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An artist collective or art group or artist group is an initiative that is the result of a group of artists working together, usually under their own management , towards shared aims. The aims of an artist collective can include almost anything that is relevant to the needs of the artist ; this can range from purchasing bulk materials , sharing equipment, space or materials, to following shared ideologies , aesthetic and political views or even living and working together as an extended family . Sharing of ownership, risk, benefits, and status is implied, as opposed to other, more common business structures with an explicit hierarchy of ownership such as an association or a company .

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45-545: The Brew House Association is an artist collective established in 1991 in the South Side Flats neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . It is located at Mary and 21st Streets in a multi-story building that once housed the Duquesne Brewing Company . The lower floors of the building have been converted to gallery and theater space, including SPACE 101, an alternative exhibit gallery founded by

90-516: A city whose site lies on the eastern shore of the bay, just south-west of the present-day community of Trypiti . From the 6th century BC up to the siege of 416 BC, Melos issued its own coinage, struck according to the Milesian weight standard: the base coin was the stater which weighed just over 14 grams. Melos was the only island in the Aegean Sea to use this standard. Most coins bore

135-503: A collective space, for exhibiting or as workshop or studio facilities. Some newer, more experimental kinds of groups include intentional networks, anonymous, connector, hidden or nested groups, and groups with unconventional time-scales. Artist collectives may be formed: Milos Milos or Melos ( / ˈ m iː l ɒ s , - l oʊ s / ; Modern Greek : Μήλος , romanized :  Mílos , IPA: [ˈmilos] ; Ancient Greek : Μῆλος , romanized :  Mêlos )

180-480: A considerable city, the remains of which cover the cliff of St. Andrew's. Polyaigos (also called Polinos, Polybos or Polivo — alternative spelling Polyaegos) lies 2 km (1 mi) south-east of Kimolos. It was the subject of dispute between the Milians and Kimolians. It is now uninhabited. The harbour town is Adamantas; from this there is an ascent to the plateau above the harbour, on which are situated Plaka ,

225-610: A major and significant influence on the various epochs of art history . In a broader sense, literary groups and group formations of musicians can also be referred to as artist collectives or groups. The aim of the artistic initiatives was and still is to get in touch with other artists, to point out avant-garde or newly defined efforts in art in the broadest sense, to break away from traditional, academic approaches altogether, to break new ground and to follow them for example by organizing joint exhibitions. The boundaries between all areas of fine and applied art are fluid. In contrast to

270-455: A town wall and a Minoan -inspired structure, dubbed the Pillar room, which contained fragments of vivid wall paintings. The famous fresco of the flying fish was found in the ruins of the Pillar room and was executed with delicate colouring and graphic observation of nature in the graceful movement of a fish. Stylistic similarities to Minoan frescoes are suggested, and it could perhaps have been

315-408: A variety of conditions and for other purposes such as insect repellents , disinfectants, and to protect against the evil eye . The most frequently reported species was Greek sage . Local historical records of medicinal plant use date back to the 16th century. While a lesser-known island within the extremely popular Cyclades archipelago , Milos has grown in popularity as a vacation destination in

360-581: A vassal of Venice, but instead declared loyalty to the Latin Emperor . Sanudo's dynasty lasted nine generations, then was succeeded by the Crispos . Both families were Catholic . The majority of the population was (and still is) Greek Orthodox . Up to this point, the population of Melos was overwhelmingly Greek Orthodox Christian, just like the rest of the archipelago. When the Venetians conquered

405-908: Is a volcanic Greek island in the Aegean Sea , just north of the Sea of Crete . Milos is the southwestern-most island in the Cyclades group. The Venus de Milo (now in the Louvre ), the Poseidon of Melos (now in the NAMA ) and the Asclepius of Milos (now in the British Museum ) were all found on the island, as was an archaic Apollo now in Athens . Milos is a popular tourist destination during

450-623: Is also fluid. One speaks of the latter when it comes to large-scale settlements of artists of the same direction. Examples of this are the Nazarene movement in Rome and the Barbizon school . The decisive factor here is the personal decision of the individual to align their place of residence with that of like-minded artists, which can be conducive to the optimal further development of the respective art movement. The opposite extreme of an artist group

495-544: Is estimated at 151 square kilometres (58 sq mi). The greater portion is rugged and hilly, culminating in Mount Profitis Elias 748 metres (2,454 feet) in the west. Like the rest of the cluster, the island is of volcanic origin, with tuff , trachyte and obsidian among its ordinary rocks. Volcanic activity began 2 to 3 million years ago during the Pliocene , and last erupted 90,000 years ago during

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540-601: Is no early farming village in the Near East that doesn't get obsidian". The mining of obsidian did not lead to the development of permanent habitation or manufacturing on the island. Instead, those in search of obsidian arrived by boat, beaching it in a suitable cove and cutting pieces of the volcanic glass from the quarries. The position of Milos, between mainland Greece and Crete , and its possession of obsidian, made it an important centre of early Aegean civilisation . Milos lost its arms-making importance when bronze became

585-717: Is the artist duo – the smallest, but also the most symbiotic form. Often there are real-life partnerships (as with Niki de Saint Phalle and Jean Tinguely , or also with Gilbert & George ). It is not uncommon for larger groups of artists to emerge from the "nucleus" of a duo, such as the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood , for example, developed from the founding duo John Everett Millais and William Holman Hunt . Designations such as " The Tachists " or Junge Wilde (The Young Wild Ones) cannot be assigned to any real groups of artists; they merely indicate common stylistic features within an epoch. A clear indication of

630-649: Is unclear. Milos was mentioned in a Byzantine chrysobull of 1198, which shows it was still important to the Byzantines. In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade (1204), the Venetian Marco Sanudo seized control of Milos and a number of other islands in the Cyclades . Sanudo declared himself the Duke of Naxos , after the island where he established his capital. Sanudo did not make his duchy

675-882: The Aphrodite in Paris , the Asclepius in London , and the Poseidon and the archaic Apollo in Athens. Other villages include Triovasalos , Peran Triovasalos , Pollonia and Zefyria (Kampos). Milos has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa ) with mild, rainy winters and warm to hot dry summers. Bentonite , perlite , pozzolana and small quantities of kaolin are actively collected via strip mine or open-pit mine techniques in Milos and sold all over

720-834: The Battle of Salamis . After the battle, the Melians returned to their traditional isolationism. During the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) between Athens and Sparta, the Melians made some small donations to the Spartan war effort, but remained largely neutral despite sharing the Spartans' Dorian ethnicity. In 426 BC, the Athenians raided the Melian countryside, and the following year demanded tribute, but Melos refused. In

765-466: The Pleistocene , and is considered to still be a dormant volcano that could erupt again. The natural harbour is the hollow of the principal crater, which, with a depth diminishing from 70 to 30  fathoms (130–55 m), strikes in from the northwest so as to separate the island into two fairly equal portions ( see photo ), with an isthmus not more than 18 km (11 mi) broad. In one of

810-587: The kadi . The island had two bishops : one Greek Orthodox and one Latin Catholic. The Greek bishop was wealthier than his Latin counterpart, as he had a larger revenue base. Although the islanders enjoyed a great degree of autonomy, they chafed under the heavy taxation of their Ottoman overlords. In 1771 the island was occupied by the Russian Empire for three years, then retaken by the Ottomans. In

855-605: The Aegean and Mediterranean. Orange , olive , cypress , tamarisk, juniper ( Juniperus oxycedrus ) and arbutus trees grow throughout the island, which, however, is too dry to have any profusion of vegetation. Vines , cotton , and barley are the main crops. Almost all of the uninhabited western region of Milos is a Natura 2000 site and is home to over 800 different taxa , including 35 which are endemic to Greece. In an ethnobotanical survey of Milos, numerous native and cultivated species were described as being used to treat

900-752: The Brew House Association in 1994, while the upper floors have become studio and living areas for resident artists, and shared workshops for welding and pottery . The Brew House and the abandoned industrial lots around it have been the site of performance art , theatre and sculpture exhibits. They formerly rented studio space and hosted a residency program for visual artists before issues with building code violations forced them to temporarily close their doors in 2009. 40°25′32″N 79°58′34″W  /  40.425503°N 79.976156°W  / 40.425503; -79.976156 Artist collective Many artist collectives had and still have

945-609: The Bronze Age Cyclades and has provided a valuable insight into the beliefs and rituals of the inhabitants of Phylakopi. The site was eventually abandoned and was never reoccupied. The first Dorian settlement on Melos was established no earlier than the 1st millennium BC. Dorians are the ethnic group to which the Spartans belonged, but the Dorian settlers of Melos made themselves independent. They eventually established

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990-590: The Cyclades, he found that “There is a lack of energy nowadays in Melos, for Syra monopolises all the trade that once came here, and the Cretan exiles refuse to cultivate as they ought the fertile centre of the island, for they are only awaiting a favourable turn in events to return to their own island…” During the 19th century, Milos was a major rendezvous point for American and British ships fighting Muslim pirates in

1035-639: The Mediterranean. In February 1943, 14 male civilians were executed for collecting material owned by the German occupation forces that was washed up after the sinking of a cargo ship by Allied aircraft. The population peaked in 1928 at 6,562 people. In 2011 it was 4,977. Milos is the southwestern-most island in the Cyclades, 120 kilometres (75 miles) due east from the coast of Laconia. From east to west it measures about 23 km (14 mi), from north to south 13 km (8.1 mi), and its area

1080-474: The Mycenaeans conquered the settlement and installed a seat of power for a governor. The evidence is not clear, though again it could be a legacy of the islanders adopting foreign elements into their culture. Particularly unexpected was the discovery in the 1970s of a shrine at the site, which contained many examples of Aegean figurines, including the famous "Lady of Phylakopi". The shrine is unprecedented in

1125-643: The Rhodian standard ( tetradrachms weighing 15.3 g ) and ceased bearing the word ΜΑΛΙΟΝ. The production of its terracotta reliefs also ceased. In 338 BC, Philip II of Macedon defeated the Greeks at the Battle of Chaeroneia and became the overlord of Greece and the Cyclades . During this time, Melos and the nearby island Kimolos disputed each other over the ownership of the islands of Polyaigos , Heterea, and Libea (the last two are probably today's uninhabited islands of Agios Efstathios and Agios Georgios ). In

1170-640: The actual existence of such a group is a written memorandum such as that published in André Breton 's Surrealist Manifesto in Paris in 1924 and signed by several like-minded artists. As a result, the members of such a group committed themselves to subordinate themselves to a common goal. This also included the group exhibitions, to which everyone should contribute their part instead of just showing themselves. Artist collectives have occurred throughout history, often gathered around central resources, for instance

1215-616: The ancient sculpture workshops at the marble quarries on Milos in Greece and Carrara in Italy. During the French Revolution the Louvre in Paris was occupied as an artist collective. More traditional artist collectives tend to be smallish groups of two to eight artists who produce work, either collaboratively or as individuals toward exhibiting together in gallery shows or public spaces. Often an artist collective will maintain

1260-519: The archipelago, they brought Catholicism with them. The first Catholic bishop of Milos was appointed in 1253. In 1566 the Venetians handed over the Duchy of Naxos to the Ottoman Empire , and its last Catholic duke fled to Venice. The Ottoman sultan Selim II appointed a Portuguese Jew named Joseph Nasi as its duke. Upon Nasi's death in 1579, the Ottomans formally annexed the territory. In

1305-440: The caves on the south coast, the heat from the volcano is still great, and on the eastern shore of the harbour, there are hot sulfurous springs. Antimelos or Antimilos, 13 miles (21 km) north-west of Milos, is an uninhabited mass of trachyte, often called Erimomilos (Desert Milos). Kimolos, or Argentiera, 1.6 km (0.99 mi) to the north-east, was famous in antiquity for its figs and fuller's earth , and contained

1350-530: The chief town, and Kastro , rising on a hill above it, and other villages. The ancient town of Milos was nearer to the entrance of the harbour than Adamas, and occupied the slope between the village of Trypiti and the landing-place at Klima . Here is a theatre of Roman date and some remains of town walls and other buildings, one with a fine mosaic excavated by the British school at Athens in 1896. Numerous fine works of art have been found on this site, notably

1395-424: The early 18th century, the population surpassed 6,000 and was almost entirely Greek and Christian. It was ruled by Turkish judge or kadi , and a Turkish governor or voivode . The voivode was responsible for collecting taxes and enforcing the decisions of the kadi . The day-to-day affairs of the island were managed by three elected magistrates ( epitropi ), although any of their decisions could be appealed to

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1440-589: The first islands to join the Greek War of Independence of 1821. The first naval battle of the war took place off the coast of Milos on 11 April 1821. Milos became a refuge for refugees from numerous islands, particularly Crete. The port town of Adamantas was founded by Cretan refugees from the Cretan Revolt in 1841 . When Theodore Bent toured the island in December 1883, note-taking for his guide to

1485-413: The image of an apple, which is a pun because the ancient Greek word for "apple" ( mêlon ) sounded similar to the name of the island. The coins also often bore the name of its people: ΜΑΛΙΟΝ ( Malion ) or some abbreviation thereof. By the 6th century BC, the Melians had also learned to write, and they used an archaic variant of the ancient Greek script that exhibited Cretan and Theraic influences. It

1530-478: The island. In 405 BC, with Athens losing the war, the Spartan general Lysander expelled the Athenian settlers from Melos and repatriated the survivors of the siege. Sparta annexed Melos, which would mean that like other liberated islands, it received a military governor (a harmost ). The cultural distinctiveness of Melos faded away as it was absorbed into mainstream Greek culture. Their coinage switched to

1575-714: The islanders adopting Cretan fashions. There is more than just pottery at Phylakopi however, the eruption of the Thera volcano saw a reduction in Minoan presence in the Cyclades and it is at this time that Mycenaean involvement on the islands increases. At Phylakopi (and unknown in the rest of the Cyclades) a megaron structure, which is typically associated with the Mycenaean palaces, such as those at Tiryns , Pylos and Mycenae has been discovered. This has been taken to suggest that

1620-465: The late 18th century, the population declined considerably for uncertain reasons. By 1798, it had fallen below 500 people. Visitors reported that up to two thirds of the buildings had fallen into ruin. It began growing again in the early 19th century, reaching 5,000 people by 1821. Reliable figures are hard to find as the Ottoman Empire never performed a census before 1881. Milos was one of

1665-431: The mostly programmatically oriented artist collectives, only the costs for the use of common workspaces or artist ateliers are usually shared in studio communities. Due to long-standing friendships, thematic joint exhibitions and the inevitable examination of the work of the other members, however, mixed forms can form that go beyond the pure community of convenience. The transition from artist collective to artist colony

1710-529: The past, this dispute would have been settled by war, but the two communities took their dispute to Argos on the Greek mainland. The Argives decided the islands belonged to Kimolos . In 197 BC, the Romans forced Philip V to withdraw from Greece, and Melos subsequently came under Roman influence. During the early 9th century CE the Cyclades were harassed by Arab raiders, though how Milos fared at this time

1755-632: The preferred material for the manufacture of weapons. The first settlement at Phylakopi ( Greek Φυλακωπή) arose in the Bronze Age , flourishing as the extraction of obsidian was in the decline. The first settlers were tuna fishermen. Lying on the north-east coast, 1896 excavations by the British School at Athens and later in 1973 by the British archaeologist Colin Renfrew , revealed

1800-543: The settlement was very small. During the Middle Bronze Age however, the site expanded significantly and the expansion of Minoan Crete saw an influx of Minoan pottery into the Cyclades, particularly at Akrotiri on Thera , though much found its way to Phylakopi. The quantities found at the Cycladic sites have been taken to suggest a Minoan control over the region, though it could also be the consumptive nature of

1845-404: The summer of 416 BC, Athens invaded again with 3,400 men, and demanded that Melos ally with them against Sparta, or be destroyed. The Melians rejected this, so the Athenian army laid siege to the city and eventually captured it in the winter. After the city's fall, the Athenians executed all the adult men, and sold the women and children into slavery. They then settled 500 of their own colonists on

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1890-502: The summer. The municipality of Milos also includes the uninhabited offshore islands of Antimilos and Akradies . The combined land area is 160.147 square kilometres (61.833 sq mi) and at the 2021 census the population was 5,193 inhabitants. Obsidian (a glass-like volcanic rock) from Milos was a commodity as early as 15,000 years ago. Natural glass from Milos was transported over long distances and used for razor-sharp "stone tools" well before farming began and later: "There

1935-550: The work of a Cretan artist. Part of the site has been washed away by the sea. The antiquities found at the site covered three major periods, from the Early Cycladic period to the Mycenaean period . At the site much pottery was excavated, with several changing styles and influences over the site's long occupation. In the early occupation of the site, there are many similarities and imports from other Cycladic islands and

1980-515: The world. In the past, baryte , sulfur , millstones and gypsum were also mined; Pliny the Elder notes that Milos was the most abundant source of sulfur in the ancient world. In ancient times the alum of Milos was reckoned next to that of Egypt (Pliny xxxv. 15 [52]). The Melian earth was employed as a pigment by ancient artists. Milos was a source of obsidian during the Neolithic ages for

2025-419: Was discarded after the siege of 416 BC. From at least as early as 470 BC and ending with the siege of 416 BC, the Melians exported terracotta reliefs , which were typically use as door or chest ornaments and depicted scenes from mythology. During the second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC, the Melians refused to submit to Persia and contributed two warships to the Greek war effort, which were used at

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