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32-589: The decrees of some papal bulls were often tied to the circumstances of time and place, and may have been adjusted, attenuated, or abrogated by subsequent popes as situations changed. “clearly savored of manifest heresy.” ("When the Apostolic burden is gone") Also note In Coena Domini ("At the Lord's dinner"), a recurrent papal bull issued annually between 1363 and 1770, at first on Holy Thursday , later on Easter Monday . Papal bull A papal bull

64-486: A "UT" monogram (in the same color as the Longhorns logo, burnt orange ). The New York Yankees baseball team also uses a monogram on their ball cap insignia. The Consolidated Edison logo, with a rounded "E" nested inside a "C", has been described as a "classic emblem." Many fashion companies have a monogram for a logo, including Louis Vuitton and Fendi . The connected "CC" company logo, created by Coco Chanel ,

96-557: A heraldic device of the Farnese family, from which Pope Paul III descended. Since the late 18th century, the lead bulla has been replaced with a red ink stamp of Saints Peter and Paul with the reigning pope's name encircling the picture, though very formal letters, e.g. the bull of Pope John XXIII convoking the Second Vatican Council , still receive the leaden seal. Original papal bulls exist in quantity only after

128-451: A monogram serving as an artist's signature is the "AD" used by Albrecht Dürer . Over the centuries, monograms of the name of Jesus Christ have been used as Christian symbols . The IX monogram consists of the initial Greek letters of the name "Jesus Christ," "I" for Ιησούς, ( Jesus in Greek) and "X" for Χριστος ( Christ in Greek). The "IHS" Christogram, denoting the first three letters of

160-532: A number of different positions. Some personal monograms have become famous symbols in their own right and instantly recognizable to many, such as J.R.R. Tolkien 's monogram. Some companies and organizations adopt a monogram for a logo, usually with the letters of their acronym . For example, as well as having an official seal , and the Texas Longhorns logo, the University of Texas at Austin uses

192-495: A short " datum " that mentioned the place of issuance, day of the month and year of the pope's pontificate on which issued, and signatures, near which was attached the seal. For the most solemn bulls, the pope signed the document himself, in which case he used the formula " Ego N. Catholicae Ecclesiae Episcopus " ("I, N., Bishop of the Catholic Church"). Following the signature in this case would be an elaborate monogram ,

224-432: A shorter beard made of dome-shaped globetti (beads in relief). Each head was surrounded by a circle of globetti , and the rim of the seal was surrounded by an additional ring of such beads, while the heads themselves were separated by a depiction of a cross. On the reverse was the name of the issuing pope in the nominative Latin form, with the letters "PP", for Pastor Pastorum ("Shepherd of Shepherds"). This disc

256-491: Is a type of public decree, letters patent , or charter issued by a pope of the Catholic Church . It is named after the leaden seal ( bulla ) traditionally appended to authenticate it. Papal bulls have been in use at least since the 6th century, but the phrase was not used until around the end of the 13th century, and then only internally for unofficial administrative purposes. However, it had become official by

288-474: Is not technically a monogram, since the letters are not combined. Royal monograms often appear on coins, frequently surmounted by a crown. Countries that have employed this device in the past include Bulgaria , Great Britain , Russia , Sweden and many German states . Today, several Danish coins carry the monogram of Margrethe II , while the current Norwegian 1 Krone coin has the "H5" monogram of Harald V on

320-601: Is one of the most recognizable monograms internationally. The victor is a monogram of the Latin victor or Spanish vítor painted on Spanish and Hispanic universities to celebrate a student receiving a doctorate . Athletes have also been known to brand merchandise with their monogram logo; notably Tiger Woods and Roger Federer . A notable example of a royal monogram is the H7 monogram of King Haakon VII of Norway . While in exile during World War II, Haakon VII spearheaded

352-534: The Merovingian period until the 14th century in the Frankish Empire and its successors, of signing a document or charter with a special type of monogram or royal cypher. Monograms of the names of monarchs are used as part of the insignia of public organizations in kingdoms, such as on police badges. This indicates a connection to the ruler. However, the royal cypher , so familiar on pillar boxes ,

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384-466: The obverse it depicted, originally somewhat crudely, the early Fathers of the Church of Rome , the apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul , identified by the letters S anctus PA ulus and S anctus PE trus (thus, SPA •SPE or SPASPE ). St. Paul, on the left, was shown with flowing hair and a long pointed beard composed of curved lines, while St. Peter, on the right, was shown with curly hair and

416-484: The obverse . The only countries using the Euro to have a royal monogram as their national identifying mark are Belgium and Monaco . In Thailand, royal monograms appear on the individual flag for each major royal family member. An individual's monogram may appear in stylized form on stationery, luggage, clothing, or other personalized items. These monograms may have two or three letters. A basic 3-letter monogram has

448-558: The 11th century onward, when the transition from fragile papyrus to the more durable parchment was made. None survives in entirety from before 819. Some original lead bullae , however, still survive from as early as the 6th century. In terms of content, the bull is simply the format in which a decree of the pope appears. Any subject may be treated in a bull, and many were and are, including statutory decrees, episcopal appointments, dispensations , excommunications , apostolic constitutions , canonizations , and convocations . The bull

480-532: The 15th century, when one of the offices of the Apostolic Chancery was named the "register of bulls" (" registrum bullarum "). By the accession of Pope Leo IX in 1048, a clear distinction developed between two classes of bulls of greater and less solemnity. The majority of the "great bulls" now in existence are in the nature of confirmations of property or charters of protection accorded to monasteries and religious institutions. In an era when there

512-488: The Florentine engraver Benvenuto Cellini was paid 50 scudi to recreate the metal matrix which would be used to impress the lead bullae of Pope Paul III . Cellini retained definitive iconographic items like the faces of the two apostles, but he carved them with a much greater attention to detail and artistic sensibility than had previously been in evidence. On the reverse of the seal he added several fleurs-de-lis ,

544-558: The Greek name of Jesus, is usually written as a cypher, but sometimes as a monogram. Perhaps the most significant Christogram is the Chi Rho , formed from the first two letters of Χριστος. The symbol was used by the Roman emperor Constantine I (r. 306–337) as part of a military standard . Signum manus (sometimes also known as Chrismon ) refers to the medieval practice, current from

576-844: The Norwegian resistance to the German occupation , and H7 became a symbol used by the Norwegian populace to mark solidarity and loyalty to the King, and adherence to the Norwegian resistance movement . The act of drawing or creating a H7 symbol in German-occupied Norway was punishable by imprisonment. Similarly, in Poland during the war, the "PW" monogram was used as a resistance symbol, known as 'The Anchor' (Polish: Kotwica ), due to its characteristic shape. Its meaning varied, as

608-631: The bull is the only written communication in which the pope will refer to himself as " Episcopus Servus Servorum Dei " ("Bishop, Servant of the Servants of God"). While papal bulls always used to bear a metal seal, they now do so only on the most solemn occasions. A papal bull is today the most formal type of public decree or letters patent issued by the Vatican Chancery in the name of the pope. A bull's format formerly began with one line in tall, elongated letters containing three elements:

640-399: The coins, often the first two letters of the city's name. For example, the monogram of Achaea consisted of the letters alpha (Α) and chi (Χ) joined together. Monograms have been used as signatures by artists and craft workers on paintings, sculptures and pieces of furniture, especially when guilds enforced measures against unauthorized participation in the trade. A famous example of

672-410: The eleventh century, after which it was rapidly superseded by a rough kind of parchment . Modern scholars have retroactively used the word "bull" to describe any elaborate papal document issued in the form of a decree or privilege , solemn or simple, and to some less elaborate ones issued in the form of a letter. Popularly, the name is used for any papal document that contains a metal seal. Today,

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704-410: The heads of the apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul on one side and the pope's name on the other. Papal bulls were originally issued by the pope for many kinds of communication of a public nature, but by the 13th century, papal bulls were only used for the most formal or solemn of occasions. Papyrus seems to have been used almost uniformly as the material for these documents until the early years of

736-430: The initial of the individual's last name (surname) set larger, or with some special treatment in the center, while the first name initial appears to the left of it and the middle name initial appears to the right of it. There is a difference in how this is written for men and women. For example, if the individual's name is Mary Ann Jones, and Jones is the surname, then the arrangement of letters would be thus: M J A , with

768-465: The initial of their shared surname. For example, the monogram M J A might be used for Michael and Alice Jones. However, monogramming etiquette for the married couple varies according to the item being monogrammed. Linens , for example, typically list the woman's given initial first, followed by the couple's shared surname initial and then the man's given initial ( A J M ). Monograms can often be found on custom dress shirts where they can be located in

800-431: The initials of an individual or a company, used as recognizable symbols or logos . A series of uncombined initials is properly referred to as a cypher (e.g. a royal cypher ) and is not a monogram. Many of today's monograms are embroidered on items for the home like towels, bedding, robes etc. Monograms first appeared on coins, as early as 350 BC. The earliest known examples are of the names of Greek cities which issued

832-616: The initials were useful for many different slogans, such as 'Poland Fights', 'Warsaw Uprising', 'Polish Army', and others. Like the Norwegian example above, its use was punished by the Nazi occupation authorities. Another example is the monogram of La Liga Filipina . The monogram sees the letters L and F as well as two hexagons. In the Germanosphere , certain student societies ( Studentenverbindung ) use monograms known as Zirkel ("circle", as in "circle of friends"), consisting of

864-439: The pope's name, the papal title " Episcopus Servus Servorum Dei " ("Bishop, Servant of the Servants of God "), and its incipit , i.e., the first few Latin words from which the bull took its title for record-keeping purposes, but which might not be directly indicative of the bull's purpose. The body of the text was often very simple in layout, and it had no specific conventions for its formatting. The closing section consisted of

896-585: The signatures of any witnesses, and then the seal. In modern times, a member of the Roman Curia signs the document on behalf of the pope, usually the Cardinal Secretary of State , and thus the monogram is omitted. The most distinctive characteristic of a bull was the metal seal ( bulla ), which was usually made of lead , but on very solemn occasions was made of gold , as those on Byzantine imperial instruments often were (see Golden Bull ). On

928-437: The surname initial set larger in the center, the M for Mary to the left and the A for Ann to the right. Traditionally, individual monograms for men are based on the order of the name. The name Kyle George Martin would be written ( KGM ). Married or engaged couples may use two-letter monograms of their entwined initials, for example on wedding invitations . Married couples may also create three-letter monograms incorporating

960-399: Was much fabrication of such documents, those who procured bulls from Rome wished to ensure that the authenticity of their bull was above suspicion. A papal confirmation, under certain conditions, could be pleaded as itself constituting sufficient evidence of title in cases where the original deed had been lost or destroyed. Since the 12th century, papal bulls have carried a leaden seal with

992-614: Was the exclusive letter format from the Vatican until the 14th century, when the papal brief appeared. The brief is the less formal form of papal communication and was authenticated with a wax impression, now a red ink impression, of the Ring of the Fisherman . Monogram A monogram is a motif made by overlapping or combining two or more letters or other graphemes to form one symbol . Monograms are often made by combining

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1024-456: Was then attached to the document either by cords of hemp , in the case of letters of justice and executory letters, or by red and yellow silk , in the case of letters of grace, that was looped through slits in the vellum of the document. The term " bulla " derives from the Latin " bullire " ("to boil"), and alludes to the fact that, whether of wax, lead, or gold, the material making the seal had to be melted to soften it for impression. In 1535,

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