources. It has a tropical climate , which varies from colder and humid in the south to semi-arid in its northern portion. All of these combined factors provide it with a rich fauna and flora distributed in the biomes that cover

2712-702: Is derived from the tribe of the Maxakali . The Maxakalisaurus fossils belonged to an animal about 13 meters (43.3 ft) long, with an estimated weight of 9 tons, although, according to paleontologist Alexander Kellner , it could reach a length of approximately 20 meters (65 ft). It had a long neck and tail, ridged teeth (unusual among sauropods) and lived about 80 million years ago. Because sauropods seem to have lacked significant competition in South America, they evolved there with greater diversity and more unusual traits than elsewhere in

2825-489: Is historically explainable: southern Minas Gerais, in the border with São Paulo , received larger numbers of Portuguese farmers in colonial times. In the late 19th century, Italian immigrants also arrived. The north region, close to Bahia , was a place to the arrival of many African slaves since the 18th century. The central part of the state, where the capital Belo Horizonte is, has a more balanced ratio between White, Black and mixed people. The population of Minas Gerais

2938-583: Is still strongly rooted in Minas Gerais' culture, especially in rural areas and inland cities where celebrations and festivities organized by community parishes are common, but religious pluralism has also grown in recent years. Almost four million inhabitants are evangelical. According to the number of followers, the Assembleias de Deus (more than seven hundred thousand followers), the Baptist Church (more than five hundred thousand followers) and

3051-415: Is the largest component of GDP at 47.1%, followed by the industrial sector at 44.1%. agriculture represents 8.8% of GDP (2004). Main exports: mineral products 44.4%, metals 15.8%, vegetable products 13%, precious metals 5.5%, foodstuffs 4.9%, transportation 3.5% (2012). Its share of the Brazilian economy in 2005 was 9%. Minas Gerais had an industrial GDP of R $ 128.4 billion in 2017, equivalent to 10.7% of

3164-513: Is the result of an intense mixture of peoples, particularly between Black Africans and Portuguese. In colonial Minas Gerais, the population was divided in five different categories: Whites , mostly Portuguese; Africans , who often did not have a surname and were usually known for their region of origin (for example Francisca Benguela would refer to Benguela ); Crioulos (Black people born in Brazil, usually to both African parents); Mulattoes (people of mixed Black and White ancestry, usually born to

3277-879: Is under the operational control of the Navy and is commanded by the commander of the Navy in the Caribbean . The main naval base, Nieuwe Haven Naval Base is situated in Den Helder , North Holland . Secondary bases are situated around Den Helder, as well as in Amsterdam , and Willemstad on the Caribbean island of ( Curaçao ), Usage rights are also in place for port facilities in Rotterdam , Vlissingen and Eemshaven . The Netherlands Marine Corps has barracks in Rotterdam, Doorn , Texel and Den Helder, as well as in

3390-835: The Armored Brigade wear black berets. In the German Army , an oversized black beret was introduced during the National Socialist era for tank crews, to be worn over the crash helmet; however this was dropped in favour of a black garrison cap during World War II . Today the black beret (of conventional size) is worn by the Armoured Corps and the Armoured Reconnaissance Corps. In the Greek Army , black berets are worn by

3503-680: The British Armed Forces as the headdress of the Royal Tank Corps during the interwar period and World War II . When uniforms were issued to the Royal Observer Corps (ROC), there was a surplus of Royal Armoured Corps black berets which were given to the ROC. One of the most famous photographs of Che Guevara taken by Alberto Korda was of him wearing a black beret with a gold star. Fidel Castro also wore

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3616-725: The Chilean Army , the black beret is worn by the paras and the special forces. In the Croatian Army black berets are worn by military police units, 1st Mechanized Battalion and the Cadet Battalion. Special unit of the police. In the Cypriot National Guard , the black beret is exclusively given to soldiers of the Armoured Forces and to Officers of the same branch after graduating from

3729-787: The Dutch Army , the black beret is worn by cavalry battalions. In the New Zealand Police , members of the Armed Offenders Squad wore the black beret. The Norwegian Army Panserbataljonen (armoured) and other cavalry units wear black berets. In the Philippine Army , the members of the 1st Scout Ranger Regiment , Presidential Security Group and Tank Officers from the Philippine Army Light Armor Division In

3842-697: The EU Naval Force Operation Atalanta , combating Somali piracy forces in the Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean since 2009. The last vessel was sent in 2018; since then the Navy has only contributed staff and advisors to the mission. With the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , the military focus was on the army and air force; it was not until the Korean War (1950–53) that

3955-606: The Foursquare Church (almost three hundred and fifty thousand adherents) stand out. Around 420 thousand people in the state are followers of Spiritism , whose important promoter in Brazil was the Minas Gerais-born medium Chico Xavier . There are also several other religious minorities in the state, including Umbanda and Candomblé , which together have less than twenty thousand followers and whose rituals are sometimes confused with folk traditions. Almost

4068-708: The Indonesian Navy , members of the Submarine Corps wear black berets. In the pre-2003 Iraqi Army , the black beret was the most commonly worn headgear and continues to be worn by both army and police personnel of the post-2003 Iraqi Army. In the Irish Army the majority of the members of the Permanent Defence Forces, specifically the infantry, wear black berets except for certain combat support units such as MPs, Cavalry etc. In

4181-746: The Israel Defense Forces , soldiers serving in the Armor Corps wear black berets. In the Italian Army most units wear a black beret. Exceptions are: Paratroopers, Alpini , Army Aviation Corps (AVES), Lagunari and Bersaglieri . The black beret is worn by all soldiers in the Luxembourg Army . The black beret is worn by Juozas Vitkus Engineer battalion soldiers in the Lithuanian Armed Forces . In

4294-772: The Malaysian Army , the members of the Royal Armor Corps wear the black berets. In the Namibian Army , the black beret is worn by members from Artillery Brigade , Engineer Regiment , Signal Regiment , Logistic Support Battalion , Air Defence Brigade , the Namibian Air Force and Namibian Navy also wear the black beret In the Nigerian Air Force , the black beret is worn by Nigerian airforce regiment and Navy personnel In

4407-659: The Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte . Based on the analysis of Luzia and her people's cranial morphology, it was theorized that they had Australoid features, having belonged to a population that arrived in the Americas before the ancestors of Amerindians . However, with the analysis of the genetic material of the human remains of the Lagoa Santa People, it was found that this prehistoric population had completely Amerindian DNA, therefore ruling out any relationship with Australasian populations and

4520-1011: The Philippine Air Force , members of the Special Operations Wing wears black berets. In the Philippine National Police , members of the Special Action Force wears black berets. In the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority , members of the Traffic Enforcers wears black berets. In the Pakistan Army , the Armoured Corps wears black berets as well as special forces. In the Polish Armed Forces ,

4633-404: The Vila Rica Revolt took place against taxes on gold and, as a result, that same year the Captaincy of Minas Gerais was created after the dismemberment of São Paulo e Minas do Ouro. The first capital of Minas Gerais, and seat of the local see, was the city of Mariana; it was later moved to Vila Rica. In the late 18th century, Vila Rica was the largest city in Brazil and one of the most populous in

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4746-542: The "Inconfidentes", as the rebels became known. In the economic history of Brazil, Minas Gerais plays a pivotal role in shifting the economic axis from the Brazilian northeast (based on sugarcane, that starts declining in the 18th century) to the southeast of the country, which still remains the major economic center. The large amounts of gold found in the region attracted the attention of Portugal back to Brazil, progressively turning Rio de Janeiro into an important port city, from where these would be shipped to Portugal and where

4859-416: The Americas. The Portuguese Crown then began to strictly control the mining of gold, instating a 20% tax of everything that was produced, which became known as "the fifth". The captaincy's population continued to grow, but until then there were only small subsistence agricultural crops, which required the import of products from other regions of the colony. New access ways to the region began to be created and

4972-415: The Army and the Air Force. In the Spanish Army , the black beret is worn by the Mechanized Brigades and the Parachutist Brigade BRIPAC . Dutch Navy The Royal Netherlands Navy (Dutch: Koninklijke Marine ) is the maritime service branch of the Netherlands Armed Forces . It was founded on 8 January 1488, making it the third-oldest naval force in the world . During the 17th century,

5085-426: The Caribbean at Suffisant on Curaçao, and Savaneta on Aruba . Officers of the Nederland Navy are trained at the Royal Naval Institute ( Koninklijk Instituut voor de Marine ), which is part of the Netherlands defence academy ( Nederlandse Defensie Academie ) in Den Helder . Around 100-120 people start training every year. The Royal Netherlands Navy currently operates 7 main classes of vessels: Note: in

5198-399: The Cataguás, who were the most numerous indigenous group in Minas Gerais' territory in colonial times, so much so that the region was known as "Campos Gerais dos Cataguases" in the time of the bandeirantes . The regions of Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba were inhabited by the Kayapos and Araxás, while the Zona da Mata was populated by the Puri . The region of Minas Gerais close to

5311-533: The Dutch Navy is testing and updating its ships for Tactical ballistic missile defense capability. Although tests conducted concerning the capability of the APAR ( Active Phased Array Radar ) have been very successful, in 2018 the Dutch Government approved plans to acquire the SM-3 missiles for integration into the existing weapon suite of the LCF frigates. The four LCF ships will be fitted out with eight SM-3 missiles each (they are provisioned for this VLS extension) through Foreign Military Sales (under discussion between

5424-554: The Greek Armoured Forces officers' school. The school is considered the toughest academy of the Greek Army, bar special forces, and therefore the black beret is considered an honour for the bearer. In the Czech Army , military policemen wear black berets. In the Danish Army , the black beret was originally used by all combat regiments, but now it is worn by the Jutland Dragoons , Guard Hussars , Royal Life Guard , Army Combat and Fire Support Center , Garnisonskommandant Vordingborg and 1st Danish Artillery Battalion . Only members of

5537-427: The Pacific Theatre. A small force of submarines based in Western Australia sank more Japanese ships in the first weeks after Japan joined the war than the entire British and American navies together during the same period, an exploit which earned Admiral Helfrich the nickname "Ship-a-day Helfrich". The aggressive pace of operations against the Japanese was a contributing factor to both the heavy losses sustained and

5650-451: The Panzer (Armored Vehicles) branch, tracing back to the tradition of the original cavalry units. In the Indian Army , all Cavalry and Armoured Corps, National Security Guards & Border Security Force wear black berets. In the Indonesian Army , black beret is worn by the members of Cavalry Corps (except cavalry battalions under Kostrad strategic reserve command which wearing dark green beret universal to all of its soldiers). In

5763-482: The Portuguese crown would eventually move its administration in 1808 after Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Portugal (see Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil ). Due to the economic importance of the state and the particular traits of the local population—famed for its reserved and balanced character—Minas Gerais has also played an important role on national politics. During the 19th century, politicians such as José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva were instrumental in

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5876-424: The Royal Netherlands Navy frigates are interchangeable with destroyers as there is no separate class The Royal Netherlands Navy classifies the De Zeven Provinciën -class as frigates, but internationally they are most comparable to destroyers (due to their size and weapon capability) platform for Sea Based Anti-Ballistic Missile defence Since the retirement of the Westland Lynx, the Royal Netherlands Air Force fills

5989-455: The Royal Netherlands Navy is HNLMS ( His/Her Netherlands Majesty's Ship ). The Netherlands navy itself uses the prefixes Zr.Ms. ( Dutch : Zijner Majesteits , lit.   'His Majesty's') when a King is on the throne, and Hr.Ms. ( Dutch : Harer Majesteits , lit.   'Her Majesty's') when there is a Queen. This happens automatically at end of the monarch's reign. The modern Netherlands Navy dates its founding to

6102-408: The Royal Netherlands Navy. Two squadrons equipped with NH90 NFH helicopter based at De Kooy Airfield . Command of the Royal Netherlands Navy that is responsible for national defense and international law enforcement in the Dutch Caribbean . Although the Netherlands Coastguard is not an official part of the Navy, it is under its operational control. Also the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard

6215-435: The US and The Netherlands). Surviving historic ships Insignia worn by the Monarch of the Netherlands when wearing the uniform of the Royal Netherlands Navy. Koning der Nederlanden Minas Gerais Minas Gerais ( Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈminɐz ʒeˈɾajs] ) is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil , being the fourth largest state by area and the second largest in number of inhabitants with

6328-413: The banks of the Carmo river and built his camp there, which gave rise to the town of Nossa Senhora do Carmo (now Mariana ). Two years later, Antônio Dias de Oliveira discovered gold at the foot of the Itacolomi Peak and founded his settlement there, the embryo of Vila Rica (currently Ouro Preto ). In 1702, João de Siqueira Afonso discovered precious stones in the Rio das Mortes valley. Initially, gold

6441-507: The best Colombia-origin emeralds, and are most often a bluish-green color. Each region of the state has a distinct character, geographically and to a certain extent culturally. According to the modern (2017) geographic classification by Brazil's National Institute of Geography and Statistics ( IBGE ), which succeeded the division in mesoregions and microregions (1988), the state is now divided in 13 intermediate geographic regions , each one divided in immediate geographic regions (70 total in

6554-443: The black beret with its dress and field uniforms, when not wearing helmets. Members of the Serbian military police wear black berets. The black beret is worn by the Armour formation of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). Traditionally in the Spanish Armed Forces black berets were used to denote paratroopers units. The custom originating in the Spanish Air Force , although it is now used also by other non-paratroopers units in

6667-522: The black beret, as well as the special forces unit of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro, Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais (BOPE). In the Brazilian auxiliary military forces of the Polícia Militar (Military Police), specially in Minas Gerais state, officers sometimes wears black berets as official parts of patrol gear. In the Canadian Armed Forces , black berets are worn by Royal Canadian Armoured Corps soldiers and by all sailors (except military police and special operations sailors). In

6780-438: The black beret. In the Azerbaijani Armed Forces armored units of underwater offence of Azerbaijani Navy wear the black beret. In the Bangladesh Army , all units of the Armoured, Cavalry and Lancer Corps wear black berets.the Rapid Action Battalion of Bangladesh Police also uses black beret. In the Belgian Army , the black beret is worn by cavalry and engineer units. The Brazilian armour and mechanized troops also wear

6893-458: The black berets are worn by armored units of Polish Army , and by Polish Navy . In the Portuguese Army , the black beret is worn by the cavalry branch , including the armoured troops and the military police . The black beret is also worn by several Portuguese civil forces, like the Bomb disposal unit of the Public Security Police , the Prison Guard Corps and the Civil Defense. Both the Russian Naval Infantry and OMON special police wears

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7006-447: The border with São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul and Goiás was occupied by the Bororós . However, during the first centuries of the colonization of Brazil, the indigenous people of this region were captured by the bandeirantes to be enslaved and the groups that revolted were exterminated, which caused a great reduction in the indigenous population, leaving currently only five groups: the Xakriabás, Krenaks, Maxakalis, Pataxós and Pankararus,

7119-441: The emigration of a large part of the population until a new cycle (that of coffee) once again brought Minas Gerais national prominence and whose end led to the relatively late industrialization process. Minas Gerais currently has the third largest GDP among Brazilian states, with a large part of it still being the product of mining activities. The state also has a notable infrastructure, with a large number of hydroelectric plants and

7232-428: The end of the 16th century, bandeirantes traveled the territory of Minas Gerais in search of gold and precious stones. Many of their expeditions were supported by the Portuguese Crown, among which those of Fernão Dias and his son-in-law Borba Gato , who left the village of São Paulo in 1674, stand out. In the 17th century, the colonization of northern Minas Gerais began, with the settlement of cattle herders, due to

7345-434: The establishment of the Brazilian Empire under the rule of Pedro I and later his son, Pedro II . After the installation of the First Brazilian Republic , during the early 20th century, Minas Gerais shared the control of the national political scene with São Paulo in what became known as the " coffee with milk politics " (coffee being the major product of São Paulo, and milk representing Minas Gerais' dairy industry, despite

7458-454: The establishment of the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands, it served an important role in protecting Dutch colonial rule , especially in Southeast Asia, and would play a minor role in World War II , especially against the Imperial Japanese Navy . Since World War II, the Royal Netherlands Navy has taken part in expeditionary peacekeeping operations. It often participates in European Union and NATO operations. An international prefix for ships of

7571-482: The expansion of livestock farming in the northeastern Sertão , and of bandeirantes , in search of precious stones and indigenous people to enslave. Between 1692 and 1693, the bandeirante Antônio Rodrigues Arzão discovered the first gold deposits in the territory of Minas Gerais. In the following years, bandeirantes from the towns of São Paulo and Taubaté traveled through the Das Velhas region looking for gold. In 1696, Salvador Fernandes Furtado discovered gold on

7684-420: The first book to be written by a black woman in Brazil — Sagrada Teologia do Amor Divino das Almas Peregrinas . During the 18th century, mining exploration was strongly controlled by the Portuguese Crown , which imposed heavy taxes on everything extracted (one fifth of all gold would go to the Crown). Several rebellions were attempted by the colonists, always facing strong reaction by the imperial crown. One of

7797-493: The first civil president after the 1964 military coup. However, he died after a series of health complications just as he was about to assume the position. Also, Itamar Franco , former president of Brazil, lived there, though he was not born in Minas Gerais. Minas Gerais features some of the longest rivers in Brazil, most notably the São Francisco , the Paraná and to a lesser extent, the Doce river . The state also holds many hydroelectric power plants, including Furnas . Some of

7910-425: The first of its kind in Minas Gerais. The territory is situated within the Serra da Galga Formation , where more than 10,000 fossils of various prehistoric creatures have been unearthed. Among these discoveries, the Uberabatitan ribeiroi found in 2004 ranks among the largest ever discovered in Latin America. According to the 2022 census , there were 20,539,989 people residing in the state. The population density

8023-402: The flow of people and goods increased intensely, thus creating the first large consumer market in Brazil. Villages appeared along these access points, therefore playing a key role in the population of the captaincy. Among these routes, the Caminho Novo stands out, which connected the mining regions to Rio de Janeiro. The intense mix of people associated with wealth from gold and urban life led to

8136-612: The formation of a new, culturally diverse society, with several musicians, artists, sculptors and artisans. Among the cultural movements, the work of Aleijadinho and Master Ataíde stands out, among others, which allowed the flourishing of a local Baroque . Aleijadinho's sculptural and architectural work, as exhibited in the Twelve Prophets and The Church of Saint Francis of Assisi in Ouro Preto, are prime examples of this period. In addition to art and architecture, there

8249-506: The former slaves were women and only 37% men. Since interracial relationships between "women of color" and White men were widespread, the female slaves were more likely to be freed than the male slaves. The monogamous family structure that the Catholic Church tried to deploy in colonial Brazil was the exception in Minas Gerais. At that time cohabitation and temporary relationships predominated in Minas Gerais, as well as in Brazil as

8362-677: The gap of the Lynx's amphibious task with Airbus AS-532U2 Cougar helicopters. The Cougar's main task is to support the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps on board of the LPD's and JSS. Other tasks are to provide Medical air transport to and from these ships, but also support SOF units in amphibious missions and trainings. In 2012 an AH-64D Apache attack helicopter from the Royal Netherlands Air Force made

8475-765: The greater number of successes scored as compared to the British and Americans in the region. But during the relentless Japanese offensive of February through April 1942 in the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch navy in Asia was virtually annihilated, particularly in the Battle of the Java Sea (27 February 1942) in which the commander, Karel Doorman, went down with his fleet along with 1,000 sailors. The Navy sustained losses of

8588-688: The highest peaks in Brazil are in the mountain ranges in the southern part of the state, such as the Mantiqueira Mountains and Serra do Cervo, that mark the border between Minas and its neighbors São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The most notable one is the Bandeira peak , the third highest mountain in Brazil at 2,890 m, standing on the border with Espírito Santo state. The state also has huge reserves of iron and sizeable reserves of gold and gemstones, including emerald , topaz and aquamarine mines. Emeralds found in this location are comparable to

8701-426: The initial settlement occurred at Luzia's time. Starting in this period, cultural characteristics emerged, such as the use of stone or bone, the creation of cemeteries and small grain silos, as well as cave paintings. Later, about four thousand years ago, it is speculated that vegetable cultivation occurred, in particular corn, and that two thousand years ago, ceramic products were already being manufactured. More than

8814-412: The largest road network in the country. Due to its natural beauty and historical heritage, Minas Gerais is an important tourist destination. It is known for its heritage of colonial architecture and art in historical cities such as Ouro Preto and Diamantina , São João del-Rei , Mariana , Tiradentes , Congonhas , Sabará and Serro . In the south, its tourist points are hydro-mineral spas, such as

8927-417: The latter also being an important coffee producer). Minas Gerais was also home to two of the most influential Brazilian politicians of the second half of the 20th century. Juscelino Kubitschek was president from 1956 to 1961, and he was responsible for the construction of Brasília as the new capital of Brazil. Tancredo Neves had an extensive political career that culminated with his election in 1984 to be

9040-496: The latter coming from Pernambuco 's hinterlands. The first European expedition into Minas Gerais' territory was led by Spaniards Francisco Bruza Espinosa and Juan de Azpilcueta Navarro between 1553 and 1555, which left the coast of Bahia and traveled through northern Minas Gerais. In the following decades, other expeditions known as "entries", coming from the Brazil's northeastern coast, traveled through this same region, such as that of Sebastião Fernandes Tourinho in 1573. From

9153-512: The majority of the Minas Gerais genetic heritage, which has been explained on the basis of the extremely high mortality rates of the enslaved African population and lower reproductive rate of African slaves (the vast majority of them were males, among other reasons for their lower reproductive success). The Amerindian population was hit hard by the diseases brought by the European colonists and they did not have much of an impact either, especially in Minas Gerais, where European presence and colonization

9266-727: The metal in what is now the Central-West region of Brazil, finding it years later in Goiás and Mato Grosso . Prior to 1720, Minas Gerais was part of the captaincy of São Vicente . The imposition of the authority of the Portuguese Crown contributed to the end of the conflict, with the creation of the Captaincy of São Paulo and Minas do Ouro in 1709. In 1711, the first villages were created in Minas Gerais, namely Sabará , Vila Rica and Vila de Nossa Senhora do Carmo. In 1720,

9379-639: The most important was the Vila Rica revolt that ended with the execution of Filipe dos Santos, the revolt's leader, but also with the separation of Minas Gerais from the captaincy São Paulo e Minas de Ouro. The most notable one, however, was the Minas Gerais conspiracy , started in 1789 by a group of middle-class colonists, mostly intellectuals and young officers. They were inspired by the American and French Enlightenment ideals. The conspiracy failed and

9492-591: The municipalities of Caxambu , Lambari , São Lourenço , Poços de Caldas , São Thomé das Letras , Monte Verde (a district of Camanducaia ) and the national parks of Caparaó and Canastra . In the Serra do Cipó , Sete Lagoas , Cordisburgo and Lagoa Santa , the caves and waterfalls are the main attractions. The people of Minas Gerais also have a peculiar culture, marked by traditional religious manifestations and typical countryside cuisine, in addition to national importance in contemporary artistic productions and also in

9605-540: The names which have survived include José Joaquim Emerico Lobo de Mesquita , Marcos Coelho Neto , Francisco Gomes da Rocha and Ignácio Parreiras Neves; they cultivated a style related to the classical European style , but marked by more a more chordal, homophonic sound, and they usually wrote for mixed groups of voices and instruments. In the 1720s, in the Jequitinhonha valley region, the discovery of diamonds occurred, although its discoverers did not recognize

9718-411: The navy got more recognition. The government allowed the creation of a balanced fleet consisting of two naval squadrons. Apart from the aircraft carrier HNLMS  Karel Doorman the Dutch navy consisted of two light cruisers (two De Zeven Provinciën class ), 12 destroyers (four Holland class , eight Friesland class ), eight submarines , six frigates ( van Speijk -class frigates ), and

9831-696: The navy of the Dutch Republic (1581–1795) was one of the most powerful naval forces in the world and played an active role in the Anglo-Dutch Wars , the Franco-Dutch War , and wars against Spain and several other European powers. The Batavian Navy of the later Batavian Republic (1795–1806) and Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) played an active role in the Napoleonic Wars , though mostly dominated by French interests. After

9944-456: The ongoing upgrade of the CH-47F). In 2024 the fleet of the Royal Netherlands Navy consists of these ships: The total tonnage will be approx. 140,000 tonnes. Next to these ships a lot of other smaller vessels remain in the navy. With these changes the Royal Netherlands Navy will have 10 large oceangoing vessels ranging from medium/low to high combat action ships. The renewed Dutch Navy will be

10057-524: The population varies from town to town. For example, in Córrego do Bom Jesus, a small town located in the extreme south of Minas Gerais, White people make up 98.7% of the population. The South of Minas Gerais is both the most European and the most densely populated part of the state. On the other hand, in Setubinha , located in the northeast part of the state, 71.8% are mixed-race and 14.7% Black . It

10170-467: The rebels were arrested and exiled. The most famous of them, Joaquim José da Silva Xavier (known as Tiradentes), was hanged by order of Queen Maria I of Portugal , becoming a local hero and a national martyr of Brazil. The Minas Gerais flag—a red triangle on a white background, along with the Latin motto "Libertas quæ sera tamen", "freedom albeit late"—is based on the design for the national flag proposed by

10283-646: The region. Due to the large quantity of fossils uncovered, the Paleontological Research Center Llewellyn Ivor Price was established in 1991, alongside the Dinosaurs Museum in Peirópolis , which is currently dedicated to the study of local paleontology in collaboration with research institutions worldwide. In March 2024, Uberaba was officially designated as a UNESCO Global Geopark , marking it as

10396-587: The relations between the Netherlands and its colonies changed dramatically. The establishment of the Republic of Indonesia , two days after the Japanese surrender, thwarted the Dutch plans for restoring colonial authority. After four years of conflict the Netherlands acknowledged the independence of Indonesia. Part of the Dutch Navy was next stationed in Netherlands New Guinea until that, too,

10509-555: The right due to having discovered and conquered it, and did not want others to take possession of the mines. As a result, in 1707, they came into conflict with the Portuguese and other Brazilian settlers (nicknamed " emboabas ", a Tupi term that means "one who offends"), causing the War of the Emboabas , which ended in 1709. The São Paulo settlers were defeated and many of them had to abandon the gold deposits in Minas Gerais, having to look for

10622-543: The society of Minas Gerais, once restricted to Whites. This happened through a process of "whitening" their descendence and through the assimilation of the culture of the White elite, like being members of Catholic brotherhoods. Cohabitation was the most common crime in Minas Gerais. The Catholic Church was strict in the punishment of this crime, in order to prevent the widespread miscegenation between White, mostly Portuguese males with Black or Mulatto women. According to

10735-524: The sports scene. Two interpretations are given for the origin of the name Minas Gerais. The first interpretation is that the name simply means "General Mines", referring to a number of mines which were located in several spots spread around a larger region. The second interpretation derives the name from the former name of the colonial province, "Minas dos Matos Gerais" ("Mines of the General Woods"), referring to two distinct regions encompassed by

10848-554: The state, especially the Cerrado and the threatened Atlantic Forest . Minas Gerais' territory was inhabited by indigenous peoples when the Portuguese arrived in Brazil . It experienced a large migration wave following the discovery of gold in the late 17th century. The mining of gold brought wealth and development to the then captaincy , providing its economic and cultural development; however, gold soon became scarce, causing

10961-404: The state: the region of the mines (Minas), and the "general" region ("Matos Gerais" or "Campos Gerais", roughly meaning "General Fields"). The latter corresponded to the areas of sertão which were farther and hard to access (with an economy based on farming and agriculture) from the mining spots, whose economic space was urban in origin. Part of the history of the current state of Minas Gerais

11074-483: The theory that the peopling of the Americas was due to a wave of individuals with Australoid traits and another of Mongoloid individuals. The indigenous peoples of Minas Gerais, as well as throughout Brazil and South America, are descendants of the groups who migrated there through North America. In the region of the municipalities of Januária , Montalvânia , Itacarambi and Juvenília , in northern Minas Gerais, archaeological excavations have led to estimates that

11187-478: The trade in slaves brought from the African continent to work in the mines intensified. Many slaves tried and managed to escape, which led to the emergence of quilombos throughout Minas Gerais. It is estimated that during the 18th century more than 120 of these communities emerged throughout the captaincy. These settlements were not so far from mining centers, which made it easier for more slaves to escape. There

11300-401: The value of this precious stone for decades. However, the Portuguese Crown, upon recognizing the region's mineral production, soon established a way of charging taxes in a similar way to the gold tax. The main diamond exploration center was close to where Arraial do Tijuco (today Diamantina ) emerged. At the height of gold mining, enslaved labor was essential for large landowners. In this way,

11413-539: The war, the French Army 's Chasseurs Alpins wore large black berets as a forage cap . In 1918, near the end of the war, British Army officers Hugh Elles and J. F. C. Fuller decided to outfit members of the Royal Tank Corps with black berets as the colour was least likely to show oil stains. The decision was approved by King George V on 5 March 1924, and black berets were used exclusively within

11526-603: The whole state): The discovery of the Maxakalisaurus topai (Dinoprata) fossils was a significant paleontological find. The fossil is a genus of titanosaurid dinosaur found 45 kilometers (28 mi) from the city of Prata , in the state of Minas Gerais in 1998. It was closely related to Saltasaurus , a sauropod considered unusual because it had evolved apparently defensive traits, including bony plates on its skin and vertical plates along its spine; such osteoderms have also been found for Maxakalisaurus. The genus name

11639-474: The world Dutch naval units were responsible for transporting troops, for example during Operation Dynamo at Dunkirk and on D-Day , they escorted convoys and attacked enemy targets. Dutch submarines scored some victories, including one on a Kriegsmarine U-boat U-95 in the Mediterranean Sea , which was sunk by O 21 , but during the war the Dutch Navy suffered heavy losses, particularly in

11752-697: The world, notably during the Anglo-Dutch Wars . During the 17th century the Dutch States Navy was one of the most powerful navies in the world. As an organization, the Dutch navy consisted of five separate admiralties (three of them in Holland , and one each in Friesland and Zeeland ), each with its own ships, personnel, shipyards, command structures and revenues. At the start of WW2 the Dutch had five cruisers, eight destroyers, 24 submarines, and smaller vessels, along with 50 aircraft. The Netherlands

11865-638: The world. A replica has been displayed at the National Museum of Brazil , since August 28, 2006. In the 1940s, fossil records from the Late Cretaceous period began to be unearthed in the territory of Uberaba , many of them exceptionally well-preserved. Subsequently, extensive research efforts were initiated by the National Department of Mineral Production (DNPM), which appointed paleontologist Llewellyn Ivor Price to work in

11978-632: Was 35.02 inhabitants per square kilometre (90.7/sq mi). Urbanization : 85% (2006); Population growth : 1.4% (1991–2000); Houses: 5,741,000 (2006). The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 9,605,151 Brown ( Multiracial ) people (46.8%), 8,437,697 White people (41.1%), 2,432,877 Black people (11.8%), 31,885 Amerindian people (0.2%), 31,681 Asian people (0.2%). Ethnicities of Minas Gerais in 2022. Ethnic groups found in Minas Gerais include: Amerindians , Portuguese , Africans , Italians , Germans and Lebanese . The ethnic composition of

12091-467: Was also a trade in subsistence products between slaves and traders, who took advantage of the lower price offered by the former. In 1753, Rosa Egipcíaca , was enslaved and forced to work as a prostitute in a mine in the region, until she became ill and began to have religious visions. These visions led to her arrest and imprisonment and ultimately interrogation by the Inquisition. She recorded them in

12204-461: Was an explosion of musical activity in Minas Gerais in the 18th century. Printed copies of European music, as well as accomplished musicians, made the journey to the area, and soon a local school of composition and performance was born and achieved considerable sophistication. Several composers worked in Minas Gerais in the 18th century, mainly in Vila Rica, Sabará, Mariana, and other cities. Some of

12317-572: Was conquered in 1940 by Nazi Germany in a matter of days, and two Dutch light cruisers and one destroyer leader and three destroyers that were under construction were captured in their shipyard . For the rest of the war, the Dutch navy was based in Allied countries: the Dutch navy had its headquarters in London , and smaller units in Ceylon (modern day Sri Lanka ) and Western Australia . Around

12430-480: Was determined by the exploration of the great mineral wealth found in its territory. Its name, in fact, comes from the large quantity and variety of mines present, which began to be explored since the 17th century and to this day drive an important fraction of the state's economy. In the mid-19th century, Danish paleontologist Peter Wilhelm Lund discovered, in the Lagoa Santa region, human remains belonging to

12543-619: Was extracted from riverbeds, which forced miners to move as the deposits ran out. After some time, exploration also began to be carried out on mountain slopes, which forced the permanent settlement of miners, leading to the emergence of the first settlements. The news of the discovery of gold soon spread, initiating a gold rush , and in the following decades hundreds of thousands of people eager for wealth, mainly Portuguese (which included New Christians ), but also colonial Brazilians from São Paulo, Bahia, Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro, settled in Minas Gerais. The arrival of large numbers of people in

12656-453: Was massive. During the colonial period, the disproportion between the number of men and women was quite sharp. The census of 1738 in Serro do Frio, which included Diamantina, revealed that of the 9,681 inhabitants, 83.5% were men and 16.5% women. Among the slaves, women were only 3.1%. The number of free "women of color" (Black and "Mulatto") was very high. The same census revealed that 63% of

12769-720: Was turned over to the Indonesian government in 1962. This followed a campaign of infiltrations by the Indonesian National Armed Forces , supported by modern equipment from the Soviet Union , that was nevertheless successfully repulsed by the Dutch navy. These infiltrations took place after the order of President Sukarno to integrate the territory as an Indonesian province. The Navy has participated in joint European Union naval operations and exercises. Ten separate Dutch vessels have contributed to

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