The Black Papers were a series of articles on British education, published from 1969 to 1977 in the Critical Quarterly ; their name intended as a contrast to government White Papers .
23-818: According to the Critical Quarterly website the Black Papers were: ...an attack on the excesses of progressive education and the introduction by the Labour Party of a system of 11-18 comprehensives to replace the grammar school...the furore it created led to the publication of four more pamphlets. Contributors included Kingsley Amis , Robert Conquest , Geoffrey Bantock , Jacques Barzun , Iris Murdoch and Rhodes Boyson . The Black Papers were not opposed in principle to progressive education, only to its excesses, which were rampant in British schools in
46-427: A book series, published by Wiley-Blackwell , which includes books by David Trotter, Moustapha Safouan , and Ashley Tauchert. Film studies Film studies is an academic discipline that deals with various theoretical , historical , and critical approaches to cinema as an art form and a medium. It is sometimes subsumed within media studies and is often compared to television studies . Film studies
69-440: Is less concerned with advancing proficiency in film production than it is with exploring the narrative , artistic, cultural, economic, and political implications of the cinema. In searching for these social-ideological values, film studies takes a series of critical approaches for the analysis of production, theoretical framework, context, and creation. Also, in studying film, possible careers include critic or production. Overall
92-797: The Eye Filmmuseum in Amsterdam also conduct scholarly projects alongside educational and outreach programs. Film festivals play an important role in the study of film and may include discourses on topics such as film style, aesthetics, representation, production, distribution, social impact, history, archival and curation. Major festivals such as the Cannes Film Festival offer extensive programs with talks and panel discussions. They also inform film historiography, most actively through retrospectives and historical sections such as Cannes Classics. Film festival FESPACO serves as
115-582: The USC School of Cinematic Arts in 2006. Today, film studies are taught worldwide and has grown to encompass numerous methods for teaching history, culture and society. Many liberal arts colleges and universities, as well as American high schools, contain courses specifically focused on the analysis of film. Modern-day film studies increasingly reflect popular culture and art, and a wide variety of curricula have emerged for analysis of critical approaches used in film. Students are typically expected to form
138-460: The 1960s and 1970s. They criticised selection for grammar schools at the age of eleven and advocated it should be delayed until children were at least thirteen years of age. They criticised the student sit-ins which were damaging the reputation of British universities...The editors became leaders in a national campaign; today the Black Paper proposals for schools by and large are accepted by both
161-420: The 20th century, decades after the invention of motion pictures . Rather than focusing on the technical aspects of film production, film studies are concentrated on film theory , which approaches film critically as an art, and the writing of film historiography . Because film became an invention and industry only in the late 19th century, a generation of film producers and directors existed significantly before
184-581: The Conservative and Labour Parties in Britain. The first two, both published in 1969, had the most impact: The Labour Secretary of State for Education Edward Short said in a speech to the National Union of Teachers in 1969: "In my view the publication of the Black Paper was one of the blackest days for education in the past century", but ten years later the Black Paper proposals were "at
207-576: The United States offer a major program in film studies. This number continues to grow each year with new interest in film studies. Institutions offering film degrees as part of their arts or communications curricula differ from institutions with dedicated film programs. The success of the American film industry has contributed to the popularity of academic film studies in the U.S., and film-related degrees often enable graduates to pursue careers in
230-523: The ability to detect conceptual shifts in film, a vocabulary for the analysis of film form and style, a sense of ideological dimensions of film and an awareness of extra textual domains and possible direction of film in the future. Universities often allow students to participate in film research and attend seminars of specialized topics to enhance their critical abilities. The curriculum of tertiary-level film studies programs often include but are not limited to: A total of 144 tertiary institutions in
253-474: The abstract and practical approaches. The German Deutsche Filmakademie Babelsberg was founded during the era of the Third Reich in 1938. Its lecturers included Willi Forst and Heinrich George . Students were required to create films in order to complete their studies at the academy. A movement away from Hollywood productions in the 1950s turned cinema into a more artistic independent endeavor. It
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#1732797625874276-475: The academic analysis that followed in later generations. Early film schools focused on the production and subjective critique of film rather than on the critical approaches, history and theory used to study academically. The concept of film studies arose as a means of analyzing the formal aspects of film as the films were created. Established in 1919, the Moscow Film School was the first school in
299-571: The first poetry competitions), Thom Gunn , Philip Larkin , and Ted Hughes . In 1987, after nearly 30 years of Cox's editorship, Colin MacCabe took over as editor, announcing some new ambitions for the journal in "Aims for Critical Quarterly ". The Year's Work in English Studies for 1987 noted that " CritQ certainly had seemed for many years to be stuck in a rut, even if a pleasant and occasionally lively one, and one looks forward to
322-551: The influential magazine Cahiers du Cinéma , wrote: "Jerry Lewis [...] is the only one in Hollywood doing something different, the only one who isn't falling in with the established categories, the norms, the principles. [...] Lewis is the only one today who's making courageous films." A catalyst in the success and stature of academic film studies has been large donations to universities by successful commercial filmmakers. For example, director George Lucas donated $ 175 million to
345-421: The journal "addresses the whole range of cultural forms so that discussions of, for example, cinema and television can appear alongside analyses of the accepted literary canon." Under MacCabe's editorship, Critical Quarterly has published the work of Fredric Jameson , Slavoj Zizek , Jacqueline Rose , and Paul Gilroy , among many other prominent scholars. In 2007, Critical Quarterly commenced publication of
368-413: The journal sought to modify Leavis's project; in particular Cox and Dyson felt that Leavis and his acolytes tended unfairly to ignore contemporary writing, partly because of their unshakeable belief in the "myth of a culture in decline". The early years of the journal were notable for the inclusion of contemporary poetry, and Critical Quarterly helped to launch the careers of Sylvia Plath (who won one of
391-557: The new team's effort to revamp the project entirely." MacCabe's name was at that time strongly associated with the (at times controversial) importation of various structuralist and post-structuralist ideas into the study of English Literature, and - while largely sticking to its original ethos - the journal moved in more theoretical directions at the same time as expanding into adjacent disciplines, notably film studies , cultural studies , and history , alongside its more traditional focus on literary criticism . Its website now claims that
414-491: The production of film, especially directing and producing films. Courses often combine alternate media, such as television or new media , in combination with film studies. Film-studies programs at all levels are offered worldwide, primarily in the countries in the Global North . In many cases, film studies can be found in departments of media studies or communication studies . Film archives and museums such as
437-517: The root of mainstream Labour and Tory policy". Forty years later, Short however had not changed his views, saying of them: "These were scurrilous documents; quite disgraceful". Critical Quarterly Critical Quarterly is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the humanities published by Wiley . The editor-in-chief is Colin MacCabe . The journal notably published the Black Papers on education starting in 1969. Critical Quarterly
460-430: The study of film continues to grow, as does the industry on which it focuses. Academic journals publishing film studies work include Sight & Sound , Film Comment , Film International , CineAction , Screen , Journal of Cinema and Media Studies , Film Quarterly , Projections: The Journal for Movies and Mind, and Journal of Film and Video . Film studies as an academic discipline emerged in
483-521: The world to focus on film. In the United States, the USC School of Cinematic Arts , established in 1929, was the first cinematic-based school, which was created in agreement with the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . It was also the first to offer an academic major in film in 1932, but the program lacked many of the distinctions associated with contemporary film study. Universities began to implement cinema-related curricula without separation of
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#1732797625874506-588: Was established in 1958 by its first editors Brian Cox (C. B. Cox) and A. E. Dyson . Cox's intellectual formation was in the Department of English Literature at the University of Cambridge , then dominated by the figure of F. R. Leavis . The latter's legacy was a notable feature of Critical Quarterly 's early years, when it published work by a new generation of scholars including Raymond Williams , David Lodge , and Frank Kermode . In some respects
529-461: Was the creation of the auteur theory , which examines film as the director's vision and art, that broadened the scope of academic film studies to a worldwide presence in the 1960s. In 1965, film critic Robin Wood , in his writings on Alfred Hitchcock , declared that Hitchcock's films contained the same complexities of Shakespeare 's plays. Similarly, French director Jean Luc Godard , a contributor to
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