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63-418: The city is famous for its traditional sausages, with several establishments claiming to sell the "real Bragança sausage". Bragança has become a commuter town due to its proximity to São Paulo and Campinas. As a result, real estate is developing at a fast pace and several gated communities have sprung up all over town. The city is served by Arthur Siqueira Airport dedicated to general aviation . The city

126-671: A trumpet interchange southwest of the city in Taylor Township . At this point, I-376 becomes a toll road officially named the James E. Ross Highway. I-376 continues southward, still paralleled by PA 18 and the Beaver River to the east. Shortly after entering Beaver County near Koppel , the route connects to its parent route I-76 ( Pennsylvania Turnpike ) for the first time at an interchange which also provides access to PA 351 . Around this area, I-376 crosses into

189-608: A bypass of West Middlesex. In 1970, I-79 swapped positions with I-279 , necessitating that I-76 be extended to I-79. With commencement on the Beaver Valley Expressway in 1971, PA 60 was extended to its future northern terminus in Chippewa. Finally, on October 2, 1972, after I-76 west of Monroeville moved to the Pennsylvania Turnpike and replaced I-80S, the western part of the highway took

252-651: A generally easterly direction through Churchill , Wilkins Township , Penn Hills , and finally Monroeville , where I-376 ends at an interchange with the Pennsylvania Turnpike and US 22 Bus . US 22 continues east from this interchange on the William Penn Highway toward Murrysville . The James E. Ross Highway portion of I-376 between US 422 and PA 51 uses all-electronic tolling , with tolls payable by toll by plate (which uses automatic license plate recognition to take

315-699: A high-speed surface road to provide access to the airport. In 1955, the Baltimore and Ohio Station was demolished to make way for construction of the new freeway. In late 1956, it opened from the Boulevard of the Allies (then US 22/US 30) near the Birmingham Bridge east to Bates Street, with the eastbound lanes opening September 10 and westbound opening September 29. The other downtown sections opened in segments from January 17, 1958, to 1959,

378-597: A partially-unsigned concurrency (indicated only on reassurance markers ), continuing east-southeastward bearing the Penn-Lincoln Parkway name, and soon reach an interchange with I-79 . From that point eastward, along what was known for many years as I-279, I-376 runs east-southeast through Rosslyn Farms and Carnegie before turning northeast and passing through Green Tree . Entering the city of Pittsburgh , I-376 winds its way northeast to its second interchange with PA 51 at Saw Mill Run Boulevard, which

441-674: A photo of the vehicle's license plate and mail a bill to the vehicle owner) or E-ZPass . The tolled section of I-376 has two mainline toll plazas: the West Mainline Toll Plaza near milepost 18 and the East Mainline Toll Plaza near milepost 30. As of 2024 , the West Mainline Toll Plaza costs $ 5.50 using toll by plate and $ 2.90 using E-ZPass for passenger vehicles while the East Mainline Toll Plaza costs $ 3.50 using toll by plate and $ 1.50 using E-ZPass for passenger vehicles. There are also ramp tolls at

504-712: A region cannot afford to live where they work and must seek residency in another town with a lower cost of living . The late 20th century, the dot-com bubble and United States housing bubble drove housing costs in Californian metropolitan areas to historic highs, spawning exurban growth in adjacent counties. Workers with jobs in San Francisco found themselves moving further and further away to nearby cities like Oakland, Burlingame, and San Mateo. As rental and housing costs kept increasing, even renters that would normally be considered affluent elsewhere would struggle with

567-542: A southerly direction on the Beaver Valley Expressway, a four-lane freeway with a wide grass median. Paralleling PA 18 , I-376 has its first interchange with that state highway in West Middlesex . I-376 soon meets US 422 and forms an overlap with that highway along the west side of New Castle . After an interchange with US 224 in Union Township , I-376 eastbound splits from US 422 at

630-477: A westbound entrance and eastbound exit, mainly to serve as access to I-80 to West Middlesex residents. It marked the third partial interchange on the legacy PA 60/Parkway West to be upgraded to a full-service interchange in a decade, after I-79 at exit 64A and access to US 30 at exit 52 were upgraded from partial to full-service interchanges. Interstate 376 Business ( I-376 Bus ) or Business Loop 376 ( BL 376 ), known locally as

693-674: Is tolled and is maintained by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission (PTC), while the remainder of the highway is maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT). Near the airport, I-376 also has a business loop . I-376 begins at a cloverleaf interchange with I-80 and PA 760 located four miles (6.4 km) east of Ohio within the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau . From there, it travels in

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756-725: Is a major auxiliary route of the Interstate Highway System in the US state of Pennsylvania , located within the Allegheny Plateau . It runs from I-80 near Sharon south and east to a junction with the Pennsylvania Turnpike ( I-76 , its parent) in Monroeville , after having crossed the Pennsylvania Turnpike at an interchange in Big Beaver . The route serves Pittsburgh and its surrounding areas and

819-582: Is also part of a spread-out series of ramps linking Banksville Road ( US 19 ) and US 19 Truck . This junction, located just before the freeway passes under Mount Washington in the Fort Pitt Tunnel , features the infamous wrong-way concurrency of the northbound and southbound directions of US 19 Truck. After passing through the Fort Pitt Tunnel, I-376 emerges onto the four-lane double-deck Fort Pitt Bridge , crossing over

882-543: Is quite different from North American commuter towns that are almost exclusively the result of transportation by car. Where commuters are wealthier and small town housing markets are weaker than city housing markets, the development of a bedroom community may raise local housing prices and attract upscale service businesses in a process akin to gentrification . Long-time residents may be displaced by new commuter residents due to rising house prices. This can also be influenced by zoning restrictions in urbanized areas that prevent

945-528: Is signed east–west despite running north–south for nearly three-quarters of its length; however, it does run east–west through the majority of Allegheny County. This is because, until 2009, the route's western terminus was at I-279 in Downtown Pittsburgh ; it was extended west and north to I-80 to give the corridor a single route designation. Despite the route's direction, it serves as a major artery through Pittsburgh's West End , with I-79 being

1008-732: Is the main access road to Pittsburgh International Airport (PIT). Portions of the route are known as the Beaver Valley Expressway , Southern Expressway , and Airport Parkway . Within Allegheny County , the route runs along the majority of the Penn-Lincoln Parkway , known locally as Parkway West and Parkway East . It is currently the ninth-longest auxiliary Interstate route in the system and second only to I-476 within Pennsylvania. I-376

1071-442: Is where the term comes from. A commuter town may be called by many other terms: " bedroom community " (Canada and northeastern US), " bedroom town ", " bedroom suburb " (US), " dormitory town " (UK). The term " exurb " was used from the 1950s, but since 2006, is generally used for areas beyond suburbs and specifically less densely built than the suburbs to which the exurbs' residents commute. Often commuter towns form when workers in

1134-644: The Brookings Institution in 2006, the term is generally used for areas beyond suburbs and specifically less densely built than the suburbs to which the exurbs' residents commute. Comparatively low density towns – often featuring large lots and large homes – create heavy motor vehicle dependency . "They begin as embryonic subdivisions of a few hundred homes at the far edge of beyond, surrounded by scrub. Then, they grow – first gradually, but soon with explosive force – attracting stores, creating jobs and struggling to keep pace with

1197-638: The Greenfield Bridge , gained some national notoriety on an episode of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver concerning infrastructure . The state could not immediately afford to replace the crumbling bridge, so instead a cover was built under the bridge to protect the vehicles on I-376. The Greenfield Bridge was finally demolished in December 2015, and a replacement was built over the following two years, officially opening on October 14, 2017. From PA 60 to I-376's eastern terminus, I-376 has had

1260-625: The Monongahela River . There are single-lane westbound exit and eastbound entrance ramps connecting Carson Street to the freeway between the tunnel's portal and the bridge. Once across the river, the route touches down in Downtown Pittsburgh at Point State Park . An interchange at the Point connects I-376 to I-279 (Parkway North), which leads to the Fort Duquesne Bridge , as well as Liberty Avenue. I-376 continues east from

1323-549: The Ohio River . It then has its second interchange with PA 18 near Kobuta and continues south from there. I-376 passes to the west of Aliquippa before leaving Beaver County and entering Allegheny County . Approaching PIT , I-376 bends south-southwest and becomes the Southern Expressway, while the Beaver Valley Expressway diverges to the southeast along I-376 Business (I-376 Bus). I-376 circles around

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1386-684: The Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau , where it remains for the remainder of its length. I-376 then passes to the east of West Mayfield and becomes a non-tolled highway again at its first interchange with PA 51 in Chippewa Township , just west of Beaver Falls . The freeway then weaves through mountainous terrain, interchanging with PA 68 in Vanport just before crossing the Vanport Bridge over

1449-588: The Airport Parkway, is a six-mile (9.7 km) Interstate Highway business loop in Moon Township and Findlay Township in Pennsylvania . Its western terminus is at I-376 and Flaugherty Run Road (exits 50 and 51) north of PIT . Its eastern terminus is at I-376's exit 57, southeast of PIT. Before November 6, 2009, and after the Southern Expressway was completed in 1992, this road

1512-1089: The Beaver Valley Expressway on April 30, 2017. The Beaver Valley Expressway was selected as a test area so that the PTC could work out any bugs with mailing non-E-ZPass users bills with their unpaid tolls. The first section of what would eventually become I-376 opened June 5, 1953, from PA 885 (Bates Street) near the Hot Metal Bridge east through the Squirrel Hill Tunnel to US 22 Bus (then US 22) at Churchill . Construction commenced on this stretch on July 25, 1946, near Wilkinsburg . The next section to open, running from PA 60 ( Steubenville Pike , then US 22 / US 30 ) near PIT east to Saw Mill Run Boulevard ( PA 51 and US 19 ), opened October 15, 1953. At Steubenville Pike, it connected to PA 60—the Airport Parkway —which had been built c. 1950 as

1575-536: The Fort Pitt Tunnel opened. The Parkway East ended in Churchill, with eastbound traffic continuing ahead on the William Penn Highway, until the $ 11.12-million (equivalent to $ 85.8 million in 2023 ) extension east to the Pennsylvania Turnpike in Monroeville opened October 27, 1962. The final piece of Parkway West (the part which has never had an Interstate route number), from PA 60 west to

1638-599: The I-279 designation while the section from Pittsburgh east to Monroeville would become the first section with the I-376 designation. When I-376 was extended onto the Parkway West in 2009, I-279 was truncated to its current southern terminus at the former western terminus of I-376. PA 18 Business was decommissioned in 1978 when PA 18 returned to its former alignment (where it has remained to this day) and PA 60

1701-534: The James E. Ross Highway opened—it is the most expensive portion of the Turnpike system per mile. Along with the Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge (which is affected by the ongoing Pennsylvania Turnpike/Interstate 95 Interchange Project ), the Beaver Valley Expressway became one of the first sections of the Pennsylvania Turnpike system to implement all-electronic tolling, which began along

1764-694: The James E. Ross Highway, Amos K. Hutchinson Bypass , Mon–Fayette Expressway , and the Southern Beltway ) having not been paid for yet (in the case of the latter two, are only partially completed), whereas the mainline Turnpike and the Northeastern Extension had their bonds paid for decades ago. Even with the newer sections factored in—most of which except for a portion of the Mon–Fayette Expressway from I-70 near Bentleyville to US 40 near Brownsville opened after

1827-528: The PA ;60 Bus designation. PA 60 was eventually extended to Sharon in 1997, ending at US 62 Bus . As part of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users in 2005, Congress had designated an expansion of I-376 past I-79 and along present day US 22/US 30 and PA 60 through Pittsburgh International Airport and north to I-80 near Sharon . This

1890-407: The Pennsylvania Turnpike system per mile, charging toll-by-plate users an average of $ 0.44 per mile ($ 0.27/km) and E-ZPass users $ 0.20 per mile ($ 0.12/km). This is in stark contrast to the mainline Turnpike, which charges less than $ 0.12 per mile ($ 0.07/km) for E-ZPass users and more than $ 0.17 per mile ($ 0.11/km) for cash users. This is due to the bonds on newer sections of the Turnpike system (such as

1953-538: The Point, still carrying the partially-unsigned US 22 and US 30, following the north shore of the Monongahela River through the south side of the downtown area (the westbound area by Downtown from Grant Street to the Fort Pitt Bridge is locally known as the "Bathtub" because of a tendency of the underpass to flood in heavy rains). The road then continues to the adjacent neighborhoods of Uptown and Oakland . The Parkway East eventually turns away from

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2016-569: The UK , both the national railway's tracks, trains, stations and real estate were included in the privatization agreements. Japan's privately operated railroads view real estate investment and development of commuter towns as central to their business model. These railroads continuously develop new residential and commercial areas alongside their existing and new routes and stations and adjust their train schedules in order to provide existing and prospective commuters with convenient work-commute routines. This

2079-555: The US ;22 and US 30 designations for its entire history (US 30 exiting at Wilkinsburg). Until 1961, it also carried the PA ;80 designation until that route was decommissioned due to Pennsylvania needing the designation for I-80 to the north. In 1956, PA 60 was commissioned to have the Airport Parkway and the former alignment of US 22 and US 30 to Pittsburgh's West End. From 1959 to 1964, I-70 occupied

2142-422: The US 22/US 30 split at Imperial , opened in 1964. Early plans for that section would have instead taken it from PA 60 where it splits with PA 60 Bus . northwest to US 30 near Campmeeting Road at Clinton . The next section that opened was in 1968 from the present-day exit 2 with PA 18 to where PA 18 intersects with the present-day PA 760 just north of I-80 and

2205-892: The brunt of the public operating budget in higher property or income taxes . Such municipalities may scramble to encourage commercial growth once an established residential base has been reached. In the UK, commuter towns were developed by railway companies to create demand for their lines. One 1920s pioneer of this form of development was the Metropolitan Railway (now part of London Underground ) which marketed its Metro-land developments. This initiative encouraged many to move out of central and inner-city London to suburbs such as Harrow , or out of London itself, to commuter villages in Buckinghamshire or Hertfordshire . Commuter towns have more recently been built ahead of adequate transportation infrastructure, thus spurring

2268-483: The construction of suitably cheap housing closer to places of employment. The number of commuter towns increased in the US and the UK during the 20th century because of a trend for people to move out of the cities into the surrounding green belt . In the United States, it is common for commuter towns to create disparities in municipal tax rates. When a commuter town collects few business taxes, residents must pay

2331-528: The development of roads and public transportation systems. These can take the form of light rail lines extending from the city center to new streetcar suburbs and new or expanded highways , whose construction and traffic can lead to the community becoming part of a larger conurbation . A 2014 study by the British Office for National Statistics found that commuting also affects wellbeing. Commuters are more likely to be anxious, dissatisfied and have

2394-461: The eastbound exit and westbound entrance at exit 17, the westbound exit and eastbound entrance at exit 20, and the eastbound exit and westbound entrance at exit 29, which charge $ 3.50 using toll by plate and $ 1.50 using E-ZPass for passenger vehicles. As part of Act 44, tolls are to be increased every year in January. The tolled portion of I-376 is the most expensive portion of

2457-619: The extension, they were not up to Interstate Highway standards in all areas. The improvements to both the US 22/US 30 cloverleaf in Robinson Township and the Lawrence County leg of the route, as well as replacing all of the signs with the I-376 shield, were funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 . The designation of I-279 from Downtown west through the Fort Pitt Tunnel to I-79

2520-467: The freeway terminates and the highway reverts to being a two-lane arterial) to the former northern terminus of PA 60 in Sharon became PA 760. On August 1, 2010, signage along PA Turnpike 60 was officially changed to I-376, and, unlike other tolled highways with an Interstate designation, it is not grandfathered from Interstate standards . Having been built in the early 1990s, this section

2583-532: The highway east of PA 50 in Carnegie . When I-70 moved to its current alignment (replacing I-70S) in 1964, the route received the I-76 designation into Pittsburgh. West of Pittsburgh, from 1963 to 1970, I-79 occupied the route. In West Middlesex, the route would receive the PA 18 designation while the former alignment would receive a business route designation as PA 18 Business, since it served as

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2646-427: The highway, travelers had to use US 422 , PA 168 , PA 18, PA 251 , and PA 51 before returning to the highway. Until that section opened, the present-day exit 12A marked the southern terminus of the northern section of PA 60 as an "END 60" sign was located near the exit. In the early to mid-1980s, the entire section from downtown to Monroeville was refurbished. The next leg of

2709-762: The need for more schools, more roads, more everything. And eventually, when no more land is available and home prices have skyrocketed, the whole cycle starts again, another 15 minutes down the turnpike." Others argue that exurban environments, such as those that have emerged in Oregon over the last 40 years as a result of the state's unique land use laws , have helped to protect local agriculture and local businesses by creating strict urban growth boundaries that encourage greater population densities in centralized towns, while slowing or greatly reducing urban and suburban sprawl into agricultural, timber land, and natural areas. Interstate 376 Interstate 376 ( I-376 )

2772-509: The primary route through Pittsburgh's North Hills . Since its 2009 extension, the route has also served as a major way to access Northeast Ohio . A 16-mile (26 km) stretch of the Beaver Valley Expressway, officially named the James E. Ross Highway , from exit 15 where I-376 ends its brief concurrency with U.S. Route 422 (US 422) to exit 31 where I-376 has its first interchange with Pennsylvania Route 51 (PA 51),

2835-475: The prospect of home ownership in an area with higher quality schools and amenities. As of 2003 , over 80% of the workforce of Tracy, California , was employed in the San Francisco Bay Area . In some cases, commuter towns can result from changing economic conditions. Steubenville, Ohio along with neighboring Weirton, West Virginia had an independent regional identity until the collapse of

2898-415: The river near the southwestern corner of Schenley Park and runs along that park's southern border before passing through the Squirrel Hill Tunnel under Squirrel Hill . Parkway East exits the city of Pittsburgh near the southeastern corner of Frick Park , and US 30 leaves the freeway shortly thereafter at PA 8 in the suburb of Wilkinsburg . I-376 and US 22 (now fully signed) continue in

2961-436: The route opened to PA 108 in 1991 and to PA 51 in Chippewa on November 30, 1992, as the 16.5-mile (26.6 km) $ 260-million (equivalent to $ 507 million in 2023 ) "missing link" between two sections of PA 60, when that route's designation was on the highway. The aforementioned "END 60" sign was removed when the first leg of the middle section opened in 1991, and a "No re-entry this exit" sign has sat on

3024-409: The sense that their daily activities lack meaning than those who don't have to travel to work, even if they are paid more. The term exurb (a portmanteau of "extra & urban") was coined by Auguste Comte Spectorsky in his 1955 book The Exurbanites , to describe the ring of prosperous communities beyond the suburbs that are commuter towns for an urban area. However, since a landmark report by

3087-450: The site since due to exit 12A being an indirect connection to US 422 westbound without a direct reentry ramp. The Southern Expressway, a southern bypass of PIT, opened on September 9, 1992, and is the newest portion of I-376. The PTC retrofitted E-ZPass lanes on the tolled section of I-376 in 2006 at both the two mainline toll plazas as well as the exits that collect tolls. A bridge crossing I-376 from Oakland to Greenfield,

3150-630: The southern edge of the airport, intersecting the western terminus of the Southern Beltway ( PA Turnpike 576 ) at the main entrance to PIT before recombining with I-376 Bus and becoming the Airport Parkway, still four lanes and with a narrow median. Now traveling southeast, the route comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with the Penn-Lincoln Parkway ( US 22 and US 30 ) and Steubenville Pike ( PA 60 ) in Robinson Township . The two US Routes join I-376 here in

3213-522: The steel industry in the 1980s. Steubenville Pike and the Parkway West also created easier access to the much larger city of Pittsburgh . In 2013, Jefferson County, Ohio (where Steubenville is located) was added to the Pittsburgh metropolitan area as part of its larger Combined Statistical Area . In Japan, most of the national railway network was privatized by the 1980s but unlike in

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3276-486: The total cost of the parkway at this time came to $ 112.11 million (equivalent to $ 896 million in 2023 ). The $ 6.31-million (equivalent to $ 50.4 million in 2023 ) Fort Pitt Bridge opened June 19, 1959, followed by the $ 16-million (equivalent to $ 126 million in 2023 ) Fort Pitt Tunnel on September 1, 1960, using the West End Bypass (PA 51) and Carson Street ( PA 837 ) as detours until

3339-459: The town's main attractions is Taboão Lake (Lago do Taboão), which houses a number of bars and restaurants. The lakeside is crowded on weekends with many people both inside and outside the bars. Bragança Paulista has a subtropical climate with hot summers and dry winters. In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo . In July 1998, this company

3402-455: The transition was complete, thinking that the I-376 extension was going to be an all-new highway instead of a renaming of PA 60. As part of the ongoing upgrades to I-376 to bring the legacy portion of the former PA 60 up to Interstate standards, the interchange with PA 318 at exit 1C was upgraded to a full service interchange in October 2014. Previously, the exit only had

3465-449: The village of Nova Bragança was broken off from the township of Atibaia, becoming the town of Bragança. In sports, the most notable football (soccer) team in the city is Bragantino , which plays at Estádio Nabi Abi Chedid , and was the 1990 Campeonato Paulista champion and 1991 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A runner-up. The area also has a purportedly good golf course and residential community, Quinta da Baroneza Golf Course. One of

3528-528: The western terminus of I-376. Work began on the Beaver County sections of I-376 (in between Chippewa Township and the Airport Parkway) in 1971 and would finish by 1976. The following year, the northern section finished construction, which would leave a gap between New Castle and Chippewa Township for the next 15 years. Until the middle section was completed, in order to continue on

3591-453: Was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable). Commuter town A commuter town is a populated area that is primarily residential rather than commercial or industrial. Routine travel from home to work and back is called commuting , which

3654-507: Was already up to Interstate standards. This section of I-376 is signed as "Toll I-376", with a black-on-yellow "Toll" sign above the I-376 trailblazer. This makes I-376 one of the first tolled Interstates with such a marker, which was a new addition to the 2009 edition of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices . Despite PennDOT giving motorists over four years of advance notice on the I-376 extension, some local drivers were confused after

3717-404: Was done because the airport was one of the few major airports in the US without direct access to an Interstate Highway. This routing required some major infrastructure work on US 22 west of Downtown Pittsburgh (particularly at the US 22/US 30 cloverleaf interchange in Robinson Township ) and safety improvements to PA 60; though both were controlled-access freeways before

3780-471: Was extended all the way to Hermitage. On November 30, 1992, the 16.2-mile (26.1 km) gap in Beaver County was completed with a toll highway. When the Beaver Valley Expressway started opening in 1991, it would receive the "PA Toll 60" designation, because it was operated by the PTC . With the opening of the Southern Expressway in 1992, PA 60 moved to that highway, while the Airport Parkway received

3843-495: Was founded in December 15, 1763 as a settlement next to a small chapel and was originally called Conceição do Jaguari. The founders were Antonio Pires Pimentel and his wife, Ignácia da Silva Pimentel. By February 1765, the settlement was officially recognized and renamed as Distrito de Paz e Freguesia de Conceição do Jaguari. In October of 1767, the location was elevated to the condition of village and renamed as Village of New Bragança (Nova Bragança, after Bragança, Portugal ). By 1856,

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3906-431: Was known as PA 60 Bus. Prior to that, it had the regular PA 60 designation; this was also originally the last leg of the Parkway West which ended at the intersection with then-Beers School Road (now University Boulevard) and began as the Beaver Valley Expressway past the intersection. Much of the road is up to freeway standards, but several signaled at-grade intersections remain, making this multilane divided road

3969-658: Was officially dropped and replaced by that of I-376 on June 10, 2009. I-279 still exists between I-376 in the Golden Triangle and I-79 in Franklin Park. On November 6, 2009, officials announced the initial transition was complete. On January 21, 2010, the remainder of the route except for the Beaver Valley Expressway started receiving the I-376 signs. The stretch of PA 60 from I-80 in Shenango Township of Mercer County north past PA 18 (where

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