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40-532: During British Summer Time ( BST ), civil time in the United Kingdom is advanced one hour forward of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), in effect changing the time zone from UTC+00:00 to UTC+01:00 , so that mornings have one hour less daylight, and evenings one hour more. BST begins at 01:00 GMT every year on the last Sunday of March and ends at 02:00 BST on the last Sunday of October. The starting and finishing times of daylight saving were aligned across

80-562: A Private Member's Bill in the House of Commons proposing that England and Wales should be able to determine their own time independently of Scotland and Northern Ireland. In 2005, Lord Tanlaw introduced the Lighter Evenings (Experiment) Bill into the House of Lords , which would advance winter and summer time by one hour for a three-year trial period at the discretion of "devolved bodies", allowing Scotland and Northern Ireland

120-514: A slight preference for a change to all-year GMT+1, but instead the length of summer time was extended as a trial. A further inquiry during 1966–1967 led the government of Harold Wilson to introduce the British Standard Time experiment, with Britain remaining on GMT+1 throughout the year. This took place between 27 October 1968 and 31 October 1971, when there was a reversion to the previous arrangement. Analysis of accident data for

160-586: Is Easter Day, the day after the second Saturday in March, and ending at two o'clock, Greenwich mean time, in the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday in October." The following table lists recent-past and near-future start and end dates of British Summer Time: British Summer Time was first established by the Summer Time Act 1916 , after a campaign by builder William Willett . His original proposal

200-529: Is UTC (typically), UTC−01:00 (westernmost Spain ), or UTC+02:00 (e.g. the very easternmost parts of Norway , Sweden , Poland and Serbia ). On the other hand, people in Spain still have all work and meal hours one hour later than France and Germany despite sharing the same time zone. Historically Gibraltar maintained UTC+01:00 all year until the opening of the land border with Spain in 1982, when it followed its neighbour and introduced CEST. The following

240-452: Is also known as Middle European Time (MET, German: MEZ ) and by colloquial names such as Amsterdam Time , Berlin Time , Brussels Time , Budapest Time , Madrid Time , Paris Time , Rome Time , Prague time , Warsaw Time or Romance Standard Time (RST). The 15th meridian east is the central axis per UTC+01:00 in the world system of time zones . As of 2023, all member states of

280-641: Is based on many factors including: legal, political, economic, and physical or geographic. Consequently, time zones rarely adhere to meridian lines. The CET time zone, were it drawn by purely geographical terms, would consist of exactly the area between meridians 7°30′ E and 22°30′ E. As a result, there are European locales that despite lying in an area with a "physical" or "nominal" UTC+01:00 time, actually use another time zone ( UTC+02:00 in particular – there are no "physical" UTC+01:00 areas that employ UTC+00:00 ). Conversely, there are European areas that have gone for UTC+01:00 , even though their "physical" time zone

320-537: Is currently used in Albania , Andorra , Austria , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Denmark , France , Germany , Hungary , Italy , Kosovo ( partially recognised as an independent country ), Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Malta , Monaco , Montenegro , Netherlands , North Macedonia , Norway , Poland , San Marino , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain (except

360-491: Is known as West Africa Time (WAT), although Algeria , Morocco and Tunisia use the term Central European Time despite being in North Africa . Between 2005 and 2008, Tunisia observed daylight saving time . Libya also used CET during the years 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997 and 2012–2013. For other countries see UTC+01:00 and West Africa Time . The criteria for drawing time zones

400-559: The Canary Islands ), Sweden , Switzerland and Vatican City . After World War II Monaco , Andorra and Gibraltar implemented CET. Portugal used CET in the years 1966–1976 and 1992–1996. The time around the world is based on Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) which is roughly synonymous with Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). From late March to late October, clocks in the United Kingdom are put forward by one hour for British Summer Time (BST). Since 1997, most of

440-552: The Council of the European Union , without which it will not come into force. If the proposal is ultimately approved, implementation will be deferred. Each member state will choose whether to remain on its current summer time, in which case the last transition would be on the last Sunday of March in the year of implementation, or its current winter time, which would take permanent effect from the last Sunday of October. Although

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480-576: The European Union observe summer time ( daylight saving time ), from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October. States within the CET area switch to Central European Summer Time (CEST, UTC+02:00 ) for the summer. In Africa, UTC+01:00 is called West Africa Time (WAT), where it is used by several countries, year round. Algeria , Morocco , and Tunisia also refer to it as Central European Time . As of 2017, Central European Time

520-544: The European Union on 22 October 1995, and the UK retained this alignment after it left the EU ; both BST and Central European Summer Time begin and end on the same Sundays at 02:00 Central European Time , 01:00 GMT. Between 1972 and 1995, the BST period was defined as "beginning at two o'clock, Greenwich mean time, in the morning of the day after the third Saturday in March or, if that day

560-512: The International Astronomical Union introduced the term Universal Time for GMT beginning at midnight. In modern usage, GMT is no longer a formal standard reference time: it is now a name for the time zone UTC+00:00 . Universal Time is now determined by reference to distant celestial objects: UTC is derived from International Atomic Time (TAI), and is adjusted by leap seconds to compensate for variations in

600-527: The "eighth hour of the night", which corresponds to about 2 am. The Spanish siesta derives its name from the Latin hora sexta for the sixth hour (noon). In Semitic language cultures, the day traditionally begins at nightfall. This is still important today for the beginning of Shabbat and Islamic holidays . A division of days has survived from Persian, following the Babylonian beginning of

640-516: The European Union aligned with the British standards for BST. In 1968 there was a three-year experiment called British Standard Time , when the UK and Ireland experimentally employed British Summer Time (GMT+1) all year round; clocks were put forward in March 1968 and not put back until October 1971. Central European Time is sometimes referred to as continental time in the UK. Several African countries use UTC+01:00 all year long, where it

680-625: The UK Government had "no plans" to end daylight saving. In July 2019, the House of Lords EU Internal Market Sub-Committee launched a new inquiry into the implications for the UK of the European changes, to "explore what preparations the Government needs to make and what factors should inform the UK's response." Civil time In traditional astronomical usage, civil time was mean solar time reckoned from midnight . Before 1925,

720-541: The United Kingdom left the EU before any new directive became effective, EU rules continued to apply during the transition period . Thereafter, the UK can choose to make its own arrangements. If the UK were thus to continue observing summer and winter time, Northern Ireland would have a one-hour time difference for half the year either with the Republic of Ireland or with the rest of the UK. As of September 2018,

760-481: The absurdities of the bill. With all its allocated time used up, the bill could proceed no further through Parliament. In 2018, after conducting a public survey, the European Commission proposed to put an end to seasonal clock changes in the European Union with effect from 2019. The European Parliament supported this proposal; however, as of March 2021, the proposal was still awaiting approval from

800-595: The astronomical time 00:00:00 meant noon, twelve hours after the civil time 00:00:00 which meant midnight. HM Nautical Almanac Office in the United Kingdom used Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) for both conventions, leading to ambiguity , whereas the Nautical Almanac Office at the United States Naval Observatory used GMT for the pre-1925 convention and Greenwich Civil Time (GCT) for the post-1924 convention until 1952. In 1928,

840-489: The bill was again debated on the floor of the House of Commons where it was filibustered out of Parliament by opponents. Angus MacNeil , MP for Na h-Eileanan an Iar , argued that it would adversely affect the population of Northern Scotland, while Jacob Rees-Mogg , MP for North East Somerset , tried to introduce an amendment to give Somerset its own time zone, 15 minutes behind London, in order to highlight what he saw as

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880-422: The clocks were not put back by an hour at the end of summer in 1940 (BST having started early, on 25 February 1940). In subsequent years, clocks continued to be advanced by one hour each spring (to BDST) and put back by an hour each autumn (to BST). On 15 July 1945, the clocks were put back by an hour, so BDST reverted to BST; the clocks were put back by an additional hour on 7 October 1945, so BST reverted to GMT for

920-434: The day: The rōsgār (times of day) are hāwan (morning), uapihwin (afternoon), usērin (evening), ēbsrūsrim (sunset to midnight), and ushahin (midnight to dawn). The last two are collectively called shab (night). The modern division of the day into twenty-four hours of equal length ( Italian hours ) first appeared in the 14th century with the invention of the mechanical wheel clock and its widespread use in turret clocks . With

960-429: The first two years of the experiment, published by HMSO in October 1970, indicated that while there had been an increase in casualties in the morning, there had been a substantially greater decrease in casualties in the evening, with a total of around 2,700 fewer people killed and seriously injured on the roads during the first two winters of the experiment, at a time when about 1,000 people a day were killed or injured on

1000-595: The morning hours backwards: "3 a. m." or "3 hours ante meridiem" meant "three hours before noon", in contrast to the modern meaning "three hours after midnight". This ancient division has survived in the Liturgy of the Hours : Prime , Terce , Sext , and Nones are named after the first, third, sixth and ninth hours of the day. The Matins , the nocturnal prayer is, according to the Rule of Saint Benedict , to be prayed at

1040-537: The morning of the last Sunday in October." This period was stipulated by a directive (2000/84/EC) of the European Parliament which required European countries to implement a common summer time (as originally introduced in 1997, in Directive 97/44/EC). Debate emerges most years over the applicability of BST, and the issue is the subject of parliamentary debate. In 2004, English MP Nigel Beard tabled

1080-735: The move, Cameron stated his preference was for the change to apply across the United Kingdom, stating "We are a United Kingdom. I want us to have a united time zone." A survey in late October 2010 of about 3,000 people for British energy firm npower suggested that a narrow majority of Scots may be in favour of this change, though the Scottish Government remained opposed. The bill was debated again in Parliament in November 2011 and sent to committee in December 2011. In January 2012,

1120-462: The number of accidents over this period as a result of the lighter evenings. RoSPA have called for the 1968–71 trial to be repeated with modern evaluation methods. A campaign in 2010, " Lighter Later ", in addition to publicising the risk reductions described above, also highlighted the potential energy benefits of Single/Double Summer Time, arguing that the change could "save almost 500,000 tonnes of CO 2 each year, equivalent to taking 185,000 cars off

1160-427: The onset of industrialization , working hours became tied to the clock rather than to daylight. Central European Time Central European Time ( CET ) is a standard time of Central, and parts of Western Europe, which is one hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The time offset from UTC can be written as UTC+01:00 . It is used in most parts of Europe and in a few North African countries. CET

1200-399: The option not to take part. The proposal was opposed by the government. The bill received its second reading on 24 March 2006; however, it did not pass into law. The Local Government Association has also called for such a trial. The Daylight Saving Bill 2010–12, a private member's bill by Conservative backbench MP Rebecca Harris , would have required the government to conduct an analysis of

1240-541: The people surveyed would prefer an end to the practice of changing the clocks, while 33 per cent wanted to keep it (the rest were indifferent or not sure). In Scotland, opinion was reversed with 31 and 41 per cent respectively. The current arrangement is now defined by the Summer Time Order 2002 which defines BST as "the period beginning at one o'clock, Greenwich mean time, in the morning of the last Sunday in March and ending at one o'clock, Greenwich mean time, in

British Summer Time - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-540: The potential costs and benefits of advancing time by one hour for all, or part of, the year. If such an analysis were to find that a clock change would benefit the UK, the bill required that the government should then initiate a trial clock change to determine the full effects. In 2010, Prime Minister David Cameron stated he would seriously consider proposals in the bill. The bill was likely only to be passed with government support. Despite initial opposition in Scotland to

1320-509: The road permanently". In 2015 road safety campaigner Paul A. Singh and former police Chief Constable Keith Hellawell campaigned for the cessation of British Summer Time after research into Department for Transport data showed that it could lead to a reduction in pedestrian road accidents especially for children. These proposals are opposed by some farmers and other outdoor workers and by many residents of Scotland and Northern Ireland, as it would mean that in northern Britain and Northern Ireland

1360-629: The roads. However, the period coincided with the introduction of drink/drive legislation; the estimates were later modified downwards in 1989. The trial was the subject of a House of Commons debate on 2 December 1970 when, on a free vote , the House of Commons voted by 366 to 81 votes to end the experiment. Campaigners, including the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) and environmental campaigners 10:10 , have made recommendations that British Summer Time be maintained during

1400-627: The rotational velocity of the Earth. Civil Times around the world are all defined by reference to UTC. [In many jurisdictions, legislation has not been updated and still refers to GMT: this is taken to mean UTC+0.] The division of the day into times of day has existed since the beginning of the calendar. People in Antiquity divided the day into twelve hours , but these were reckoned from sunrise rather than midnight. Babylonian hours were of equal length, while Roman temporal hours varied depending on

1440-491: The season. The Horae , literally "the hours," were the original Greek goddesses who oversaw regulated life. They were the patron goddesses of the various times of day. In Greek tradition, the twelve hours were counted from just before sunrise to just after sunset. Roman daytimes were called hora (hours), with the morning hour as hora prima . The night was divided into four sections called vigilia (night watch), two before midnight and two after. The Romans originally counted

1480-493: The winter months, and that a "double summertime" be applied to the current British Summer Time period, putting the UK one hour ahead of GMT during winter, and two hours ahead during summer. This proposal is referred to as "Single/Double Summer Time" (SDST), and would effectively mean the UK adopting the same time zone as European countries such as France, Germany, and mainland Spain ( Central European Time and Central European Summer Time ). RoSPA has suggested that this would reduce

1520-424: The winter of 1945. In 1946, BST operated as normal (from April to October) but in 1947, for a single year, BDST was re-introduced with effect from 13 April (BST having started on 16 March). After four months of BDST the clocks were put back by an hour on 10 August (to BST) and by another hour on 2 November (to GMT). An inquiry during the winter of 1959–60, in which 180 national organisations were consulted, revealed

1560-530: The winter sunrise would not occur until 10:00 or even later. However, in March 2010, the National Farmers' Union indicated that it was not against Single/Double Summer Time, with many farmers expressing a preference for the change. Other opponents of daylight saving measures say that darker mornings, especially in Scotland, could affect children going to school and people travelling to work. A YouGov poll taken in March 2015 revealed that 40 per cent of

1600-615: Was to move the clocks forward by 80 minutes, in 20-minute weekly steps on Sundays in April and by the reverse procedure in September. In 1916, BST began on 21 May and ended on 1 October. Willett never lived to see his idea implemented, having died in early 1915. In the summers of 1941 to 1945, during the Second World War , Britain was two hours ahead of GMT and operating on British Double Summer Time (BDST). To bring this about,

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