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36-456: Maurice Bucaille ( French pronunciation: [moris bykaj] ; 19 July 1920 – 17 February 1998) was a French doctor known primarily for his book The Bible, The Qur'an and Science . Maurice Bucaille was a specialist in the field of gastroenterology . In 1973, he was appointed as the family physician of Faisal of Saudi Arabia . His patients included the members of the family of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat . In 1976, Bucaille published

72-476: A H. pylori infection. Intra-operative techniques can then be used for treatment of certain disorders like banding esophageal varices or dilating esophageal strictures. The patient will likely be required to not eat or drink anything starting 4 hours prior to the procedure. Sedation is usually required for patient comfort. This procedure usually lasts around thirty minutes followed by a one to two hour observation period. Side effects include bloating , nausea, and

108-709: A colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy , may also be important, as well as any history of polypectomy carried out in connection with one of these operations. Any complaint of bleeding should be followed up with a complete blood count (CBC) in order to determine the extent of the bleeding and guide treatment. The partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and the international normalized ratio (INR), which can be used to detect bleeding tendencies, are additional crucial lab tests to obtain. Testing for STIs , such as gonorrhea and chlamydia , should be conducted on patients who engage in anal receptive sex. No matter if there are other clinical symptoms present or not, endoscopies are

144-478: A long thin tube with a camera that is passed through the anus to visualize the rectum and the entire length of the colon. The procedure is performed either to look for colon polyps and/or colon cancer in somebody without symptoms, referred to as screening , or to further evaluate symptoms including rectal bleeding , dark tarry stools , change in bowel habits or stool consistency (diarrhea, pencil-thin stool), abdominal pain, and unexplained weight loss. Before

180-847: A "fourth-year" (although this is often their seventh year of graduate medical education) in transplant hepatology , advanced interventional endoscopy , inflammatory bowel disease , motility , or other topics. Advanced endoscopy, sometimes called interventional or surgical endoscopy, is a sub-specialty of gastroenterology that focuses on advanced endoscopic techniques for the treatment of pancreatic , hepatobiliary , and gastrointestinal disease . Interventional gastroenterologists typically undergo an additional year of rigorous training in advanced endoscopic techniques including endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasound-guided diagnostic and interventional procedures, and advanced resection techniques including endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection . Additionally,

216-603: A book titled The Bible, The Qur'an and Science following his study of the mummy of the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II . The book contained multiple references to the Quran , relating science and Quran in which Bucaille concluded that the Quran is a divine revelation and that it was not written by any man. The book gave rise to a movement called Bucailleism, which tries to relate modern science with religion, especially Islam . Since

252-434: A colonoscopy using a long thin tube with a camera (scope) passed through the anus but only intended to visualize the rectum and the last part of the colon closest to the rectum. All aspects of the procedure are the same as for a colonoscopy with the exception that this procedure only lasts ten to twenty minutes and is done without sedation. This usually allows for the patient to return to normal activities immediately after

288-702: A day, feelings of incomplete rectal evacuation, straining, hard or lumpy stools, feelings of urgency, loose or watery stools, and leakage of bowel movement. Bleeding from the rectal area could indicate premalignant polyps or colorectal cancer . Compared to colorectal cancer , anal lesions or benign colorectal conditions are far more common causes of rectal bleeding. Other causes of rectal bleeding include hemorrhoids , full-thickness rectal prolapse , fissures , sentinel tags, ulcers , rhagades , external thromboses with extravasation of blood clot, prolapsed polyps or tags, anal trauma or anal-receptive intercourse, abscess , fistula opening, dermatologic conditions of

324-435: A family history of this disorder, belly fat , and a history of smoking. Protective factors include H. pylori infection , frequent use of aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , and diets high in fruits and vegetables. Diagnosis can be made by looking into the esophagus with a scope and possibly taking a biopsy of the lining of the esophagus. Treatment includes managing GERD, destroying abnormal parts of

360-411: A one to two hour observation period. Complications include bloating, cramping, a reaction to anesthesia, bleeding, and a hole through the wall of the colon that may require repeat colonoscopy or surgery. Signs of a serious complication requiring urgent or emergent medical attention include severe pain in the abdomen, fever, bleeding that does not improve, dizziness, and weakness. A procedure similar to

396-476: A real time view, via fluoroscopy , allowing the physician to locate and relieve the blockage. This is done through multiple techniques including cutting the opening and creating a bigger hole for drainage, removing gallstones and other debris, dilating narrow parts of the ducts, or placing a stent which keeps the ducts open. The physician can also take a biopsy of the ducts to evaluate for cancer, infection, or inflammation. Side effects include bloating, nausea, or

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432-417: A result of gallstones , infection, inflammation, pancreatic pseudocysts , and tumors of the bile ducts or pancreas. As a result, one may experience back pain, yellowing of the skin , and an abnormal lab test showing an elevated bilirubin level which could necessitate this procedure. However, the procedure is not recommended if the patient has acute pancreatitis unless the level of bilirubin remains high or

468-400: A sore throat for 1 to 2 days. Complications are rare but include reaction to the anesthesia, bleeding, and a hole through the wall of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine which could require surgery. Signs of a serious complication requiring urgent or emergent medical attention include chest pain, problems breathing, problems swallowing, throat pain that gets worse, vomiting with blood or

504-532: A sore throat for one to two days. Complications include pancreatitis , infection of the bile ducts or gallbladder , bleeding, reaction to the anesthesia, and perforation of any structures that the scope or its instruments pass but particularly the duodenum, bile duct, and pancreatic duct. Signs of a serious complication requiring urgent or emergent medical attention include bloody or black tarry stool , chest pain, fever, worsening abdominal pain, worsening throat pain, problems breathing, problems swallowing, vomit that

540-733: Is a subspecialty of internal medicine and therefore requires three years of internal medicine residency training followed by three additional years in a dedicated gastroenterology fellowship . This training is certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) and the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine (AOBIM) and must be completed at a program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Other national societies that oversee training include

576-429: Is also performed for further testing following a lab test that shows low hemoglobin levels without a known cause or an abnormal barium swallow . The procedure can be used to diagnose many disorders through direct visualization or tissue biopsy including esophageal varices , esophageal strictures , gastroesophageal reflux disease , Barrett's esophagus , cancer, celiac disease , gastritis , peptic ulcer disease , and

612-405: Is bloody or looks like coffee-grounds . Most of the time complications from this procedure require hospitalization for treatment. A condition that is a result of stomach contents consistently coming back up into the esophagus causing troublesome symptoms or complications. Symptoms are considered troublesome based on how disruptive they are to a patient's daily life and well-being. This definition

648-447: Is increasing which could suggest the blockage is still present. The patient will likely be required to not eat or drink anything starting 8 hours prior to the procedure. After the patient is sedated, the physician will pass the scope through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and into the duodenum to locate the opening where the ducts drain into the small intestine . The physician can then inject dye into these ducts and take X-rays which show

684-451: Is stool remaining in the colon due to an incomplete bowel prep because the physician can not adequately visualize the colon. During the procedure, the patient is sedated and the scope is used to examine the entire length of the colon looking for polyps, bleeding, or abnormal tissue. A biopsy or polyp removal can then be performed and the tissue sent to the lab for evaluation. The procedure usually takes thirty minutes to an hour followed by

720-479: Is usually based on symptoms and medical history, with further testing only after treatment has been ineffective. Further diagnosis can be achieved by measuring how much acid enters the esophagus or looking into the esophagus with a scope . Treatment and management options include lifestyle modifications, medications, and surgery if there is no improvement with other interventions. Lifestyle modifications include not lying down for three hours after eating, lying down on

756-819: The American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), and the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE). Gastroenterologists see patients both in the clinic and the hospital setting. They can order diagnostic tests, prescribe medications, and perform a number of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures including colonoscopy , esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), and liver biopsy . Some gastroenterology trainees will complete

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792-516: The rectum , thus a form of lower gastrointestinal bleeding . There are many causes of rectal hemorrhage, including inflamed hemorrhoids (which are dilated vessels in the perianal fat pads), rectal varices , proctitis (of various causes), stercoral ulcers , and infections . Diagnosis is usually made by proctoscopy , which is an endoscopic test. Those with rectal bleeding may notice bright red blood in their stool. Symptoms associated with rectal bleeding include having several bowel movements in

828-921: The GI tract via peristalsis , break down that material via digestion , absorb nutrients for use throughout the body, and remove waste from the body via defecation . Physicians who specialize in the medical specialty of gastroenterology are called gastroenterologists or sometimes GI doctors . Some of the most common conditions managed by gastroenterologists include gastroesophageal reflux disease , gastrointestinal bleeding , irritable bowel syndrome , inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis , peptic ulcer disease , gallbladder and biliary tract disease, hepatitis , pancreatitis , colitis , colon polyps and cancer , nutritional problems, and many more. Citing from Egyptian papyri , John F. Nunn identified significant knowledge of gastrointestinal diseases among practicing physicians during

864-451: The appearance of " coffee-grounds ", worsening abdominal pain, bloody or black tarry stool, and fever. A procedure using a long thin tube with a camera passed through the mouth into the first part of the small intestine to locate, diagnose, and treat disorders related to the bile and pancreatic ducts . These ducts carry fluids that help with digesting food from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas and can become narrowed or blocked as

900-408: The esophagus that may cause bleeding or ulcer formation, narrowing of the esophagus leading to swallowing issues, a change in the lining of the esophagus that can increase the chances of developing cancer ( Barrett's esophagus ), chronic cough, asthma, inflammation of the larynx leading to hoarseness, and wearing away of tooth enamel leading to dental issues. A condition in which the lining of

936-403: The esophagus changes to look more like the lining of the intestine and increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer . There are no specific symptoms although symptoms of GERD may be present for years prior as it is associated with a 10–15% risk of Barrett's esophagus. Risk factors include chronic GERD for more than 5 years, being age 50 or older, being non-Hispanic white, being male, having

972-436: The esophagus, removing abnormal tissue in the esophagus, and removing part of the esophagus as performed by a general surgeon. Further management could include periodic surveillance with repeat scopes at certain intervals determined by the physician, likely not more frequently than every three to five years. Complications from this disorder can result in a type of cancer called esophageal adenocarcinoma . Gastroenterology

1008-420: The gold standard for examining rectal bleeding and should be completed on patients over 40. To check for a distal source of bleeding, such as internal hemorrhoids , proctitis , rectal ulcers , malignancies , or varices , one can use an anoscope or rigid procto- sigmoidoscope . When proximal lower GI pathology is suspected, a colonoscopy needs to be performed. If there is a significant amount of bleeding or

1044-441: The left side, elevating head while laying by elevating head of the bed or using extra pillows, losing weight, stopping smoking, and avoiding coffee, mint, alcohol, chocolate, fatty foods, acidic foods, and spicy foods. Medications include antacids , proton pump inhibitors , H2 receptor blockers . Surgery is usually a Nissen fundoplication and is performed by a surgeon. Complications of longstanding GERD can include inflammation of

1080-490: The performance of endoscopic bariatric procedures is also performed by some advanced endoscopists. Hepatology , or hepatobiliary medicine , encompasses the study of the liver , pancreas , and biliary tree , and is traditionally considered a sub-specialty of gastroenterology, while proctology encompasses disorders of the anus , rectum , and colon and is considered a sub-specialty of general surgery . Rectal bleeding Rectal bleeding refers to bleeding in

1116-723: The perianal region, hypertrophied papilla, and distal proctitis . An ulcer could be caused by Crohn's disease , anal cancer , HIV , or another STD . Inflammatory bowel diseases may also cause rectal bleeding. Certain medications, such as calcium channel blockers or proton pump inhibitors , can exacerbate anorectal symptoms by causing diarrhea or constipation , or they can exacerbate bleeding (e.g., Coumadin , nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ). A history of hemorrhoidectomy , fissure surgery, fistula surgery, polypectomy , or colectomy may be relevant. Gastrointestinal symptoms can also result from other procedures like gastric bypass or cholecystectomy . Any prior assessment, such as

Maurice Bucaille - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-580: The periods of the pharaohs . Irynakhty , of the tenth dynasty, c. 2125 B.C., was a court physician specializing in gastroenterology, sleeping, and proctology . Among ancient Greeks , Hippocrates attributed digestion to concoction . Galen 's concept of the stomach having four faculties was widely accepted up to modernity in the seventeenth century. 1. International Classification of Disease ( ICD 2007)/WHO classification : 2. MeSH subject Heading : 3. National Library of Medicine Catalogue (NLM classification 2006) : A procedure using

1188-536: The procedure is finished. A procedure using a long thin tube with a camera that is passed through the mouth to view the esophagus ("esophago-"), stomach ("gastro-"), and the duodenum ("duodeno-"). It is also referred to as upper endoscopy or just endoscopy. The procedure is performed for further evaluation of symptoms including persistent heartburn , indigestion , vomiting blood , dark tarry stools , persistent nausea and vomiting, pain, difficulty swallowing , painful swallowing , and unexplained weight loss. It

1224-451: The procedure, the physician might ask the patient to stop taking certain medications including blood thinners, aspirin, diabetes medications, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs . A bowel prep is usually taken the night before and into the morning of the procedure which consists of an enema or laxatives , either pills or powder dissolved in liquid, that will cause diarrhea. The procedure might need to be stopped and rescheduled if there

1260-544: The publishing of The Bible, the Quran and Science , Bucaillists have promoted the idea that the Quran is of divine origin, arguing that it contains scientifically and historically correct facts. According to The Wall Street Journal , Bucailleism is "in some ways the Muslim counterpart to Christian creationism" and although "while creationism rejects much of modern science, Bucailleism embraces it." Gastroenterology The digestive system functions to move material through

1296-481: Was standardized by the Montreal Consensus in 2006. Symptoms include a painful feeling in the middle of the chest and feeling stomach contents coming back up into the mouth. Other symptoms include chest pain, nausea, difficulty swallowing , painful swallowing , coughing, and hoarseness. Risk factors include obesity, pregnancy, smoking, hiatal hernia , certain medications, and certain foods. Diagnosis

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