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66-746: The mouth of the creek on the Christina River in present-day Wilmington, Delaware , is the site of the New Sweden colony, where colonists first landed on March 29, 1638. The Battle of Brandywine was fought around the creek near Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania , on September 11, 1777, during the American Revolution . Water-powered gristmills in Brandywine Village, near the creek mouth, and the nearby DuPont gunpowder mill were important in developing American industry before

132-576: A Swedish colonist, Tyman Stidham, opened the first mill on the Brandywine, near Wilmington. Holme's 1687 map shows only five land claims along the Brandywine, all near present-day Chadds Ford. Land claims of the earlier Swedish and Dutch colonists were not noted on this map. While the Lenape still remained along the Brandywine, they had by this time been decimated by European diseases and wars with Susquehannock and later Iroquois tribes over control of

198-720: A basic form of log construction was used all over North Europe and Asia and later imported to America. Log construction was especially suited to Scandinavia, where straight, tall tree trunks ( pine and spruce ) are readily available. With suitable tools, a log cabin can be erected from scratch in days by a family. As no chemical reaction is involved, such as hardening of mortar, a log cabin can be erected in any weather or season. Many older towns in Northern Scandinavia have been built exclusively out of log houses, which have been decorated by board paneling and wood cuttings. Today, construction of modern log cabins as leisure homes

264-607: A broad range of mortar or other infill materials used between the logs in the construction of log cabins and other log-walled structures. Traditionally, dried mosses, such as Pleurozium schreberi or Hylocomium splendens , were used in the Nordic countries as an insulator between logs. In the United States, Chinks were small stones or wood or corn cobs stuffed between the logs. In the United States, settlers may have first constructed log cabins by 1640. Historians believe that

330-568: A few feet above sea level in Wilmington. The steep descent powered many early industrial activities, including flour milling and the original DuPont gunpowder mills, while the navigable channel to the Delaware River and Delaware Bay allowed manufacturers to load ocean-going ships from near their mills. By 1687, a Swedish colonist, Tyman Stidham opened the first mill on the Brandywine, near Wilmington. About 1735, Brandywine Village

396-415: A log cabin tends to compress slightly as it settles, over a few months or years. Nails would soon be out of alignment and torn out. Log cabins were largely built from logs laid horizontally and interlocked on the ends with notches. Some log cabins were built without notches and simply nailed together, but this was not as structurally sound. The most important aspect of cabin building is the site upon which

462-472: A love of forests, and they ended up living alongside and even culturally assimilating with them (they are the earlier and lesser-known Findian tribe, being overshadowed by the Ojibwe Findians of Minnesota, Michigan and Ontario, Canada). In those forests, the first log cabins of America were built, using traditional Finnish methods. Even though New Sweden existed only briefly before it was absorbed by

528-524: A million people in the three states, providing 75% of the water supply for New Castle County, Delaware, and more than 40% of the water supply for Chester County, Pennsylvania. The river was named for Queen Christina of Sweden . Fort Christina , the first permanent European settlement in Delaware, was established at the confluence of Brandywine Creek and the Christina River in 1638 as a part of

594-674: A popular type of barn found throughout the American Southern and Southeastern regions . Crib barns were especially ubiquitous in the Appalachian and Ozark Mountain states of North Carolina , Virginia , Kentucky , Tennessee , and Arkansas . In Europe , modern log cabins are often built in gardens and used as summerhouses, home offices, or as an additional room in the garden. Summer houses and cottages are often built from logs in Northern Europe . Chinking refers to

660-433: A small gabled-roof cabin of round logs with an opening in the roof to vent smoke, to more sophisticated squared logs with interlocking double-notch joints, the timber extending beyond the corners. Log saunas or bathhouses of this type are still found in rural Finland. By stacking tree trunks one on top of another and overlapping the logs at the corners, people made the "log cabin". They developed interlocking corners by notching

726-731: A tributary of the Christina, drains 58% of this area (325 square miles, 840 km ). White Clay Creek and its tributary, Red Clay Creek , drain a further 28% of the basin (161 square miles, 420 km ). Including Brandywine Creek, 71% of the Christina's basin is in Pennsylvania (400 square miles, 1,000 km ); 28% is in Delaware (157 square miles, 410 km ); and 1% is in Maryland (8 square miles, 21 km ). The basin's streams supply approximately 100 million gallons (400 million liters) of water per day for more than half

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792-842: A variety of notches. One method common in the Ohio River Valley in Southwestern Ohio and Southeastern Indiana is the block house end method, which is exemplified in the David Brown House in Rising Sun, Indiana . Some older buildings in the Midwestern United States and the Canadian Prairies are log structures covered with clapboards or other materials. 19th-century cabins used as dwellings were occasionally plastered on

858-463: Is a fully developed industry in Finland and Sweden. Modern log cabins often feature fiberglass insulation and are sold as prefabricated kits machined in a factory, rather than hand-built in the field like ancient log cabins. Log cabins are mostly constructed without the use of nails and thus derive their stability from simple stacking, with only a few dowel joints for reinforcement. This is because

924-722: Is still felt with over 16 Quaker Meetings and several Quaker schools operating in the area. The Quaker millers near the mouth of the Brandywine cooperated in maintaining quality and branding the flour. "Brandywine Superfine" flour was shipped all along the Atlantic coast and to the West Indies even before the American Revolution. A base point for surveying the Mason-Dixon line , known as the Stargazers' Stone,

990-761: The Conestoga Valley to Brandywine flour mills. A group of painters, including N. C. Wyeth , Andrew Wyeth , Jamie Wyeth and Howard Pyle , are referred to as the " Brandywine School " especially for their landscape works which depict the Brandywine valley. Many of their works are on view at the Brandywine River Museum in Chadds Ford. The Brandywine crosses the Fall Line just north of Wilmington. The elevation falls from about 160 feet (49 m) above sea level in Chadds Ford, to just

1056-481: The Delaware River . The Swedes, Dutch and English disputed possession of the area until 1674, when the English gained control. William Penn was granted a charter for Pennsylvania in 1681 and gained control over the "lower three counties," as Delaware was then known, soon thereafter. The population of New Sweden had only reached about 1,000, on the western shore of the Delaware, by the time of Penn's arrival. By 1687,

1122-522: The East Branch and West Branch , downstream of the confluence, is defined as Brandywine Creek and continues to flow southeast through Chester County, past Chadds Ford , Delaware County, Pennsylvania then enters the state of Delaware about 5 miles (8 km) north of Wilmington . The creek continues south through First State National Historical Park and Brandywine Creek State Park , into Wilmington, where it flows through Brandywine Park near

1188-476: The University of Delaware Water Resources Center. Download coordinates as: Christina River The Christina River is a tributary of the Delaware River , approximately 35 miles (56 km) long, in northern Delaware . It also flows through small areas of southeastern Pennsylvania and northeastern Maryland . Near its mouth, the river flows past downtown Wilmington, Delaware , forming

1254-536: The fur trade with Europeans. Their estimated population had fallen from 10,000–20,000 in 1600 to 2,000 in 1682. The Lenape signed a series of treaties with the Europeans, beginning with a 1682 treaty with William Penn, but were forced out of eastern Pennsylvania by the time of the French and Indian War . During the 1720s and 1730s, the Lenape claimed that William Penn had granted them all the land 1 mile on each side of

1320-579: The log cabin into America. They called the creek Fiskiekylen, or "Fish Creek", and the Dutch heritage is also reflected in Fiske Creek and variant names using the Dutch word "Kill" or stream, Bainwend Kill, Brandewyn Kill, and Brandywine Kill. The creek's current name may be from an old Dutch word for brandy or gin, brandewijn, or from the Swedish word brännvin (swedish vodka). During the colonisation of

1386-549: The 1780s helped local mills increase their efficiency, ushering in the Industrial Revolution . The first paper mill in Delaware, Gilpin's mill in north Wilmington, opened in 1787. This site was later used by one of the largest textile mills in the world, Bancroft Mills , which is now closed. In 1796, the village contained 12 mills that could grind 400,000 bushels of grain per year. By 1806, there were "about fifty or sixty snug brick, stone, and frame houses" in

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1452-533: The 18th century still stand, but they were often not intended as permanent dwellings. Possibly the oldest surviving log house in the United States is the C. A. Nothnagle Log House ( c.  1640 ) in New Jersey. Settlers often built log cabins as temporary homes to live in while constructing larger, permanent houses; then they either demolished the log structures or used them as outbuildings, such as barns or chicken coops . Log cabins were sometimes hewn on

1518-761: The Brandywine Valley. Native Americans of the Algonquian -speaking Lenape (or Delaware) Nation lived in the area between the Hudson River Valley and southern Delaware before the European settlement. They lived by hunting, farming corn, beans, and squash, and by fishing. The Brandywine had an especially rich shad fishery. The Lenape called the creek Wauwaset, Wawasiungh, or Wawassan, and other Native American names for it included Suspecough and Trancocopanican. The first European settlement on

1584-504: The Brandywine are on the National Register of Historic Places . Several dams block passage to American shad ( Alosa sapidissima ) spawning runs which cannot access the Pennsylvania reaches of the river. The first of eight dams on Brandywine Creek was removed in 2019, enabling shad to migrate further up the river. The plan to remove all eight dams is known as "Brandywine Shad 2020" and has been led by Professor Jerry Kauffman of

1650-554: The Brandywine was Swedish. On March 29, 1638, Peter Minuit , who had earlier explored the area for the Dutch, founded the colony of New Sweden near the confluence of the Christina and Brandywine, at Fort Christina , in present-day Wilmington. About 600 Swedes, Finns, and Dutch settled in New Sweden. They tended to settle along the Delaware River rather than move inland along the Brandywine and are credited with introducing

1716-497: The British forces, was marching north on Baltimore Pike (now U.S. Route 1 ) toward Philadelphia and needed to ford the Brandywine near Chadds Ford. General George Washington , massed most of his American forces on the banks of the creek near Chadds Ford, and protected other fords as far as 5 miles (8.0 km) north and 3 miles (4.8 km) south. The Brandywine Battlefield Park covers only 50 acres (200,000 m), but during

1782-844: The Delaware River. The Christina Riverwalk makes up a segment of the East Coast Greenway , a 3,000 mile long system of trails connecting Maine to Florida. According to the Geographic Names Information System , the Christina River has also been known historically as: Log cabin A log cabin is a small log house , especially a minimally finished or less architecturally sophisticated structure. Log cabins have an ancient history in Europe, and in America are often associated with first-generation home building by settlers. Construction with logs

1848-679: The Downingtown Log House, was built about 1700 where the road between Philadelphia and Lancaster, later known as the Lancaster Pike , crossed the east branch. Thomas Moore built a grist mill in 1716 and Roger Hunt built another in 1739, which operated through at least 1908. Both the Downingtown Log House and the Roger Hunt Mill still stand today. Milltown was the halfway point on the journey between Philadelphia and Lancaster, so several inns served travelers, including

1914-530: The Dutch colony of New Netherland , which was eventually taken over by the English, these quick and easy construction techniques of the Finns not only remained, but spread. Germans and Ukrainians also used this technique. The contemporaneous British settlers had no tradition of building with logs, but they quickly adopted the method. The first English settlers did not widely use log cabins, building in forms more traditional to them. Few log cabins dating from

1980-563: The Head of the Christina held every year in the boat house of Wilmington youth rowing association. Just south of downtown Wilmington, the Christina provides home port to the "Kalmar Nyckel", Delaware's official Tall Ship. Co-located with the Kalmar Nyckel is the home port to the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary's Search and Rescue Detachment (SARDET) Wilmington. The Christina River is also one of many Striped Bass spawning areas that empty into

2046-697: The Ship Inn (c. 1730), the King-in-Armes or Washington Inn (1761), the Half-Way House (1790), and the Swan Hotel (1800). In the 1880s, Downingtown became known for its paper mills. Coatesville on the west branch became famous for producing iron goods as early as 1810, and later, rolling steel plate. Lukens Steel Company has dominated the economy of the town since 1810; today, Cleveland Cliffs continues to make steel there. These places near

Brandywine Creek (Christina River tributary) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2112-494: The Swedes the creek was called brännvins kilen. It has been asserted that in 1655, a Dutch vessel carrying brandy, wintered in the stream and was sunk due to ice accumulation. The name might also derive from an early mill owner, Andreas Brainwende or Brantwyn. A 1681 map labels the creek Brande wine Cr. Thomas Holme 's 1687 map of Pennsylvania gives the name as simply Brandy Wine and shows it flowing into Christian Creek and then

2178-605: The Swedish colony of New Sweden . The fort was captured by the Dutch in 1655, and by the English in 1664. Many rowing teams and clubs in Wilmington practice along the Christina River, among them the Wilmington Youth Rowing Association, Wilmington rowing association, Newport Rowing Club, and University of Delaware . In addition, there is a fall "head race" occurring on the river by the name of

2244-585: The battle British troops marched about 6 miles (9.7 km) north, fording the creek above the forks, to outflank Washington's forces. Before the battle, General Anthony Wayne had his headquarters in Brandywine Village, across the creek from Wilmington, and Continental troops camped nearby, near Lovering Avenue. The poet Bayard Taylor wrote of the battle and the creek: And once thy peaceful tide Was filled with life-blood from bold hearts and brave; and heroes on thy verdant margin died, The land they loved, to save. These vales, so calm and still, Once saw

2310-535: The cabin was built. Site selection was aimed at providing the cabin inhabitants with both sunlight and drainage to make them better able to cope with the rigors of frontier life. Proper site selection placed the home in a location best suited to manage the farm or ranch. When the first pioneers built cabins, they were able to "cherry pick" the best logs for cabins. These were old-growth trees with few limbs (knots) and straight with little taper. Such logs did not need to be hewn to fit well together. Careful notching minimized

2376-405: The cabin. The decision about roof type often was based on the material for roofing like bark. Milled lumber was usually the most popular choice for rafter roofs in areas where it was available. These roofs typify many log cabins built in the 20th century, having full-cut 2×4 rafters covered with pine and cedar shingles. The purlin roofs found in rural settings and locations, where milled lumber

2442-400: The characteristic triangular gable end. The steepness of the roof was determined by the reduction in size of each gable-wall log as well as the total number of gable-wall logs. Flatter roofed cabins might have had only 2 or 3 gable-wall logs while steeply pitched roofs might have had as many gable-wall logs as a full story. Issues related to eave overhang and a porch also influenced the layout of

2508-483: The city center. Brandywine Creek joins the Christina River 1 mile (1.6 km) east of downtown Wilmington and about 2 miles (3 km) upstream from the mouth of the Christina, which also includes flows from the White Clay Creek and Red Clay Creek basins, and finally discharges into the Delaware River estuary . The confluence of the Christina and Delaware rivers is the approximate dividing point between

2574-417: The city of Newark and then turns northeastwardly, passing the town of Newport and approaching Wilmington from the southwest. It receives White Clay Creek from the west near Newport, and Brandywine Creek in Wilmington, approximately 2 miles (3 km) upstream of its mouth. The Christina River and its tributaries drain an area of 565 square miles, 1,460 km . Brandywine Creek, despite being

2640-540: The city's harbor for traffic on the Delaware River. The Port of Wilmington , opened in 1923 at the river's mouth, handles international cargo and trade. The river rises in southeastern Pennsylvania in Franklin Township in southern Chester County , and initially flows southeastwardly, passing through the northeastern extremity of Maryland in northeastern Cecil County , into New Castle County in Delaware, where it flows through western and southern areas of

2706-525: The creek, and complained that mill dams on the creek were ruining their shad fishery. Hannah Freeman (1730–1802), believed to be the last Lenape to have lived in Chester County, is buried in Embreeville , near the forks of the creek. The valley was settled by Quakers , and other dissident Protestants, following Penn's Charter. Their activities were mainly farming and milling. Quaker influence

Brandywine Creek (Christina River tributary) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2772-596: The decades, increasingly complex joints were developed to ensure more weather tight joints between the logs, but the profiles were still largely based on the round log. A medieval log cabin was considered movable property, evidenced by the relocation of Espåby in 1557, where the buildings were disassembled, transported to a new location, and reassembled. It was also common to replace individual logs damaged by dry rot as necessary. The Wood Museum in Trondheim , Norway, displays fourteen different traditional profiles, but

2838-589: The deep forests of inland Sweden and Norway, during Sweden's 600+ year colonial rule over Finland, who since 1640 were being captured and displaced to the colony. After arriving, they would escape the Fort Christina center where the Swedes lived, to go and live in the forest as they did back home. They encountered the Lenape Indian tribe, with whom they found many cultural similarities, including slash and burn agriculture, sweat lodges and saunas, and

2904-843: The end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. Log cabin building never died out or fell out of favor. It was surpassed by the needs of a growing urban United States. During the 1930s and the Great Depression , the Roosevelt administration directed the Civilian Conservation Corps to build log lodges throughout the west for use by the Forest Service and the National Park Service . Timberline Lodge on Mount Hood in Oregon

2970-669: The exterior and sometimes interior of the house. These cabins are mass manufactured, traditionally in Scandinavian countries and increasingly in Eastern Europe . Squared milled logs are precut for easy assembly. Log homes are popular in rural areas, and even in some suburban locations. In many resort communities in the Western United States , homes of log and stone measuring over 3,000 sq ft (280 m ) are not uncommon. These "kit" log homes are one of

3036-507: The first log cabins built in North America were in the Swedish colony of New Sweden along the Delaware River and Brandywine River valleys. Most of the settlers were actually Forest Finns , a heavily oppressed Finnish ethnic group originally from Savonia and Tavastia , who starting from the 1500s were displaced or persuaded to go inhabit and practice slash and burn agriculture (which they were famous for in eastern Finland) in

3102-458: The first log structures were probably being built in Northern Europe by the Bronze Age around 3500 BC. C. A. Weslager describes Europeans as having: The Finns were accomplished in building several forms of log housing, having different methods of corner timbering, and they utilized both round and hewn logs. Their log building had undergone an evolutionary process from the crude "pirtti"...

3168-537: The flour. "Brandywine Superfine" flour was shipped all along the Atlantic coast and to the West Indies before the American Revolution. A mill race once used to provide water power is still in working condition in Brandywine Park, designed in the 1890s by Frederick Law Olmsted , near downtown Wilmington. To the north, Downingtown on the east branch was originally known as Milltown. Its first building,

3234-573: The foeman's charge,—the bayonet's gleam; And heard the thunders roll from hill to hill From morn till sunset's beam. Early paper mills were located along the creek, during the Revolution. They supplied Benjamin Franklin 's print shop and also supplied the paper to print Continental currency and the Declaration of Independence . The Conestoga wagon was first built to haul grain from

3300-572: The freshwater Delaware River and the saltwater Delaware Bay . In Pennsylvania, Chadds Ford, Elam, Downingtown , Unionville , and parts of West Chester , are all in the Brandywine Valley, as well as the Delaware towns of Centreville , Greenville , Montchanin , Hockessin , and Yorklyn . Nearby Avondale (in the White Clay Creek basin) and Kennett Square, Pennsylvania (in the Red Clay Creek basin) are often considered part of

3366-598: The interior. The O'Farrell Cabin ( c.  1865 ) in Boise , Idaho , had backed wallpaper used over newspaper. The C.C.A. Christenson Cabin in Ephraim , Utah ( c.  1880 ) was plastered over willow lath. Log cabins reached their peak of complexity and elaboration with the Adirondack-style cabins of the mid-19th century. This style was the inspiration for many United States Park Service lodges built at

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3432-461: The introduction of steam power. The headwaters of both the East Branch and West Branch of Brandywine Creek are in western Chester County, Pennsylvania , near Honey Brook . The East Branch and West Branch flow southeast for 27.4 miles (44.1 km) and 33.1 miles (53.3 km), respectively, to their confluence about 10 miles (16 km) southeast of Coatesville , between East Bradford Township and Pocopson Township . The combined drainage of

3498-417: The largest consumers of logs in the Western United States. In the United States, log homes have embodied a traditional approach to home building, one that has resonated throughout American history . Log homes represent a technology that allows a home to be built with a high degree of sustainability . They are frequently considered to be on the leading edge of the green building movement. Crib barns were

3564-449: The logs at the ends, resulting in strong structures that were easier to make weather-tight by inserting moss or other soft material into the joints. As the original coniferous forest extended over the coldest parts of the world, there was a prime need to keep these cabins warm. The insulating properties of the solid wood were a great advantage over a timber frame construction covered with animal skins, felt , boards or shingles . Over

3630-426: The orientation of doors and windows all needed to be taken into account when the cabin was designed. In addition, the source of the logs, the source of stone and available labor, either human or animal, had to be considered. If timber sources were further away from the site, the cabin size might be limited. Cabin corners were often set on large stones; if the cabin was large, other stones were used at other points along

3696-400: The outside so that siding might be applied; they also might be hewn inside and covered with a variety of materials, ranging from plaster over lath to wallpaper . Log cabins were constructed with either a purlin roof structure or a rafter roof structure. A purlin roof consists of horizontal logs that are notched into the gable-wall logs. The latter are progressively shortened to form

3762-446: The sill (bottom log). Since they were usually cut into the sill, thresholds were supported with rock as well. These stones are found below the corners of many 18th-century cabins as they are restored. Cabins were set on foundations to keep them out of damp soil but also to allow for storage or basements to be constructed below the cabin. Cabins with earth floors had no need for foundations. In North America , cabins were constructed using

3828-565: The site was the largest gunpowder producer in the country. During the Civil War alone, over 4 million barrels of gunpowder were produced here. The mills, which operated until 1921, are now part of the Hagley Museum and Library . By 1815, several toll roads connected the village with Pennsylvania's grain-growing regions, including the Lancaster, Kennett and Concord Pikes. These roads later became Delaware Route 41 , Delaware Route 52 , and parts of US 202 combined with Delaware Route 202 . The millers cooperated in maintaining quality and branding

3894-432: The size of the gap between the logs and reduced the amount of chinking (sticks or rocks) or daubing (mud) needed to fill the gap. The length of one log was generally the length of one wall, although this was not a limitation for most good cabin builders. Decisions had to be made about the type of cabin. Styles varied greatly from one part of North America to another: the size of the cabin, the number of stories, type of roof,

3960-408: The village. In 1795, Jacob Broom built the first cotton mill on the Brandywine, a few miles north of the village, but it burned down two years later. In 1802, Broom sold the site, complete with a working dam and millrace , to Eleuthère Irénée du Pont , who paid $ 6,740 for the 95 acres (380,000 m). Gunpowder mills, known as the Eleutherian Mills , operated on the site from 1802, and by 1810,

4026-412: Was described by Roman architect Vitruvius Pollio in his architectural treatise De Architectura . He noted that in Pontus in present-day northeastern Turkey , dwellings were constructed by laying logs horizontally overtop of each other and filling in the gaps with "chips and mud". Log cabin construction has its roots in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe . Although their precise origin is uncertain,

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4092-408: Was established in Embreeville 31 miles (50 km) west of Philadelphia and 15 miles (24 km) north of the Maryland-Pennsylvania border by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon in 1764. They used the adjoining John Harlan house as their center of operations until 1768. The creek lends its name to the 1777 Battle of Brandywine of the American Revolutionary War . General William Howe , commanding

4158-441: Was founded across the creek from Wilmington. Quakers Elizabeth Levis Shipley, her husband William Shipley, and Thomas Canby were important in establishing the village and its supporting flour mills. By 1743, a dam and a millrace south of the creek had been built. In 1760, a bridge was built at the current site of the Market Street Bridge, and the north race and two more flour mills were built by Joseph Tatnall . Oliver Evans in

4224-406: Was not available, often were covered with long hand-split shingles. The log cabin has been a symbol of humble origins in U.S. politics since the early 19th century. At least seven U.S. presidents were born in log cabins, including Andrew Jackson , James K. Polk , Millard Fillmore , Franklin Pierce , James Buchanan , Abraham Lincoln , and James A. Garfield . Although William Henry Harrison

4290-541: Was not born in a log cabin, he and the Whigs were among the first to use them during the 1840 presidential election as a symbol to show Americans that he was a man of the people. Other candidates followed Harrison's example, making the idea of a log cabin a recurring theme in U.S. presidential campaigns. More than a century after Harrison, Adlai Stevenson II said, "I wasn't born in a log cabin. I didn't work my way through school nor did I rise from rags to riches, and there's no use trying to pretend I did." Stevenson lost

4356-403: Was such a log structure, and it was dedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1930, the world's largest log cabin was constructed at a private resort in Montebello , Quebec , Canada . Often described as a log château, it serves as the Château Montebello hotel. The modern version of a log cabin is the log home , which is a house built usually from milled logs. The logs are visible on

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