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45-695: Journalist and photographer Mae Jordan ( Laura Gemser ) publishes her work under the name Emanuelle. She accepts an assignment from a diplomatic couple in Nairobi , and starts a sexual relationship with both. Together they teach her the ways of the country and love. According to the account in his memoir, Albertini came across a picture of Gemser at a travel agency while he was shooting in Kenya. Struck by her beauty, he located her agent in Gand (Belgium). Upon travelling there and telling him that he wanted her to star in

90-545: A "knowledge journalist" as a public intellectual who, like Walter Lippmann , Fareed Zakaria , Naomi Klein , Michael Pollan , and Andrew Revkin , sees their role as researching complicated issues of fact or science which most laymen would not have the time or access to information to research themselves, then communicating an accurate and understandable version to the public as a teacher and policy advisor. In his best-known books, Public Opinion (1922) and The Phantom Public (1925), Lippmann argued that most people lacked

135-513: A 15-disc box set, The Sensual World of Black Emanuelle . It includes a total of 24 films; the two Bitto Albertini films, the five Joe D'Amato films, the two Bruno Mattei women-in-prison films, the two Porno Nights mondo films, Sister Emanuelle , Black Cobra , Black Velvet , Emanuelle's Perverse Outburst , Divine Emanuelle , Emanuelle: Queen of the Desert and Amore Libero - Free Love , along with: Journalist A journalist

180-516: A Women's Prison was written by Fragasso and Drudi. Fragasso spoke positively on working with Gemser, stating that "compared to the starlets of today, she was virtually a nun, the absolute opposite of a porn star". Gemser would years later work for producer Aristide Massaccesi 's Filmirage team, as a costume designer on Fragasso's film Troll 2 . Producer Roberto Di Girolamo requested a post-apocalyptic film from Fragasso and Mattei, called Rats: Night of Terror . Fragasso would also collaborate on

225-441: A Women's Prison where the real name of the character is given as Laura Kendall and Emanuelle Escapes from Hell ( Emanuelle fuga dall'inferno a.k.a. Blade Violent - I violenti ). Emanuelle Escapes from Hell was directed by Mattei and Claudio Fragasso under the collective pseudonym Gilbert Roussel. Uncut versions of several Emanuelle films contain scenes depicting actual penetration. Also Black Emanuelle and Emanuelle Around

270-603: A close collaboration with screenwriter Fragasso, beginning with The True Story of the Nun of Monza (1980) and ending with a comedy called Three For One (1990). The two worked closely together for that ten-year period (collaborating on 15 films) with Fragasso occasionally assuming the role of second unit, or assistant, director. Fragasso has stated he is a fan of splatter films , noting that they were "very important to me. The Italian spirit compels us to exaggerate." Fragasso stated his first films with Mattei were The True Story of

315-546: A film, the agent tried to dissuade him, pointing out that she could hardly pose for a photograph properly, let alone act. Albertini, however, insisted. In the meantime, the producer had called together Angelo Infanti, Karin Schubert, and Gabriele Tinti, and they started shooting in Kenya. After a few days, Gemser loosened up and began to act. Albertini's account omits that Gemser had already appeared in two films: Amore libero - Free Love and Emmanuelle 2 . Black Emanuelle

360-403: A professional journalist and a source can be rather complex, and a source can sometimes have an effect on an article written by the journalist. The article 'A Compromised Fourth Estate' uses Herbert Gans' metaphor to capture their relationship. He uses a dance metaphor, "The Tango", to illustrate the co-operative nature of their interactions inasmuch as "It takes two to tango". Herbert suggests that

405-660: A release with the English title "The Real Emanuelle". The name of Gemser's character had often been changed to Emanuelle in the English dubbing of such films. Mario Pinzauti's 1976 film Emmanuelle bianca e nera ("White and Black Emmanuelle") was an attempt to capitalise on the success of both Black Emanuelle and Mandingo . The film, starring Malisa Longo (Emmanuelle) and Rita Manna (Judith) also saw theatrical release as Passion Plantation . In July 2023, Severin Films released

450-544: Is a person who gathers information in the form of text, audio or pictures, processes it into a newsworthy form and disseminates it to the public. This is called journalism . Journalists can be broadcast, print, advertising or public relations personnel. Depending on the form of journalism, "journalist" may also describe various categories of people by the roles they play in the process. These include reporters, correspondents , citizen journalists , editors , editorial writers , columnists and photojournalists . A reporter

495-468: Is a type of journalist who researches , writes and reports on information in order to present using sources . This may entail conducting interviews , information-gathering and/or writing articles. Reporters may split their time between working in a newsroom , from home or outside to witness events or interview people. Reporters may be assigned a specific beat (area of coverage). Matthew C. Nisbet , who has written on science communication , has defined

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540-924: The Committee to Protect Journalists and Reporters Without Borders publish reports on press freedom and advocate for journalistic freedom. As of November 2024, the Committee to Protect Journalists reports that 1625 journalists have been killed worldwide since 1992 by murder (71%), crossfire or combat (17%), or on dangerous assignment (11%). The "ten deadliest countries" for journalists since 1992 have been Iraq (230 deaths), Philippines (109), Russia (77), Colombia (76), Mexico (69), Algeria (61), Pakistan (59), India (49), Somalia (45), Brazil (31) and Sri Lanka (30). The Committee to Protect Journalists also reports that as of 1 December 2010, 145 journalists were jailed worldwide for journalistic activities. Current numbers are even higher. The ten countries with

585-450: The Hamas attack , Russian invasion of Ukraine and the presidential election . American consumers turned away from journalists at legacy organizations as social media became a common news source. Journalists sometimes expose themselves to danger, particularly when reporting in areas of armed conflict or in states that do not respect the freedom of the press . Organizations such as

630-610: The Medill School of Journalism, Media, Integrated Marketing Communications at Northwestern University . In January 2024, The Los Angeles Times , Time magazine and National Geographic all conducted layoffs, and Condé Nast journalists went on strike over proposed job cuts. The Los Angeles Times laid off more than 20% of the newsroom. CNN , Sports Illustrated and NBC News shed employees in early 2024. The New York Times reported that Americans were suffering from “news fatigue” due to coverage of major news stories like

675-465: The wire services , in radio , or for news magazines . Claudio Fragasso Claudio Fragasso (born 2 October 1951) is a film director and screenwriter. Fragasso first attempted to make art films in the early 1970s, then became a screenwriter in the Italian film industry in the mid-1970s. Fragasso met director Bruno Mattei , which led to a ten-year partnership from 1980 to 1990 during which

720-516: The Living Dead was written by Fragasso and his wife Rosella Drudi. Fragasso also assisted in directing the film. Mattei however maintained that on all the films Fragasso claims to have co-directed, he was really just Mattei's assistant director. Following Hell of the Living Dead , producers suggested another two-film deal which led to Women's Prison Massacre and Violence in a Women's Prison , both starring Laura Gemser . Violence in

765-414: The Nun of Monza and The Other Hell , which were filmed simultaneously to save money. The two co-directed the films in a real convent and exchanged actors to allow them to shoot the two films simultaneously. While the films were being processed, Mattei and Fragasso were hired to finish the film Perverse Sex, Violent World which was completed in two weeks using stock footage. Their next film Hell of

810-560: The Philippines set before completing the film, leading to Drudi and Fragasso having to re-write and expand the script in one day, the film's directing chores being completed by Bruno Mattei who was working in the Philippines at the time. Fragasso flew there the next day to assist Mattei with the filming. While working on Zombi 3 , Fragasso simultaneously directed another zombie film called After Death , written by himself and Drudi, which he described as "a small movie I did with half

855-693: The World contain scenes where the Emanuelle character is seen having explicit sex. These scenes were created with hardcore inserts, using a body double . Laura Gemser never performed explicit sexual acts on film, nor was she informed that a body double would be used. There are films that star Laura Gemser as a character other than Mae Jordan / Laura Kendall / 'Emanuelle' but that have, at one point or another, been promoted as Emanuelle films, especially in foreign releases. These films included even an earlier film that featured Gemser, Amore libero (1974), which saw

900-543: The band Pink Floyd . In the mid-1990s, critics suggested there was a resurgence of crime films in Italy going on after the release of The Escort . This new wave included Fragasso's Palermo - Milan One Way , the box office success of which led to others such as Coppia omicida and the television film Operazione Odissea . Fragasso continued to make several films for both theatrical and television release, culminating in his 2007 sequel to Palermo - Milan One Way which

945-402: The budget of the "official" movie, which was shot in the same location in the Philippines" for Filmirage. After Death was shot at night since during the day, Fragasso was shooting Zombi 3 with Mattei. Fragasso also directed Beyond Darkness (La Casa 5) for Filmirage. Fragasso has claimed that he and Drudi wrote the original story for Filmirage's Killing Birds which they wrote under

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990-403: The capacity, time and motivation to follow and analyze news of the many complex policy questions that troubled society. Nor did they often experience most social problems or directly access expert insights. These limitations were made worse by a news media that tended to oversimplify issues and to reinforce stereotypes , partisan viewpoints and prejudices . As a consequence, Lippmann believed that

1035-531: The country reportedly go unsolved. Bulgarian Victoria Marinova was beaten, raped and strangled. Saudi Arabian dissident Jamal Khashoggi was killed inside Saudi Arabia's consulate in Istanbul. From 2008 to 2019, Freedom Forum 's now-defunct Newseum in Washington, D.C. featured a Journalists Memorial which honored several thousand journalists around the world who had died or were killed while reporting

1080-648: The film was a huge success. He states that this was also due to the "beautiful costumes" ( Italian : bellissimi costumi ) by Adriana Spadaro and to the soundtrack by Nico Fidenco , who Albertini had invited for the job. As Albertini remembers, the soundtrack record Black Emanuelle stayed in the hit parades for a long time. By 1976 came two Black Emanuelle follow-ups, one in title ( Black Emanuelle 2 by Albertini) and one in plot ( Emanuelle in Bangkok , a.k.a. Black Emanuelle 2 , by Joe D'Amato ), also triggering four quasi-sequels from 1977 to 1978 by D'Amato (under

1125-683: The following profile: In 2019 the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Digital News Report described the future for journalists in South Africa as “grim” because of low online revenue and plummeting advertising. In 2020 Reporters Without Borders secretary general Christophe Deloire said journalists in developing countries were suffering political interference because the COVID-19 pandemic had given governments around

1170-579: The form of a targeted sexual violation, often in reprisal for their work. Mob-related sexual violence aimed against journalists covering public events; or the sexual abuse of journalists in detention or captivity. Many of these crimes are not reported as a result of powerful cultural and professional stigmas. Increasingly, journalists (particularly women) are abused and harassed online, via hate speech , cyber-bullying , cyber-stalking , doxing, trolling, public shaming , intimidation and threats. According to Reporters Without Borders ' 2018 annual report, it

1215-496: The fourth estate being driven by the fifth estate of public relations. Journalists can face violence and intimidation for exercising their fundamental right to freedom of expression . The range of threats they are confronted with include murder, kidnapping , hostage-taking, offline and online harassment, intimidation , enforced disappearances, arbitrary detention and torture. Women in journalism also face specific dangers and are especially vulnerable to sexual assault, whether in

1260-554: The instrumentation and sound typical of these soundtracks: Fidenco works with a small combo led by keyboards and guitars, adding exotic percussion, woodwinds, brass and string in small doses. The sound is sophisticated, groovy and melodically memorable, with occasional Latin rhythms, unusual electronic textures and production nuances that show the influence of proto-techno wizards Giorgio Moroder and Kraftwerk . One version of this otherwise softcore film contains brief hardcore pornographic inserts . Director Albertini remembers that

1305-404: The largest number of currently-imprisoned journalists are Turkey (95), China (34), Iran (34), Eritrea (17), Burma (13), Uzbekistan (6), Vietnam (5), Cuba (4), Ethiopia (4) and Sudan (3). Apart from physical harm, journalists are harmed psychologically. This applies especially to war reporters, but their editorial offices at home often do not know how to deal appropriately with

1350-918: The news. After the Newseum closed in December 2019, supporters of freedom of the press persuaded the United States Congress in December 2020 to authorize the construction of a memorial to fallen journalists on public land with private funds. By May 2023, the Fallen Journalists Memorial Foundation had begun the design of the memorial. In the US, nearly all journalists have attended university, but only about half majored in journalism. Journalists who work in television or for newspapers are more likely to have studied journalism in college than journalists working for

1395-533: The producer Sarlui and he had a mask from the film Troll which Fragasso had not seen. Fragasso stated their film was originally to be titled Goblins and was written with Drudi as a more family-oriented horror film with humor about goblins who hated carnivorous humans as the goblins were vegetarians. Fragasso is credited as Drako Floyd, a pen name created by Drudi from the Dragon sign in the Chinese zodiac and for

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1440-538: The public needed journalists like himself who could serve as expert analysts, guiding "citizens to a deeper understanding of what was really important". In 2018, the United States Department of Labor's Occupational Outlook Handbook reported that employment for the category "reporters, correspondents and broadcast news analysts" will decline 9 percent between 2016 and 2026. A worldwide sample of 27,500 journalists in 67 countries in 2012–2016 produced

1485-606: The reporters they expose to danger. Hence, a systematic and sustainable way of psychological support for traumatized journalists is strongly needed. Few and fragmented support programs exist so far. On 8 August 2023, Iran's Journalists' Day, Tehran Journalists' Association head Akbar Montajabi noted over 100 journalists arrested amid protests, while HamMihan newspaper exposed repression against 76 media workers since September 2022 following Mahsa Amini's death-triggered mass protests, leading to legal consequences for journalists including Niloufar Hamedi and Elaheh. The relationship between

1530-425: The screenplay for Il Medium was done specifically for director Silvio Amadio in 1975. The film however did not start production until 1979. Fragasso worked on the screenplays on several Italian crime thrillers in the 1970s. Fragasso met director Bruno Mattei when Mattei was still an assistant editor and they immediately got along well with one another as they both enjoyed genre films. In 1980, Mattei began

1575-513: The source often leads, but journalists commonly object to this notion for two reasons: The dance metaphor goes on to state: A relationship with sources that is too cozy is potentially compromising of journalists' integrity and risks becoming collusive. Journalists have typically favored a more robust, conflict model, based on a crucial assumption that if the media are to function as watchdogs of powerful economic and political interests, journalists must establish their independence of sources or risk

1620-465: The title Artigli , a claim dismissed by Italian film critic and historian Roberto Curti, who noted that the treatment for Killing Birds , that was written by Claudio Lattanzi and Bruna Antonucci, was much closer to the finished film. Fragasso would later make Troll 2 for Massaccesi who wanted to make a horror film without any blood in it. The film was shot in mid-1989 in Morgan, Utah . Rosella met

1665-534: The title Emanuelle ) and two Emanuelle women in prison films by Bruno Mattei in 1982 and 1983. Black Emanuelle 2 differs greatly in plot than the first film, featuring Israeli actress Shulamith Lasri as Emanuelle Richmond, a supermodel going through a state of amnesia and locked in a mental institution in New York . The lead actor, as in the first film, is Angelo Infanti . Albertini's later movie, Il Mondo dei sensi di Emy Wong (1977, starring Chai Lee )

1710-443: The two Westerns Mattei directed in the 1980s: Scalps and White Apache . Fragasso also appeared in small roles in some of his films, such as Robowar and Cop Game . In 1986, Fragasso made a film on his own without Mattei titled Monster Dog for producer Eduard Sarlui, starring musician Alice Cooper . Fragasso and Drudi also co-wrote the sequel to Lucio Fulci's Zombi 2 , called Zombi 3 . Director Fulci had to leave

1755-403: The two worked together closely on films, with Fragasso's contributions often going uncredited. Fragasso's wife Rossella Drudi was also a screenwriter and collaborated with him on a number of projects. Fragasso would later go on to write and direct his own films in the 1980s, including Monster Dog with rock musician Alice Cooper and After Death . Fragasso directed Troll 2 in 1989, which

1800-515: The word nera (black) in their titles, are noted to feature scenes of extreme violence and depravity (one controversial scene in Emanuelle in America shows a nude woman manually stimulating a horse). Four years after the release of the last Emanuelle film by D'Amato, the journalist character 'Emanuelle' played by Laura Gemser was revived by Bruno Mattei in two women in prison films: Violence in

1845-497: The world the chance “to take advantage of the fact that politics are on hold, the public is stunned and protests are out of the question, in order to impose measures that would be impossible in normal times”. In 2023 the closure of local newspapers in the US accelerated to an average of 2.5 per week, leaving more than 200 US counties as “news deserts” and meaning that more than half of all U.S. counties had limited access to reliable local news and information, according to researchers at

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1890-526: Was later the topic of Best Worst Movie , a documentary film that discussed Troll 2 ' s fandom. Claudio Fragasso was born on 2 October 1951. Prior to directing, Claudio Fragasso worked as a screenwriter beginning in the mid-1970s. Fragasso had originally planned to make art films, and initially shot his films on Super8 such as Passaggi (1977) and its follow-up Difendimi dalla Notte , with Fragasso noting "In Italy, to be considered important, you must shoot something like that." According to Fragasso,

1935-636: Was made to cash in on the success of the French film Emmanuelle with Sylvia Kristel , which was released the year before. Albertini claims it was he who omitted one m in the name of the lead character, in contrast to the French Emmanuelle character. It was deliberately omitted to avoid copyright claims. Kristopher Spencer calls Fidenco's scores to the Black Emanuelle films "by turns sultry and serious, fun and funky", and describes

1980-416: Was released as Emanuelle Gialla and Yellow Emanuelle in some markets. Emanuelle in Bangkok that stars Laura Gemser as the journalist lead character 'Emanuelle' of the first Black Emanuelle film has the original Italian title of Emanuelle nera - Orient Reportage and is considered a genuine sequel directed by Joe D'Amato. The later D'Amato sequels that all have the same lead character, but do not use

2025-495: Was the worst year on record for deadly violence and abuse toward journalists; there was a 15 percent increase in such killings since 2017, with 80 killed, 348 imprisoned and 60 held hostage. Yaser Murtaja was shot by an Israeli army sniper. Rubén Pat was gunned down outside a beach bar in Mexico. Mexico was described by Reporters Without Borders as "one of world's deadliest countries for the media"; 90% of attacks on journalists in

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