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40-585: The British Veterinary Association ( BVA ) is the national body for veterinary surgeons in the United Kingdom , and is a not-for-profit organisation . Its purpose is that of knowledge dissemination, which is important in the veterinary profession to prevent a knowledge divide ; and not professional validation or academic competence. A preceding organisation started out as the National Veterinary Association in 1882, after

80-468: A nurse anesthetist or anesthetist assistant with expertise in anesthesia of the eye, monitors the patient's cardiovascular status. Sterile precautions are taken to prepare the area for surgery and lower the risk of infection. These precautions include the use of antiseptics , such as povidone-iodine , and sterile drapes, gowns, and gloves. Although the terms laser eye surgery and refractive surgery are commonly used as if they were interchangeable, this

120-417: A clear image on the retina . If visual loss is significant, surgical removal of the lens may be warranted, with lost optical power usually replaced with a plastic intraocular lens . Owing to the high prevalence of cataracts, cataract extraction is the most common eye surgery. Rest after surgery is recommended. Glaucoma is a group of diseases affecting the optic nerve that results in vision loss and

160-587: A common occurrence. Wounds from objects that the animal may step on or run into are also common. Usually these wounds are simple lacerations that can be easily cleaned and sutured, sometimes using a local anesthetic . Bite wounds, however, involve compressive and tensile forces in addition to shearing forces, and can cause separation of the skin from the underlying tissue and avulsion of underlying muscles. Deep puncture wounds are especially prone to infection. Deeper wounds are assessed under anesthesia and explored, lavaged , and debrided . Primary wound closure

200-408: A non-emergency basis, and which do not involve immediately life-threatening conditions. These are in contrast to emergency procedures. One of the most common elective surgical procedures in animals are those that render animals incapable of reproducing. Neutering in animals describes spaying or castration (also please see castration ). To spay (medical term: ovariectomy or ovario-hysterectomy)

240-462: A residency program under direct supervision of board certified veterinary surgeons, including performance of a large number of surgical procedures in such categories as abdominal surgery , surgical treatment of angular limb deformities, arthroscopic surgery , surgery of the foot, fracture fixation, ophthalmic surgery , urogenital surgery, and upper respiratory surgery, etc. Once the minimum requirements of training are met, residents are required to pass

280-477: A rigorous certification examination before being admitted as members (diplomates) of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons or European College of Veterinary Surgeons. Anesthesia in animals has many similarities to human anesthesia, but some differences as well. Local anesthesia is primarily used for wound closure and removal of small tumors. Lidocaine , mepivacaine , and bupivacaine are

320-464: A rubber band around the cord to restrict blood flow to the testes, or crushing the cord with a specialized instrument like the Burdizzo . Neutering is usually performed to prevent breeding, prevent unwanted behavior, or decrease risk of future medical problems. Neutering is also performed as an emergency procedure to treat certain reproductive diseases, like pyometra and testicular torsion , and it

360-495: A surgical procedure to minimize or prevent further damage. An eye surgeon is responsible for selecting the appropriate surgical procedure for the patient, and for taking the necessary safety precautions. Mentions of eye surgery can be found in several ancient texts dating back as early as 1800 BC, with cataract treatment starting in the fifth century BC. It continues to be a widely practiced class of surgery, with various techniques having been developed for treating eye problems. Since

400-426: A year. The Veterinary Record has been in publication since 1888 with members able to search within its voluminous archives dating back to 1996. BMJ also publish Veterinary Record Open and Veterinary Record Case Reports for BVA. Veterinary surgeon The goal of veterinary surgery may be quite different in pets and in farm animals . In the former, the situation is more close to that with human beings, where

440-529: Is Anna Judson. The current senior vice president is Malcolm Morley and the current junior vice president is Elizabeth Mullineaux. The association's headquarters is situated on Mansfield Street , Marylebone, London. British Veterinary Association works with contractor Wiley to publish the BVA's journals, the Veterinary Record and In Practice . The latter dates back to 1979 and is published ten times

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480-459: Is anatomically limited to objects lodged in the esophagus, the stomach or the colon. The condition in cattle is known as hardware disease . Eye surgery Eye surgery , also known as ophthalmic surgery or ocular surgery , is surgery performed on the eye or its adnexa . Eye surgery is part of ophthalmology and is performed by an ophthalmologist or eye surgeon. The eye is a fragile organ, and requires due care before, during, and after

520-534: Is approved for use in dogs, cats, horses, deer , and elk in the United States, while medetomidine is only approved for dogs. Most surgeries in ruminants can be performed with regional anesthesia . General anesthesia is commonly used in animals for major surgery. Animals are often premedicated intravenously or intramuscularly with a sedative, analgesic , and anticholinergic agent (dogs frequently receive buprenorphine and acepromazine). The next step

560-542: Is different for each procedure, but issues arise based on reasons to perform the procedure, differing opinions on techniques and methods, perceived long-term benefits in individual animals, and the development of alternatives. Declawing, for example, consists of removal of the distal phalanges using either a scalpel , scissors or laser . It is typically performed to prevent property damage in house cats, but may also be performed in purebred dogs to meet certain show requirements. Some procedures are illegal in some countries (in

600-437: Is done as an emergency surgery due to difficulties in the birthing process. Certain dog breeds such as Bulldogs often need to have this surgery because of the size of the puppy's head relative to the width of the bitch's birth canal. Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat) is a common condition in dogs in which the stomach fills with gas, and can become torsed. This requires immediate surgical intervention to prevent necrosis of

640-407: Is frequently characterized by raised intraocular pressure . Many types of glaucoma surgery exist, and variations or combinations of those types can facilitate the escape of excess aqueous humor from the eye to lower intraocular pressure, and a few that lower it by decreasing the production of aqueous humor. Canaloplasty is an advanced, nonpenetrating procedure designed to enhance drainage through

680-517: Is induction, usually with an intravenous drug. Dogs and cats commonly receive thiopental (no longer allowed in the UK), ketamine with diazepam, tiletamine with zolazepam (usually just in cats), and/or propofol . Alfaxalone is a steroid anaesthetic used in many practices in the UK to induce anaesthesia in cats and sometimes dogs . It is similar in physiological effect but different in composition to

720-465: Is not the case. Lasers may be used to treat nonrefractive conditions (e.g. to seal a retinal tear). Laser eye surgery or laser corneal surgery is a medical procedure that uses a laser to reshape the surface of the eye to correct myopia (short-sightedness), hypermetropia (long-sightedness), and astigmatism (uneven curvature of the eye's surface). Importantly, refractive surgery is not compatible with everyone, and people may find on occasion that eyewear

760-489: Is still needed after surgery. Recent developments also include procedures that can change eye color from brown to blue. Before proceeding with laser surgery, the eye specialist needs to certify that the patient is a suitable candidate for the surgery and there are several factors to be considered before doing laser surgery. A cataract is an opacification or cloudiness of the eye's crystalline lens due to aging, disease, or trauma that typically prevents light from forming

800-538: Is the third-most common eye surgery in the United States. [1] Archived 2016-08-18 at the Wayback Machine Oculoplastic surgery, or oculoplastics, is the subspecialty of ophthalmology that deals with the reconstruction of the eye and associated structures. Oculoplastic surgeons perform procedures such as the repair of droopy eyelids ( blepharoplasty ), repair of tear duct obstructions, orbital fracture repairs, removal of tumors in and around

840-399: Is to completely remove the ovaries and often the uterus of a female animal. In a dog , this is accomplished through a ventral midline incision into the abdomen . In a cat , this is accomplished either by a ventral midline abdominal incision, or by a flank incision (more common in the UK). With an ovariectomy , ligatures are placed on the blood vessels above and below the ovary and

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880-419: Is used if all remaining tissue is healthy and free of contamination. Small puncture wounds may be left open, bandaged, and allowed to heal without surgery. A third alternative is delayed primary closure, which involves bandaging and reevaluation and surgery in three to five days. Wounds occurring in the udder and teats of cows are more difficult to repair, due to the difficult access and sensitivity of

920-470: Is used to treat ovarian , uterine , and testicular cancer . It is also recommended in cases of cryptorchidism to prevent torsion and malignant transformation of the testicles. Please see spaying and neutering for more information on the advantages and disadvantages of this procedure. Laser surgery offers a number of benefits, including reduced risk of infection , less post-operative pain and swelling , reduced bleeding and improved visibility of

960-423: The mandible and maxilla . Other types of cancer requiring surgery include osteosarcomas , stomach and intestinal tumors, splenic masses , and urinary bladder tumors. Common ophthalmic surgeries in animals include: Common orthopedic surgeries in animals include: Common cardiology surgeries in animals include: Caesarean sections are commonly performed in dogs, cats, horses, sheep, and cattle. Usually it

1000-402: The UK, declawing is illegal and tail docking is only allowed in working dogs) and face ethical challenges in others. Common dental surgical procedures: In older dogs and cats tumors are a common occurrence, and may involve any or multiple body systems: skin, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, reproductive tract, cardiovascular system, spinal cord and peripheral nerves,

1040-633: The benefit to the patient is the important factor. In the latter, the economic benefit is more important. In the United States, Canada and Europe , veterinary surgery is one of 22 veterinary specialties recognized by the American Veterinary Medical Association respectively the European Board of Veterinary Specialisation. Those wishing to become board certified must undergo a one-year clinical internship program followed by three years of intensive training in

1080-678: The country were arranged on an ad hoc basis. This style of organisation did not suit many vets, because they wanted an organisation, where they could discuss matters which did not or could not be discussed by the RCVS. In 1909, at a meeting of the Scottish Metropolitan Veterinary Association, Professor Orlando Charnock Bradley of the Edinburgh Veterinary College , called for a 'one single British veterinary association.' The idea

1120-430: The eye is heavily supplied by nerves, anesthesia is essential. Local anesthesia is most commonly used. Topical anesthesia using lidocaine topical gel is often used for quick procedures. Since topical anesthesia requires cooperation from the patient, general anesthesia is often used for children, traumatic eye injuries, or major orbitotomies, and for apprehensive patients. The physician administering anesthesia , or

1160-424: The eye's natural drainage system to provide sustained reduction of intraocular pressure. Canaloplasty uses microcatheter technology in a simple and minimally invasive procedure. To perform a canaloplasty, an ophthalmologist creates a tiny incision to gain access to a canal in the eye. A microcatheter circumnavigates the canal around the iris, enlarging the main drainage channel and its smaller collector channels through

1200-577: The first ever British National Veterinary Congress in July, 1881. A vet, George Banham, had suggested the idea of a national veterinary association. George Fleming , the principal vet to the Armed Forces, was the first elected president. The association was open to any vet, no matter which country they were from, on the payment of half a guinea. Other previous veterinary associations still co-existed though. It had an informal organisation and meetings across

1240-528: The injection of a sterile, gel-like material called viscoelastic. The catheter is then removed and a suture is placed within the canal and tightened. By opening up the canal, the pressure inside the eye can be reduced. Refractive surgery aims to correct errors of refraction in the eye, reducing or eliminating the need for corrective lenses. Corneal surgery includes most refractive surgery, as well as: Vitreoretinal surgery includes: With about 1.2 million procedures each year, extraocular muscle surgery

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1280-438: The most commonly used local anesthetics used in veterinary medicine. Sedation without general anesthesia is used for more involved procedures. Sedatives commonly used include acepromazine , hydromorphone , midazolam , diazepam , xylazine , and medetomidine . α2 agonists like xylazine and medetomidine are especially useful because they can be reversed, xylazine by yohimbine and medetomidine by atipamezole . Xylazine

1320-456: The now withdrawn Saffan . Horses commonly receive thiopental and guaifenesin . Following induction, the animal is intubated with an endotracheal tube and maintained on a gas anesthetic. The most common gas anesthetics in use in veterinary medicine are isoflurane , enflurane , and halothane , although desflurane and sevoflurane are becoming more popular due to rapid induction and recovery. Elective procedures are those performed on

1360-449: The organ is removed. With an ovariohysterectomy, the ligaments of the uterus and ovaries are broken down and the blood vessels are ligated and both organs are removed. The body wall, subcutis , and skin are sutured . To castrate (medical term: orchiectomy ) is to remove the testicles of a male animal. Different techniques are used depending on the type of animal, including ligation of the spermatic cord with suture material, placing

1400-699: The organ, and because deep anaesthesia may not be applied to cows. A variety of non-edible objects are commonly swallowed by dogs, cats, and cattle. These foreign bodies can cause obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract causing severe vomiting and resulting electrolyte imbalances. The stomach (gastrotomy) or intestine (enterotomy) can be surgically opened to remove the foreign body. Necrotic intestine can be removed (enterectomy) and repaired with intestinal anastomosis . Foreign bodies can also be removed by endoscopy , which although requires general anesthesia does not require surgery and significantly decreases recovery time. However, endoscopic foreign body retrieval

1440-492: The spleen and the lining of body cavities. Common skin tumors include lipomas , mast cell tumors , melanomas , squamous cell carcinomas , basal cell carcinomas , fibrosarcomas , and histiocytomas . Skin tumors are removed through either simple excisions or through excisions needing reconstructive plastic surgery. Common oral tumors include melanomas, fibrosarcomas, and squamous cell carcinomas, which are removed with as much surrounding tissue as possible, including parts of

1480-505: The stomach wall and death of the dog. During surgery, the stomach is deflated and put back into its normal position. A gastropexy may be performed, whereby the stomach is attached to the body wall to prevent this condition from recurring. A splenectomy or partial gastrectomy may also be required. A cystotomy is a surgical opening of the urinary bladder . It is commonly performed in dogs and cats to remove bladder stones or tumors. Bite wounds from other animals (and rarely humans) are

1520-531: The surgical field. Better hemostasis and visibility can in some cases minimize the need for anesthesia and/or reduce overall surgical time. Other common elective surgical procedures in the United States are declawing in cats ( onychectomy ), ear-cropping in dogs, tail docking in dogs, horses , and dairy cattle, and livestock dehorning in cattle, sheep, and goats. These procedures have been controversial and recently debated among breeders, veterinary organizations, and animal welfare scientists. The controversy

1560-538: The world. It has profoundly helped animal welfare and food production. In 1952, it became the BVA. In 1984, it founded the BVA Animal Welfare Foundation. The organisation issues advice and the consensus of professional opinion to members and to the general public about veterinary issues as they arise in current events or trends, such as Avian flu , foot and mouth , and Brexit. The organisation has over 19,000 members. The current president

1600-576: Was generally accepted, but the First World War proved to be a hindrance. At a meeting on 31 October, 1919, the National Veterinary Medical Association was formed. Orlando Charnock Bradley became this association's first president. The co-existent veterinary associations no longer continued. The NVMA became a coherent regulated organisation and started to achieve things for vets, the country, and at large,

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