The County of Brienne was a medieval county in France centered on Brienne-le-Château .
49-570: 48°23′N 4°32′E / 48.39°N 4.53°E / 48.39; 4.53 This Grand Est geographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This French history –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Grand Est Grand Est ( French: [ɡʁɑ̃t‿ɛst] ; English: "Great East" ) is an administrative region in northeastern France . It superseded three former administrative regions, Alsace , Champagne-Ardenne and Lorraine , on 1 January 2016 under
98-549: A case should be heard before an administrative law court or judicial court , in which case the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes, or tribunal des conflits , made up of an even number of State councillors and Supreme Judicial Court justices, is convened to decide to whom the matter shall be vested. Until 2015, this Court was chaired by the Minister of Justice, whose vote would break any potential tie. As of 2015, court members elect
147-457: A long industrial history and strong agriculture and tourism (arts, gastronomy, sightseeing), the East of France is one of the top economic producing regions in the country. The provisional name of the region was Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine, formed by combining the names of the three former regions— Alsace , Champagne-Ardenne and Lorraine —in alphabetical order with hyphens . The formula for
196-560: A poll conducted in November 2014 by France 3 in Champagne-Ardenne, Grand Est (29.16%) and Austrasie (22.65%) were the top two names among 25 candidates and 4,701 votes. Grand Est also topped a poll the following month conducted by L'Est Républicain , receiving 42% of 3,324 votes. The names which received a moderate amount of discussion were: Grand Est covers 57,433 square kilometres (22,175 sq mi) of land and
245-485: A population of 5,561,287 inhabitants. The prefecture and largest city is Strasbourg . The East of France has a rich and diverse culture, being situated at a crossroads between the Gallic-Latin and Germanic worlds. This history is reflected in the variety of languages spoken there ( Alsatian , Champenois , Lorrain and Lorraine Franconian ). Most of today's Grand Est region was considered "Eastern" as early as
294-480: A president amongst themselves for 3 years, and, in case of a tie, the court's composition can be modified to include several more judges. Exercising judicial review over almost all acts of the executive branch, the Council of State's judgments may be of considerable importance, often not for the actual case judged, but for their importance in shaping legal interpretation. While France is a civil law country and there
343-415: Is inquisitorial , and proceedings are initiated by a statement of claim detailing the factual background of the case and why the appellant should be granted relief. The Council then begins a formal investigation, asking the appellee, i.e., the government or a government agency or office, to satisfy the Council with a detailed statement of defense. Burden of proof does not lie with the plaintiff ; instead,
392-639: Is a governmental body that acts both as legal adviser to the executive branch and as the supreme court for administrative justice , which is one of the two branches of the French judiciary system . Established in 1799 by Napoleon as a successor to the King's Council ( Conseil du Roi ), it is located in the Palais-Royal in Paris and is primarily made up of top-level legal officers. The Vice President of
441-554: Is a possibility for the parties to speak after the rapporteur public' s conclusions. Lawyers use this possibility only for major cases, when it can make a significant difference (e.g. for the Hoffmann-Gleman case – 16 February 2009 – concerning the compensation of the daughter of a deported Jew during the World War II, involving the French state's responsibility). In some cases, there may be some confusion as to whether
490-402: Is appointed by Order-in-Council on the recommendation of the Minister of Justice and is selected from among the Council's department heads or councillors ordinary. Division heads are similarly appointed and selected from among the councillors ordinary. Councillors ordinary, masters of requests, and senior masters are appointed based on seniority from the preceding rank. Appointees from outside
539-574: Is no formal rule of precedent ( stare decisis ), lower courts follow the jurisprudence constante doctrine with regard to the Council of State. The Council's major rulings are collected into law reports and commented on by scholars; the Council's official website carries a list of comments on important decisions . The Council has shaped its own legal doctrine which consists mostly of principles deduced from cases but incorporates considerable jurisprudence derived from statutes . Rulings are named for
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#1732782455862588-570: Is rich with architectural monuments from the Roman Empire to the early 21st century. Gothic architecture is particularly conspicuous, with many famous cathedrals , basilicas and churches , such as Reims Cathedral , Strasbourg Cathedral , Metz Cathedral , Troyes Cathedral , Châlons Cathedral , Toul Cathedral , the Basilica of L'Épine , the Basilica of Saint-Nicolas-de-Port , the Basilica of Notre-Dame, Avioth [ fr ] ,
637-477: Is the sixth-largest of the regions of France. Grand Est borders four countries— Belgium ( Wallonia region) and Luxembourg (Cantons of Esch-sur-Alzette and Remich ) on the north, Germany on the east and northeast, and Switzerland on the southeast. It is the only French region to border more than two countries, or more countries than French regions. Its neighbors within France are Bourgogne-Franche-Comté on
686-522: The Basilica of St. Urbain in Troyes , Thann Church , Niederhaslach Church , Notre-Dame-en-Vaux , St. George's Church, Sélestat and St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Wissembourg . 48°45′16″N 5°51′06″E / 48.7544°N 5.8517°E / 48.7544; 5.8517 Conseil d%27%C3%89tat (France) In France, the Conseil d'État ( [kɔ̃sɛj deta] ; Council of State )
735-590: The Minister of Justice . However, since the real presidency of the Council is held by the Vice-President, the Vice President of the Council of State usually presides at all but the most ceremonial assemblies. This is also done for obvious reasons pertaining to the separation of powers. Other members of the Council include, in decreasing order of importance: The Vice-President of Council of State
784-407: The "full fiscal" ( plénière fiscale ) chamber. The more important cases are for the administrative claims department judgement formation ( Section ). Only the very important cases, with hard, new and/or important legal issues are concerned. There are about between 20 and 40 cases per year into this specific formation, which includes the president of the ten chambers, the three assistant-presidents of
833-400: The 37 administrative courts. It acts as a final court of cassation for decisions originating from any of the eight appellate administrative courts, meaning that it hears cases in which the plaintiff argues that the appellate court ignored or misinterpreted the law. Should it decide that the original appellate court took the wrong decision, the Council of State will in most situations transfer
882-571: The 8th century, when it constituted the southern part of the Francian territory of Austrasia . The city of Reims (in Champagne), where Frankish king Clovis I had been baptized in 496 AD, would later play a prominent ceremonial role in French monarchical history as the traditional site of the coronation of the kings of France. The Champagne fairs played a significant role in the economy of medieval Europe as well. Alsace and Lorraine thrived in
931-706: The Alsace Regional Council. The current president is Jean Rottner . The gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 159.9 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 6.7% of French economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 25,400 euros or 84% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 101% of the EU average. The region has five tram networks: The region has four airports: The region has eighteen motorways: The region has twelve cities that have ring roads : Grand Est
980-422: The Council decides whether or not the appellant has cause to bring suit and whether the government was in error if information provided by the appellant is sufficient to locate previously undisclosed evidence. Of course, both parties may submit additional pleadings and information until the case is ready for final judgment. The formation of judgement depends on the importance of the case, for the jurisprudence and
1029-552: The Council may include administrative law judges or may come from outside the justice system. Masters are recruited from among the graduates of France's National Administration Academy . The Council sits in the Palais Royal located in Paris . The Council is divided into 7 divisions: The Council of State originates from the 13th century, by which time the King's Court ( Curia regis ) had split into three sections, one of which
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#17327824558621078-495: The Council of State is not a court, it functions as a judicial body by adjudicating suits and claims against administrative authorities. Plaintiffs are represented by barristers drawn from the Senior Court bar whose members are licensed to argue cases before the Council and Court of Cassation ; any such barrister bears the title of Counsel at Senior Court ( Avocat aux Conseils ). The Council hears cases against decisions of
1127-553: The Council of State ranks as the ninth most important civil servant in France. Members of the Council of State are part of a Grand Corps of the French State ( Grand corps de l'État ). The Council of State mainly recruits from among the top-ranking students graduating from the École nationale d'administration . A General Session of the Council of State is presided over by the Prime Minister or, in their absence,
1176-594: The French Parliament to reduce the number of regions in Metropolitan France—the part of France in continental Europe—from 22 to 13. Grand Est is the merger of three regions: Alsace , Champagne-Ardenne , and Lorraine . The merger has been, and still is, strongly opposed by some groups in Alsace, and a large majority of Alsatians. The territorial reform law allows new regions to choose the seat of
1225-676: The King on claims against the Crown. Officially established in 1557, this was the largest of the King's Councils made up of France's High Chancellor , lords of peerage, Ministers and Secretaries of State, the Comptroller-General , 30 Councillors of State , 80 masters of requests , and the Intendants of Finance. The judicial portion of the Council was known as the Conseil d'État privé or Conseil des parties . French kings had
1274-498: The King's residual proper jurisdiction ( justice retenue ), that is, the sovereign's reserved power to dispense justice in certain matters. Legal advisors also assisted the King in developing new laws and, by delegated jurisdiction, directly exercised sovereign rights ( jura regalia ). For more on French government administration during the Old Regime , see Ancien Régime in France . The French Consulate government established
1323-442: The administrative claims department and the president of the department, which, in addition to the magistrate responsible of the investigation about the case, reaches 15 members. The major cases are resolved by the administrative claims assembly ( Assemblée du contentieux ). All the presidents of departments are there, under the presidency of the Vice-President of the Council of State. Less than 10 cases per year are concerned. All
1372-512: The administrative jurisprudence -), published by Dalloz editions and written by some of the most influential authors or judges of the time in France (e.g. Bruno Genevois or Prosper Weil). The GAJA explains about 120 rulings, from 1873 to now, and quotes several hundreds of other important rulings. Important rulings include: The Council of State is linked to the French Institute of Administrative Sciences (IFSA) . The vice-president of
1421-462: The border with Germany. Other major rivers which flow through the region include the Meuse , Moselle , Marne , and Saône . Lakes in the region include lac de Gérardmer , lac de Longemer , lac de Retournemer , lac des Corbeaux , Lac de Bouzey , lac de Madine , étang du Stock and lac de Pierre-Percée . Grand Est climate depends on the proximity of the sea. In Champagne and Western Lorraine ,
1470-412: The case to a different administrative court of appeal, to be re-judged. However, in the interest of swifter decision-making and correct interpretation of the law ( bonne administration de la justice ), it also has the right to rule on the case without transferring it, thus acting as an appellate court of last resort ( jugement en dernier ressort ). Like nearly all French courts, the Council's court system
1519-461: The cases, even the ones eventually resolved by the Assemblée du contentieux , are first studied by a chamber. Although, as is the general rule in French administrative law, the procedure is written, one of its highlights are the oral conclusion of the rapporteur public (public magistrate), giving his personal vision of the case, totally impartial and free, on a pure legal point of view. Reading
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1568-460: The climate is oceanic ( Köppen : Cfb ), with cool to mild winters and warm summers. But Ardennes , Moselle and Alsace climates are borderline humid continental ( Köppen : Dfb ) - oceanic ( Köppen : Cfb ), characterized by cold winters with frequent days below the freezing point, and hot summers, with many days with temperatures up to 32 °C. Grand Est is the result of territorial reform legislation passed in 2014 by
1617-460: The conclusions from past cases is often useful to understand the mindset of the judges and the reason of the solution given to the case. Nonetheless, and unlike in common law jurisdictions operating under stare decisis , those former judgements do not constitute a binding precedent for French judges, who remain free to adapt or overturn them (in a so-called renversement de jurisprudence ). Since an order of 2009 (n° 2009–14, 7 January 2009), there
1666-528: The current Council of State in 1799 as a judicial body to adjudicate claims against the State and assist in the drafting of important laws. The First Consul (later Emperor ) presided over Council sessions, and the Council performed many of the functions of a Cabinet . After the Bourbon Restoration , the Council was retained as an administrative court but without its former prominence. Its role
1715-592: The interest of the law. All of the formations belong to the Administrative Claims department. The smaller cases (without new legal issues) are treated by one chamber (known as under-departments, i.e. sous-section , prior to their reorganization in 2016 ). There are 10 chambers. The bigger cases are attributed to united chambers ( chambres réunies ), a configuration made up of two chambers, although, for some important fiscal cases, three or four chambers can be concerned, coalescing into an ad hoc formation,
1764-415: The law on reference from lower courts. Below it are 42 administrative courts of first instance ( tribunaux administratifs ) and 8 administrative courts of appeal ( cours administratives d'appel ). Certain types of statutory instruments must be examined by the Council and receive its advisory approval, including: The Council's advisory workload is divided between its administrative sections with respect to
1813-409: The ministry or department affected by the government order. The Council acts as the supreme court of appeal for administrative law courts. It hears both claims against national-level administrative decisions (notably orders, rules, regulations and decisions of the executive branch) and appeals from lower administrative courts. The Council's decisions are final and unappealable. While strictly speaking
1862-443: The moving parties (appellants) in the cases and under highly formal courtesy titles. Men's names used to be preceded by Sieur , women's names by Dame or Demoiselle , and widows were referred to as Dame veuve . About 10,000 rulings per year are given by the Council of State. The most important rulings are collected in a publication called "G.A.J.A" (i.e. Les Grands Arrêts de la Jurisprudence Administrative – The major rulings of
1911-480: The national government, notably government orders, ministerial rules and regulations, judgments handed down by committees, commissions, and boards with nationwide jurisdiction, as well as suits concerning regional and EU electoral matters. The Council has judged that such acts are restricted to: In this role, the Council provides a powerful check on the actions of the executive. The Council of State has appellate jurisdiction over local election judgments from any of
1960-443: The power to dispense justice and hand down judgments as the court of last resort and delegated this judicial power to royal courts and parlements . But the French king still retained the power to override them at will. Specifically, French kings maintained their privilege to decide major issues and hand down judgment when administrative acts were in dispute. The judgments of the King's Council of State were regarded as being issued under
2009-599: The promotion of the region's economy and financing educational and cultural activities. The regional council has no legislative authority. The seat of the regional council will be Strasbourg . The regional council, elected in December 2015 , is controlled by The Republicans . The elected inaugural president of the Grand Est Regional Council is Philippe Richert , who was previously the President of
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2058-639: The provisional name of Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine ( pronounced [alzas ʃɑ̃paɲ aʁdɛn lɔʁɛn] ; ACAL or, less commonly, ALCALIA ), as a result of territorial reform which had been passed by the French Parliament in 2014. The region sits astride three water basins ( Seine , Meuse and Rhine ), spanning an area of 57,433 km (22,175 sq mi), the fifth largest in France; it includes two mountain ranges ( Vosges and Ardennes ). It shares borders with Belgium , Luxembourg , Germany and Switzerland . As of 2021, it had
2107-471: The provisional name of the region was established by the territorial reform law and applied to all but one of the provisional names for new regions. The ACAL regional council, which was elected in December 2015, was given the task of choosing a name for the region and submitting it to the Conseil d'État —France's highest authority for administrative law —by 1 July 2016 for approval. The provisional name of
2156-561: The region was retired on 30 September 2016, when the new name of the region, Grand Est , took effect. In Alsace and in Lorraine, the new region has frequently been called ALCA, for Alsace-Lorraine-Champagne-Ardennes, on the internet. Like the name Région Hauts-de-France (and, until 2015, the name Région Centre ), the name Région Grand Est contains no reference whatsoever to the area's history or identity, but merely describes its geographical location within metropolitan France. In
2205-726: The regional councils, but specifically made Strasbourg the seat of the Grand Est regional council—a move to appease the region's politicians. The creation of the new region was unpopular among Alsatians . In response, the Government created the European Collectivity of Alsace merging the departments of Bas Rhin and Haut Rhin , to take effect in 2021. The region has an official population of 5,562,651 (municipal population on 1 January 2021). The regional council has limited administrative authority, mostly concerning
2254-575: The south, Île-de-France on the west, and Hauts-de-France on the northwest. Grand Est contains ten departments : Ardennes , Aube , Bas-Rhin , Marne , Haute-Marne , Haut-Rhin , Meurthe-et-Moselle , Meuse , Moselle , Vosges . The main ranges in the region include the Vosges to the east and the Ardennes to the north. The region is bordered on the east by the Rhine , which forms about half of
2303-608: The sphere of influence of the Holy Roman Empire for most of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and subject to competing claims by France and Germany over the centuries. The region has distinctive traditions such as the celebration of Saint Nicholas Day , Christmas markets , or traditions involving the Easter hare in Alsace and Lorraine. Alsace-Moselle are furthermore subject to local law for historical reasons. With
2352-513: Was more precisely defined by an 1872 Act of Parliament. The Council of State was originally a court of first instance and last instance, but since the creation of the tribunaux administratifs [ fr ] in 1953 and the cours administratives d’appel [ fr ] in 1987, it has increasingly become a supervisory court, with a role as an appeal court in a small number of areas. The Council of State hears appeals on questions of law from lower courts and gives advisory opinions on
2401-463: Was the King's Council ( Curia in consilium , later Conseil du roi ), which too broke up into three distinct parts: the Conseil secret 'Privy Council', the Conseil privé 'Private Council', and Conseil des finances 'Council of Finances'. Reorganized under Louis XIV into two major groupings, the Conseil d'État privé, finances et direction that was the direct ancestor of the Council of State. It brought together legal advisors and experts to advise
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