58-597: Black River Falls is a city in and the county seat of Jackson County , Wisconsin , United States. The population was 3,523 at the 2020 census . It is home to the administrative center of the Ho-Chunk Nation. Black River Falls was founded to utilize the waterpower of the Black River . As the area was predominantly forest at the time, its primary use was in operating sawmills . A large monument to Black River Falls' veterans of World War I , World War II ,
116-476: A branch line into the town to serve an iron ore mine. Black River Falls Public Transit operates a dial-a-ride transit service in the city. Jackson County, Wisconsin Jackson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . As of the 2020 census , the population was 21,145. Its county seat is Black River Falls . Jackson County was formed from Crawford County in 1853. It
174-488: A 839-acre (3.40 km) impoundment of the river, lies several miles northeast, as does the multi-use Levis/Trow trail system . Black River Falls is home to a casino and hotel operated by the Ho-Chunk Nation. Much of the surrounding land is part of the Black River State Forest. Black River Falls High School , the city's public high school located on the southwestern edge of town, is administered by
232-507: A combined question and a MENA category, while also collecting additional detail to enable data disaggregation. The OMB states, "many federal programs are put into effect based on the race data obtained from the decennial census (i.e., promoting equal employment opportunities; assessing racial disparities in health and environmental risks). Race data is also critical for the basic research behind many policy decisions. States require this data to meet legislative redistricting requirements. The data
290-510: A male householder with no wife present, and 47.6% were non-families. 41.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.89. The median age in the city was 41.6 years. 22.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.4% were from 25 to 44; 24.7% were from 45 to 64; and 21.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of
348-533: A person's origins considered in the census. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino." However, the practice of separating "race" and "ethnicity" as different categories has been criticized both by the American Anthropological Association and members of US Commission on Civil Rights . In 1997,
406-524: A race. Enumerators were instructed that all people born in Mexico, or whose parents were born in Mexico, should be listed as Mexicans, and not under any other racial category. In prior censuses and in 1940, enumerators were instructed to list Mexican Americans as white, perhaps because some of them were of white background (mainly Spanish), many others mixed white and Native American and some of them Native American. The supplemental American Indian questionnaire
464-532: Is Interstate 94 , which passes through the eastern edge of the city. US Highway 12 , Wisconsin Highway 27 , and Wisconsin Highway 54 also pass through the city. Black River Falls Area Airport (KBCK) serves the city and surrounding communities. The Union Pacific Railroad is adjacent to the city, but does not pass through the center. Its predecessor, the Chicago and North Western Railway , formerly operated
522-534: Is from the Indian subcontinent ) were counted as White. There was a questionnaire that was asked of only a sample of respondents. These questions were as follows: Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent Is this person's origin or descent? Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban Central American Other Spanish No, none of these This year added several options to the race question, including Vietnamese, Indian (East), Guamanian, Samoan, and re-added Aleut. Again,
580-607: Is needed to monitor compliance with the Voting Rights Act by local jurisdictions". Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act and monitoring/enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act ). Data on ethnic groups is also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of
638-571: The Korean War , and the Vietnam War , as well as to local Medal of Honor recipient Mitchell Red Cloud, Jr. , was erected near the Chamber of Commerce Building at 101 S. 2nd Street. Named the "Field of Honor", the attached plaques provide accounts of the veterans' services. This site is also the start of the four-mile (6.5 km) Foundation Trail, a signed hiking and bike path that circles
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#1732775392696696-859: The Secretary of State , directed US Marshals to collect data from all 13 original states, and from the Southwest Territory . The census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that state's admission to the Union as the 14th state on March 4 of that year. Some doubt surrounded the numbers, as President George Washington and Thomas Jefferson maintained the population was undercounted. The potential reasons Washington and Jefferson may have thought this could be refusal to participate, poor public transportation and roads, spread-out population, and restraints of current technology. No microdata from
754-546: The US Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) define a set of self-identified categories of race and ethnicity chosen by residents, with which they most closely identify. Residents can indicate their origins alongside their race, and are asked specifically whether they are of Hispanic or Latino origin in a separate question. The racial categories represent a social-political construct for
812-476: The US Constitution and applicable laws. The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in two of the most public places within each jurisdiction, remain for the inspection of all concerned, and that "the aggregate amount of each description of persons" for every district be transmitted to the president . The US Marshals were also responsible for governing
870-549: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 4.20 square miles (10.88 km), of which, 4.10 square miles (10.62 km) is land and 0.10 square miles (0.26 km) is water. The city is located on the falls of the Black River at the northeast edge of the Driftless Area , where the river cuts through a region of granite. The falls are covered by a hydroelectric dam , forming
928-417: The "Color or Race" question was slightly modified, removing the term "Mulatto". Also, there was an inclusion of an "Indian Population Schedule" in which "enumerators were instructed to use a special expanded questionnaire for American Indians living on reservations or in family groups off of reservations." This expanded version included the question "Fraction of person's lineage that is white." The 1910 census
986-532: The 1790 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas and their compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System . However, the categories of "Free white males" of 16 years and upward, including heads of families under 16 years, "Free white females", including heads of families, All other free persons, and "Slaves," existed in
1044-479: The 200-acre (0.81 km) Black River Flowage. As of the census of 2020 , the population was 3,523. The population density was 841.8 inhabitants per square mile (325.0/km). There were 1,748 housing units at an average density of 417.7 units per square mile (161.3 units/km). The racial makeup of the city was 86.3% White , 6.0% Native American , 1.1% Black or African American , 0.3% Asian , 0.9% from other races , and 5.4% from two or more races. Ethnically,
1102-414: The 2000 and 2010 censuses. The following questions were asked of a sample of respondents for the 1990 census : The 1990 census was not designed to capture multiple racial responses, and when individuals marked the "other" race option and provided a multiple write-in. The response was assigned according to the race written first. "For example, a write-in of 'black-white' was assigned a code of 'black,' while
1160-615: The Black River Falls School District. The former high school , in the center of the city, has been converted to apartments. Western Technical College offers classes in the city. Black River Falls has one newspaper, The Banner Journal. The local radio stations are WWIS 99.7 FM and 1260 AM; and WXYM 96.1 FM. Black River Falls is the focus of Michael Lesy 's book Wisconsin Death Trip (1973), which used photographs and newspaper cuttings to highlight
1218-504: The Democratic candidate in each election, and did so by more than an 8% margin each time beginning in 1992. In 2016, once again like the rest of rural southwestern Wisconsin, Jackson County dramatically swung to the right, shifting from a 15% victory for Democrat Barack Obama in 2012 to a 12% victory for Republican Donald Trump in 2016. Trump further expanded his margin of victory to over 15% in 2020 and to nearly 20% in 2024, achieving
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#17327753926961276-467: The OMB built on the 1997 guidelines and suggested the addition of a Middle Eastern or North African (MENA) racial category and considered combining racial and ethnic categories into one question. In March 2024, the Office of Management and Budget published revisions to Statistical Policy Directive No. 15: Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity that included
1334-405: The OMB issued a Federal Register notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. The OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide "consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the federal government ". The development of the data standards stem in large measure from new responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws. Among
1392-428: The age of 18 living with them, 55.40% were married couples living together, 8.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.60% were non-families. 26.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.00. In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.10% under
1450-445: The age of 18, 8.80% from 18 to 24, 29.40% from 25 to 44, 22.80% from 45 to 64, and 14.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 114.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.30 males. In 2017, there were 227 births, giving a general fertility rate of 74.0 births per 1000 women aged 15–44, the 10th highest rate out of all 72 Wisconsin counties. Of these, 14 of
1508-707: The area in his commercial studio in downtown Black River Falls. His photographs are now housed at the Wisconsin Historical Society and were the subject of a book, People of the Big Voice , published in 2011. The Black River Falls area is home to a large population of the endangered Karner Blue butterfly . The city celebrates with the Karner Blue Butterfly Festival held annually on the third Saturday of July. The primary artery of transportation for Black River Falls
1566-401: The average family size was 2.82. In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 24.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.3 males. City Hall, located at 101 S. 2nd St, houses
1624-486: The births occurred at home. Additionally, there were 7 reported induced abortions performed on women of Jackson County residence in 2017. Between 1928 and 1984, Jackson County voted for the nationwide winner in every election with the exception of 1944 (by less than 3%) and 1960 (one of the closest elections in American history). Then, from 1988 to 2012, like most of the rural counties in southwestern Wisconsin, it backed
1682-418: The census form. In 1800 and 1810, the age question regarding free white males was more detailed with five cohorts and included All other free persons, except "Indians not taxed", and "Slaves". The 1820 census built on the questions asked in 1810 by asking age questions about slaves. Also the term "colored" entered the census nomenclature. In addition, a question stating "Number of foreigners not naturalized"
1740-418: The census. About one-third of the original census data has been lost or destroyed since documentation. The data was lost in 1790–1830, and included data from Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Vermont , and Virginia . However, the census was proven factual and
1798-483: The changes, The OMB issued the instruction to "mark one or more races" after noting evidence of increasing numbers of mixed-race children and wanting to record diversity in a measurable way after having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge theirs and their children's full ancestry, rather than identifying with only one group. Prior to this decision, the census and other government data collections asked people to report singular races. As of 2023,
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1856-595: The city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,618 people, 1,563 households, and 886 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,146.4 people per square mile (442.6 people/km). There were 1,679 housing units at an average density of 532.0 units per square mile (205.4 units/km). The racial makeup of the city was 93.37% White , 0.19% African American , 4.73% Native American , 0.11% Asian , 0.08% Pacific Islander , 0.55% from other races , and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.16% of
1914-420: The city was 91.5% White , 0.5% African American , 5.2% Native American , 0.3% Asian , 0.2% from other races , and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population. There were 1,613 households, of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.7% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had
1972-552: The county was 85.8% White , 6.5% Native American , 2.1% Black or African American , 0.4% Asian , 1.2% from other races , and 4.1% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 3.2% Hispanic or Latino of any race. As of the census of 2000, there were 19,100 people, 7,070 households, and 4,835 families residing in the county. The population density was 19 people per square mile (7.3 people/km ). There were 8,029 housing units at an average density of 8 units per square mile (3.1 units/km ). The racial makeup of
2030-481: The county was 89.58% White , 2.27% Black or African American , 6.16% Native American , 0.16% Asian , 0.04% Pacific Islander , 1.01% from other races , and 0.79% from two or more races. 1.87% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 31.4% were of German , 30.2% Norwegian and 5.2% Irish ancestry. 94.7% spoke English , 2.2% Spanish and 1.5% Winnebago as their first language. There were 7,070 households, out of which 31.00% had children under
2088-657: The decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white. The State Department, the Census Bureau, the Labor Department, and other government agencies therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white. This policy encouraged the League of United Latin American Citizens in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness. The 1940 census
2146-536: The design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished among different Asian ethnic groups, such as Japanese and Chinese , due to increased immigration. This census also marked the beginning of the term "race" in the questionnaires. Enumerators were instructed to write "White", "Black", "Mulatto", " Quadroon ", "Octoroon", "Chinese", "Japanese", or " Indian ". During 1900,
2204-505: The eastern part of the community. Black River Falls is the focus of Michael Lesy 's book Wisconsin Death Trip (1973), which used photographs and newspaper cuttings to highlight the harshness of life in the community during the late nineteenth century and the effects it had on the psychology of the inhabitants. Black River Falls is located at 44°17′50″N 90°50′57″W / 44.29722°N 90.84917°W / 44.29722; -90.84917 (44.297166, -90.849263). According to
2262-456: The existence of most of this data can be confirmed in many secondary sources pertaining to the first census. Census data included the name of the head of the family and categorized inhabitants as: free white males at least 16 years of age (to assess the country's industrial and military potential), free white males under 16 years of age, free white females, all other free persons (reported by sex and color), and slaves . Thomas Jefferson , then
2320-487: The free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person were white, marked "B" if a person were black, and marked "M" if a person were mulatto . Slaves were listed by owner, and classified by gender and age, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a "B" if the slave were black and an "M" if mulatto. For 1890, the Census Office changed
2378-540: The harshness of life in the community during the late nineteenth century and the effects it had on the psychology of the inhabitants. The book was made into a film in 1999, which included scenes from the community as it appeared then. Lesy drew on the work of Charles Van Schaick, a photographer in Black River Falls between the 1870s and 1930s. Van Schaick made portraits of the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) people in
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2436-589: The highest vote share for a Republican in the county since Richard Nixon in his 1972 landslide reelection. The county's largest employer is the Ho-Chunk Nation , which employs roughly 3100 people combined in Jackson and Sauk counties. 44°19′N 90°49′W / 44.32°N 90.81°W / 44.32; -90.81 Asian (U.S. Census) In the United States census ,
2494-580: The mayor, Jay Eddy; the city administrator, Brad Chown; deputy city clerks and treasurers; the Parks and Recreation Department and the Police Department. Offices for Jackson County are located on Main Street. While the logging and lumber industry is still present in the area, the current economy leans heavily on agriculture and tourism . Several locations support the tourism industry. Lake Arbutus,
2552-491: The population was 3.1% Hispanic or Latino of any race. According to the American Community Survey estimates for 2016–2020, the median income for a household in the city was $ 39,155, and the median income for a family was $ 71,250. Male full-time workers had a median income of $ 38,682 versus $ 37,974 for female workers. The per capita income for the city was $ 28,050. About 9.6% of families and 15.0% of
2610-555: The population were below the poverty line , including 7.6% of those under age 18 and 13.4% of those age 65 or over. Of the population age 25 and over, 96.1% were high school graduates or higher and 20.7% had a bachelor's degree or higher. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,622 people, 1,613 households, and 845 families residing in the city. The population density was 883.4 inhabitants per square mile (341.1/km). There were 1,732 housing units at an average density of 422.4 units per square mile (163.1 units/km). The racial makeup of
2668-681: The population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Service Act ; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act ). The 1790 United States census was the first census in the history of the United States. The population of the United States was recorded as 3,929,214 as of Census Day, August 2, 1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of
2726-409: The population. There were 1,563 households, out of which 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.3% were non-families. 38.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and
2784-451: The race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro", no matter the fraction of that lineage (the " one-drop rule "). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless they were considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both white and American Indian ancestry
2842-583: The race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and, "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country". The OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the census to be not "scientific or anthropological", and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference." The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups. Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with
2900-511: The racial question, and also removed Hindu and Korean from the race choices. The 1960 census re-added the word "color" to the racial question, and changed "Indian" to "American Indian", as well as adding Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian, Aleut, and Eskimo. The "Other (print out race)" option was removed. This year's census included "Negro or Black", re-added Korean and the Other race option. East Indians (the term used at that time for people whose ancestry
2958-427: The term "color" was removed from the racial question, and the following questions were asked of a sample of respondents: Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent Is this person of Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent? No, not Spanish/Hispanic Yes, Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano Yes, Puerto Rican Yes, Cuban Yes, other Spanish/Hispanic The racial categories in this year are as they appear in
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#17327753926963016-443: Was back, but in abbreviated form. It featured a question asking if the person was of full or mixed American Indian ancestry. President Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted a Good Neighbor policy that sought better relations with Mexico. In 1935, a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white, as required by federal law. Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent
3074-423: Was included. In the 1830 census, a new question, which stated, "The number of White persons who were foreigners not naturalized" was included. The 1850 census had a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. Two questionnaires were used - one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on
3132-517: Was named for President Andrew Jackson . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 1,000 square miles (2,600 km ), of which 988 square miles (2,560 km ) is land and 13 square miles (34 km ) (1.3%) is water. As of the census of 2020 , the population was 21,145. The population density was 21.4 people per square mile (8.3 people/km ). There were 9,613 housing units at an average density of 9.7 units per square mile (3.7 units/km ). The racial makeup of
3190-421: Was similar to 1910, but excluded a separate schedule for American Indians. "Hin", "Kor", and "Fil" were also added to the "Color or Race" question, signifying Hindu (Asian Indian), Korean, and Filipino, respectively. The biggest change in this census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting
3248-538: Was similar to that of 1900, but it included a reinsertion of "Mulatto" and a question about the "mother tongue" of foreign-born individuals and individuals with foreign-born parents. "Ot" was also added to signify "other races", with space for a race to be written in. This decade's version of the Indian Population Schedule featured questions asking the individual's proportion of white, black, or American Indian lineage. The 1920 census questionnaire
3306-415: Was the first to include separate population and housing questionnaires. The race category of "Mexican" was eliminated in 1940, and the population of Mexican descent was counted with the white population. 1940 census data was used for Japanese American internment . The Census Bureau's role was denied for decades, but was finally proven in 2007. The 1950 census questionnaire removed the word "color" from
3364-410: Was to be recorded as American Indian, unless their Indigenous ancestry was small, and they were accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had white and some other racial ancestry, they were to be reported as that other race. People who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father. For the first and only time, "Mexican" was listed as
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