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26-492: Bubalus arnee Bubalus bubalis Bubalus depressicornis Bubalus mindorensis Bubalus quarlesi Bubalus is a genus of Asiatic bovines that was proposed by Charles Hamilton Smith in 1827. Bubalus and Syncerus form the subtribe Bubalina , the true buffaloes. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and classification of domestic animals as species , subspecies , races or breeds has been discussed controversially for many years and

52-909: A clan who subsequently drive them off. Their gestation period is 10 to 11 months, with an inter-birth interval of one year. They typically give birth to a single offspring, although twins are possible. Age at sexual maturity is 18 months for males, and three years for females. The maximum known lifespan is 25 years in the wild. In Assam, herd sizes vary from three to 30 individuals. They are probably grazers by preference, feeding mainly on graminoids when available, such as Bermuda grass , and Cyperus sedges, but they also eat other herbs , fruits, and bark, as well as browsing on trees and shrubs. They also feed on crops, including rice, sugarcane , and jute , sometimes causing considerable damage. Tigers and mugger crocodiles prey on adult wild water buffaloes, and Asian black bears have also been known to kill them. A population reduction by at least 50% over

78-411: A second viable sub-population in the country. In 2023, 4 wild buffalos were translocated to Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve to reverse its declining population in the state. Dewlap The word is first attested in the mid 1300s as dewelappe ("fold of skin that hangs from the throat of oxen and kine "), from lappe ("loose piece", from Old English læppa ), but the first element *dew(e)-

104-736: A small number of wild water buffaloes occur. This is part of the sub-population that occurs in India's Manas National Park. In Myanmar, a few animals live in Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary . In Thailand, wild water buffaloes have been reported to occur in small herds of less than 40 individuals. A population of 25–60 individuals inhabited lowland areas of the Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary between December 1999 and April 2001. This population has not grown significantly in 15 years, and

130-454: A subgenus Anoa within Bubalus . Smith described Bubalus as low in proportion to the bulk with very solid limbs, a small dewlap and a long, slender tail; the head is large with a strong convex-shaped narrow forehead, large eyes and funnel-shaped ears; horns are lying flat or bending laterally with a certain direction to the rear; the female udder has four mammae . Lydekker added that

156-607: Is a large bovine native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It has been listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List since 1986, as the remaining population totals less than 4,000. A population decline of at least 50% over the last three generations (24–30 years) is projected to continue. The global population has been estimated at 3,400 individuals, of which 95% live in India, mostly in Assam . The wild water buffalo

182-452: Is able to see dewlap coloration from a distance, giving the dewlap use and importance. These dewlaps are usually of a different color from the rest of their body and, when enlarged, make the lizard seem much bigger than it really is. The dewlap is primarily used when indicating territorial boundaries and for males to attract females during the mating season. The pigments generating this color are pterins and carotenoids . These two pigments are

208-1144: Is associated with wet grasslands, swamps, flood plains and densely vegetated river valleys. India hosts 95% of the total global wild buffalo population, with over 2,600 wild water buffaloes in Assam . It is largely restricted to in and around Kaziranga , Manas and Dibru-Saikhowa National Parks , Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary and Bura Chapori Wildlife Sanctuary and in a few scattered pockets in Assam, and in and around D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh. A small population survives in Balphakram National Park in Meghalaya, and in Chhattisgarh in Indravati National Park and Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary . This population might extend into adjacent parts of Odisha and Gadchiroli District of Maharashtra . In

234-1012: Is maybe interbreeding with domestic water buffaloes. The population in Cambodia is confined to a small area of easternmost Mondulkiri and possibly Ratanakiri Provinces . Only a few dozen individuals remain. The wild water buffaloes in Sri Lanka are thought to be descendants of the introduced domestic water buffalo . It is unlikely that any true wild water buffaloes remain there today. Wild-living populations found elsewhere in Asia, Australia, Argentina and Bolivia are feral domestic water buffaloes. Wild water buffaloes are both diurnal and nocturnal . Adult females and their young form stable clans of as many as 30 individuals which have home ranges of 170 to 1,000 ha (420 to 2,470 acres), including areas for resting, grazing, wallowing, and drinking. Clans are led by old cows, even when bulls accompany

260-399: Is of nebulous origin and meaning; it probably was altered by folk etymology with " dew ". Old English had fræt-læppa in the aforementioned sense (and Middle English fresh-lappe ). There also seems to be a cognate to Danish dialectal doglæp ("flap of skin that sweeps dew from grass, especially on the neck of an ox "), but this might be a parallel independent development. From

286-460: Is performed on a mature female rabbit with a dewlap, the dewlap disappears gradually afterwards. Near the end of pregnancy, the female rabbit will pluck fur from the dewlap to line a nest for her young. Many reptiles have dewlaps, most notably the anole family and Sitana genus of lizards , which have large skin dewlaps they can extend and retract. The anole family has been found to have enhanced vision for color and depth perception. This family

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312-446: Is the most likely ancestor of the domestic water buffalo . Bos arnee was the scientific name proposed by Robert Kerr in 1792 who described a skull with horns of a buffalo zoological specimen from Bengal in northern India. The specific name arnee is derived from Hindi arnī , which referred to a female wild water buffalo; the term is related to Sanskrit áraṇya ("forest") and áraṇa ("strange, foreign.") Bubalus arnee

338-544: The Official List of Specific Names in Zoology , recognizing the validity of this name for a wild species. Most authors have adopted the binomen Bubalus arnee for the wild water buffalo as valid for the taxon . The wild water buffalo is the most likely ancestor of the domestic water buffalo . Only a few DNA sequences are available from wild water buffalo populations. Wild populations are considered to be

364-402: The progenitor of the modern domestic water buffalo, but the genetic variation within the species is unclear, and also how it is related to the domesticated river and Carabao swamp buffaloes. The wild water buffalo has an ash-gray to black skin. The moderately long, coarse and sparse hair is directed forward from the haunches to the long and narrow head. There is a tuft on the forehead, and

390-558: The 1580s onward, it was applied to the fleshy fold or wattle of a turkey and also to a flaccid, elderly human throat. Many mammals such as dogs, rabbits and moose possess dewlaps. In zebu cattle, the dewlap is colloquially known as the "briefcase folds". The dewlap is also seen in both sexes of moose . The giant eland and common eland both have skin flaps to aide in thermoregulation. Due to its high surface area to volume ratio, it may allow for efficient thermoregulation in larger common elands with larger dewlaps. In rabbits,

416-447: The dewlap is a secondary sex characteristic of female rabbits which grows once the doe reaches sexual maturity. In laboratory conditions, when a butyl alcohol extract of the urine of pregnant women was administered to male rabbits, they developed a dewlap, which then gradually disappeared once the administration ceased. If a female rabbit is ovarectomized before reaching maturity, the dewlap never develops, and even when an ovarectomy

442-902: The early 1990s, there may still have been about 3,300–3,500 wild water buffaloes in Assam and the adjacent states of northeast India. In 1997, the number was assessed at less than 1,500 mature individuals. Many surviving populations are thought to have interbred with feral or domestic water buffaloes. In the late 1980s, fewer than 100 wild water buffaloes were left in Madhya Pradesh . By 1992, only 50 animals were estimated to have survived there. Nepal's only population lives in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and has grown from 63 individuals in 1976 to 219 individuals in 2009. In 2016, 18 individuals were translocated from Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve to Chitwan National Park . In and around Bhutan's Royal Manas National Park ,

468-416: The ears are comparatively small. Its head-to-body-length is 240 to 300 cm (94 to 118 in) with a 60 to 100 cm (24 to 39 in) long tail and a shoulder height of 150 to 190 cm (59 to 75 in). Both sexes carry horns that are heavy at the base and widely spreading up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) along the outer edges, exceeding in size the horns of any other living bovid . The tip of

494-447: The genus Bubalus : Bubalus arnee is not listed here. The Integrated Taxonomic Information System lists the same five species binomina as valid; it also lists as valid six subspecies of Bubalus bubalis : The following extinct fossil species have been described: Wild water buffalo Bubalus bubalis arnee The wild water buffalo ( Bubalus arnee ), also called Asian buffalo , Asiatic buffalo and wild buffalo ,

520-463: The group. Several clans form a herd of 30 to 500 animals that gather at resting areas. Adult males form bachelor groups of up to 10 individuals, with older males often being solitary, and spend the dry season apart from the female clans. They are seasonal breeders in most of their range, typically in October and November. However, some populations breed year round. Dominant males mate with the females of

546-598: The last three generations seems likely given the severity of the threats, especially hybridization ; this population trend is projected to continue into the future. The most important threats are: Bubalus arnee is included in CITES Appendix III , and is legally protected in Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Thailand. In 2017, 15 wild water buffaloes were reintroduced into Chitwan National Park in Nepal to establish

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572-486: The line of back is nearly straight with 13 pairs of ribs; the tail is tufted and reaching about to the hocks; the horns are more or less markedly triangular for the greater part of their length and situated low down on the skull; the muzzle is broad, and the hair sparse in adults. This genus comprises the following living species: The 2013 checklist of the Catalogue of Life lists as "accepted" five species binomina in

598-431: The most easily seen through the anole's eyes. Pterin and carotenoid pigments are located throughout the tissue of the dewlap, creating yellow and red hues. Lizards usually accompany dewlap movement with head bobs and other displays. The dewlap moves through extension and contraction. The muscles creating this movement are the ceratohyoid muscles and are connected to the hyoid apparatus in the throat and larynx area. Though

624-685: The tail is bushy; the hooves are large and splayed. It is larger and heavier than the domestic water buffalo, and weighs from 600 to 1,200 kg (1,300 to 2,600 lb). The average weight of three captive wild water buffaloes was 900 kg (2,000 lb). It is among the heaviest living wild bovid species, and is slightly smaller than gaur . The wild water buffalo occurs in India, Nepal , Bhutan , Thailand , and Cambodia , with an unconfirmed population in Myanmar . It has been extirpated in Bangladesh, Laos , Vietnam , and Sri Lanka . It

650-471: Was inconsistent between authors. Assessors of the Food and Agriculture Organization consider domestic water buffalo populations as breeds. Bubalus species comprise the domestic water buffalo ( B. bubalis ), the wild water buffalo ( B. arnee ), the tamaraw ( B. mindorensis) , the lowland anoa ( B. depressicornis ), and the mountain anoa ( B. quarlesi ). The latter two anoa species were proposed to form

676-504: Was proposed by Charles Hamilton Smith in 1827 who introduced the generic name Bubalus for bovids with large heads, convex-shaped narrow foreheads, laterally bent flat horns, funnel-shaped ears, small dewlaps and slender tails. Later authors subordinated the wild water buffalo under either Bos , Bubalus or Buffelus . In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature placed Bubalus arnee on

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