71-776: Burj Gianian (lit. Tower of the Knowledgeable , also known as the Gianian Bunga) was a structure next to the Akal Takht built by Giani Soorat Singh, a priest in the Sikh Raj who was the head of the Giani Samparda. It was built in 1778 and served as the headquarters of the Giani Samparda until the end of the Giani Samparda in 1921. In 1988, it was demolished by the Punjab Government . It remained
142-765: A 50-roomed accommodation of 1,200 square yards with an underground path to the Katha-Wala Bunga and the Jhanda Bunga , the underground tunnels were known as ‘Sarad Khana’, as the Gianis had to make a speech each day at the Katha-Wala Bunga 45 minutes after midday; only the head Giani was allowed to make a speech. It also had a well next to it which was blessed by Guru Amar Das , along with underground rooms. The Sikh Raj had been declared in 1799, and three years later in 1802 Maharaja Ranjit Singh had made
213-489: A couch whilst being attended upon by both Lakshmana and Hanuman . The ninth panel illustrated a scene of a hunting expedition involving a horse and three hunting hounds in an advancing pose. Finally, the last and tenth panel represented a scene of the Vaisakhi events of 1699 at Anandpur, where Guru Gobind Singh prepares Amrit for the newly introduced Amrit Sanchar ceremony whilst Mata Jito appends sugar crystals to
284-400: A dedicated freight track between Ludhiana and Kolkata. Ludhiana is connected with other cities of Punjab and also with other states by bus service. Major national highways NH 44 , NH 5 (old NH1 , NH95 respectively) and state highway SH 11 connect to the city. The transportation services are provided by the state owned Punjab Roadways and private bus operators. Ludhiana is served by
355-534: A gilded interior section. There were also painted wall panels depicting Europeans. According to Teja Singh and Ganda Singh, the structure was built so close-by to the Harmandir Sahib because whilst the Akal Takht represents politics, the Harmandir Sahib symbolizes spirituality. People at Harmandir Sahib could glance at the Akal Takht and remember temporality whilst those in the Akal Takht can look upon
426-731: A growing IT sector with multiple software services and product companies having development centers in the city. In April 2021, BizMerlinHR, a HR management software firm with development center in Ludhiana was awarded Cool Vendor in HCM for 2021 by industry analyst Gartner. Ludhiana was home to the Ludhiana Stock Exchange Association . LSE was situated on NH95 (Chandigarh-Ferozepur Highway) in Feroze Gandhi market near Mini Secretariat Ludhiana. The association
497-556: A hall would be erected at the site. In the 18th century, Ahmed Shah Abdali and Massa Rangar led a series of attacks on the Akal Takht and Harmandir Sahib . Takht which is on the first floor was rebuilt in brick in 1774, under Sultan-ul-Qaum Jassa Singh Ahluwalia (1718–1783) – the leader of the Sikh Confederacy in Punjab. The renovations during the 18th century gave the building a "better shape". An Udasi mahant by
568-423: A high mound of earth across a wide-open space. It was a place where Guru Hargobind played as a child. The original Takht was a simple platform, 3.5 metres (11 ft) high, on which Guru Hargobind would sit in court to receive petitions and administer justice. He was surrounded by insignia of royalty such as the parasol and the fly whisk. Later, there was an open-air semi-circular structure built on marble pillars and
639-461: A layer of paint-decorated lime plaster that might have been part of the original structure but later than the time of Harminder. A unique aspect of the Akal Takht is that it flies two Nishan Sahibs rather than one. The two flags are said to represent the two-sword concept of miri-piri . In July 1983, the Sikh political party Akali Dal 's President Harcharan Singh Longowal and the jathedar of
710-622: A population of 111,639 with Muslims being the majority with 62.9%. The Hindus were 31.1% and Sikhs 4.7%. It changed post-partition with a drastic reduction in Muslim percentage and simultaneous increase in Hindu and Sikh population, owing to migration of people between West and East Punjab. Languages spoken across Ludhiana city (2011) At the time of the 2011 census, 67.00% of the population spoke Punjabi , 29.24% Hindi and 1.35% Bhojpuri as their first language. Ludhiana Municipal Corporation
781-755: Is Asia's largest hub for bicycle manufacturing and produces more than 50% of India's bicycle production each year. Ludhiana produces 60% of India's tractor parts and a large portion of auto and two-wheeler parts. Many parts used in German cars such as Mercedes and BMW are exclusively produced in Ludhiana to satisfy the world requirement. It is one of the largest manufacturer of domestic sewing machines. Hand tools and industrial equipment are other specialties. Ludhiana contribute most to Punjab than any other city. The apparel industry of Ludhiana, popularly known as Ludhiana hosiery industry provides employment to numerous people and produces India's largest share of winter clothing. It
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#1732772960651852-564: Is also very popular in the city. Zoomcar provides cars for self-drive car rental in the city. Ludhiana has 363 senior secondary, 367 high, 324 middle, 1129 primary, and pre-primary recognised Schools, with a total of 398,770 students. Most of these schools are either run by the ICSE Central Board of Secondary Education or by Punjab School Education Board . Prominent schools in Ludhiana includes R.S. Model Senior Secondary School and Wylie Memorial High School. Ludhiana
923-576: Is especially known for its woollen sweaters and cotton T-shirts with the majority of India's woollen clothing brands being based here. Ludhiana is also famous for its industry of shawls and stoles and satisfies the demand of major domestic and international brands. As a result of its dominance in the textile industry it is often dubbed as the Manchester of India. Ludhiana is now sourcing production to major corporate brands all over India. Cloths manufactured here sell in big brand showrooms. Ludhiana also has
994-673: Is held annually in Kila Raipur, near Ludhiana. Competitions are held for rural sports, including gatka , bullock cart races, trolley races, kabaddi, loading unloading trucks and acrobatics. A skating rink is situated in Leisure Valley, Sarabha Nagar. Ludhiana is well connected by road and rail as Ludhiana railway station is on the main Delhi-Amritsar route, and is an important railway junction with lines going to Jalandhar , Ferozepur , Dhuri , and Delhi . The city
1065-913: Is home to the largest agricultural university in Asia and one of the largest in the world, Punjab Agricultural University . The College of Veterinary Sciences at PAU was recently upgraded to the Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU). GADVASU was established at Ludhiana by an act of the Punjab Legislature No. 16 of 2005 notified in the Punjab Government Gazette on 9 August 2005 and it started functioning 21 April 2006 for promoting livestock production, health and prevention of disease through integrated teaching, research and extension programmes. Christian Medical College, Ludhiana ,
1136-801: Is now defunct. Guru Nanak Stadium in Ludhiana hosts a number of sporting events including athletics, football, badminton, basketball, gymnastics, handball, kabaddi , table tennis, volleyball, as well as other indoor games. Kabaddi world cup finals have been played twice in Guru Nanak Stadium Ludhiana. The stadium often hosts high-profile Kabaddi matches. Various competitions like finals of National Games Football Matches (2001) and I-League matches of clubs like Minerva Punjab FC (now RoundGlass Punjab Football Club) have been played in Guru Nanak Stadium. Kila Raipur Sports Festival, popularly known as Rural Olympics Games,
1207-654: Is the nearest International Airport to Ludhiana. Other nearby airports are Adampur Airport in Jalandhar and Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport in Amritsar . Ludhiana Junction railway station is connected to other metro cities. It also has Sahnewal , Doraha , Qila Raipur railway stations which serve cargo and passenger trains. Vande Bharat Express has a stop at Ludhiana junction on its New Delhi (NDLS) - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra (SVDK) route. City bus service has been cancelled. Moving around inside
1278-565: Is the urban local civic body in the city. The city is part of the Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency . The assembly constituencies in the city are: The World Bank ranked Ludhiana as the city in India with the best business environment in 2009 and 2013. The riches are brought mostly by small-scale industrial units, which produce industrial goods, machine parts, auto parts, household appliances, hosiery, apparel, and garments. Ludhiana
1349-528: Is very well connected with daily or weekly trains to most places in India including the major cities of Jammu , Amritsar , Jalandhar , Patiala , Pathankot , Kanpur , Jaipur , Ajmer , Chandigarh , Ambala , Panipat , Delhi , Pune , Mumbai , Indore , Bhopal , Lucknow , Ahmadabad , Nagpur , Ayodhya , Nanded , Patna , and Kolkata . For administrative reasons the station is under Ferozepur Railway Division . The railway line between Ludhiana and Chandigarh opened in 2013. The government has even passed
1420-553: The 2011 census and distributed over 310 km (120 sq mi), making Ludhiana the most densely populated urban centre in the state. It is a major industrial center of Northern India , referred to as "India's Manchester " by the BBC. It is also known as the commercial capital of Punjab. It stands on the old bank of Sutlej River , that is now 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) to the south of its present course. The Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has placed Ludhiana on
1491-441: The 2011 census , Ludhiana had a population of 1,618,879. The literacy rate was 86.50 per cent, and the population consisted of 950,123 males and 743,530 females. With around 66% adherents according to 2011 Indian Census , Hinduism is the predominant religion of Ludhiana, followed by Sikhism with 29% of the population. Islam is followed by 2.8% and Christianity by less than 1%. Prior to India's partition , Ludhiana had
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#17327729606511562-579: The Delhi Sultanate . The ruling sultan, Sikandar Lodhi , dispatched two ruling chiefs, Yusuf Khan and Nihad Khan, to re-assert Lodhi control. The two men camped at the site of present Ludhiana, which was then a village called Mir Hota. Yusuf Khan crossed the Sutlej and established Sultanpur , while Nihad Khan founded Ludhiana on the site of Mir Hota. The name was originally Lodhi-ana ", meaning "Lodhi town", which has since shifted from "Lodiana" to
1633-548: The Köppen climate classification , although bordering on a hot semi-arid climate ( BSh ), with three defined seasons; summer, monsoon and winter. Ludhiana on an average sees roughly 809.3 millimetres (31.86 in) of precipitation annually. The official weather station for the city is in the compound of the Civil Surgeon's Office to the west of Ludhiana. Weather records here date back to 1 August 1868. Ludhiana has one of
1704-423: The 19th century raised the number of stories of the structure to five. The murals that had existed in the original building had been painted around the mid-19th century. There were murals decorating the walls of the first and second stories. The structure was then rebuilt twice: once immediately after Operation Blue Star in 1984 and then again in 1986. The Akal Takht was built on a site where there existed only
1775-478: The 48th position among the top 100 smart cities , and the city has been ranked as one of the easiest cities in India for business according to the World Bank . During the period of Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi Sultanate , a fort was built at modern day Ludhiana. It was captured by Raja Jasrat during his 1421–22 campaign in Punjab. Later, Ludhiana was founded in 1480 by members of the ruling Lodhi dynasty of
1846-597: The Akal Takht invited the fourteenth jathedar of Damdami taksal Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale , who was on the run for radicalized militancy in Punjab, popular in much of rural Punjab, to hide in the Golden Temple Complex , later moving to the Akal Takht to protect himself from getting arrested. Between 3 June and 8 June 1984, the Indian army conducted a counter-insurgency operation, ordered by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, to arrest Bhindranwale. The Akal Takht
1917-427: The Akal Takht, to save it from destruction by ignorant Kar Seva volunteers who had no idea of its importance. The present-day Akal Takht lacks many of the historical and cultural intangible heritage that was once found in the original structure. Conservators have raised alarms that the present structure was not designed with the traditional Sikh art style in-mind. They further claimed that any present art works within
1988-654: The Baradari Gurmukh Singh near the Burj Gianian, as a personal residence, Bunga Giani Sant Singh on the curve to the right of the Akal Takht and Bunga Giani Ram Singh to the left side of the Ramgarhia Bunga , from the Akal Takht. Due to his involvement against the Dogras, Hira Singh Dogra caught him from the Burj Gianian and gave him to Muslims to torture him to death. Giani Pardoman Singh ,
2059-575: The Giani Samparda in 1921. Unofficially there still is a continuing titular lineage of Gianis, the next one was Giani Harinder Singh Roop , a famous Punjabi poet, and currently it is Giani Yadwinder Singh. In 1988 there were four families of descendants of the Gianis who lived in the large Burj Gianian, but the Punjab Government had broken it down to build a Galliara (open walled space) around the Golden Temple for more control over it in
2130-477: The Giani of the Giani Samparda a hereditary title, hence the next to priestship was an Afghan war veteran and scion of the Gianis, Giani Sant Singh. Like his father, Giani Sant Singh also constructed various Bungas across the Golden Temple, but his most famous work was plating the Golden Temple in gold and Jaipuri marble. The Burj Gianian became even more prominent during this time as the works of Mahakavi Santokh Singh
2201-421: The Harmandir Sahib and remember the importance of spirituality. Thus, it is a representation of the co-dependence of religion and politics and that one cannot exist without being balanced by the other, just like limbs of a body. The modern building is a five-story structure with marble inlay and a gold-leafed dome. Three of the stories were added by Ranjit Singh in the 1800s. Contemporary restoration work found
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2272-634: The New City. The new city primarily consists of the Civil Lines area which was historically known as the residential and official quarters of the colonial British encampment. The land dips steeply to the north and the west where, before 1785, the river Sutlej ran. The Old Fort was at the banks of the Sutlej (and now houses the College of Textile Engineering). Legend has it that a tunnel connects it to
2343-782: The Sikhs) and the place of the Jathedar , the highest spokesman of the Sikhs. The position of the Jathedar is disputed between the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee who appointed Giani Raghubir Singh as the acting Jathedar in 2023, and the Sarbat Khalsa organized by some Sikh organizations in 2015. Due to the political imprisonment of Jagtar Singh Hawara , Dhian Singh Mand was appointed as
2414-503: The Takht, which led to the government military operation and the original shrine's destruction in the ensuing conflict. He claimed that he had done a great service for the Sikhs by rebuilding the structure. A few years later, Bhindranwale's successor from Damdami Taksal, Baba Thakur Singh, had the government-sponsored rebuilt Akal Takht demolished, and rebuilt after resolutions were passed by Sarbat Khalsa 1986. The rebuilt Akal Takht under
2485-632: The Timeless One ' ; originally Akal Bunga ) is one of five takhts (seats of power) of the Sikhs . It is located in the Darbar Sahib (Golden Temple) complex in Amritsar, Punjab , India. The Akal Takht (originally called Akal Bunga) was built by Guru Hargobind as a place of justice and consideration of temporal issues; the highest seat of earthly authority of the Khalsa (the collective body of
2556-624: The acting Jathedar by the Sarbat Khalsa. The Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee however refused to accept its authority. Originally known as the Akal Bunga , the building directly opposite the Harmandir Sahib was founded by sixth Sikh Guru , Guru Hargobind , as a symbol of political sovereignty and where spiritual and temporal concerns of the Sikh people could be addressed. Along with Baba Buddha and Bhai Gurdas ,
2627-482: The aftermath of Operation Black Thunder . The historical site was not reconstructed, though an underground tunnel caused controversy when being unearthed, there have been protests over the historical nature and need to rebuild the Bungas, Baradaris and Burjs around the complex. Akal Takht The Akal Takht ( Gurmukhi : ਅਕਾਲ ਤਖ਼ਤ, Punjabi pronunciation: [äːkäːl t̪axt] ; lit. ' Throne of
2698-463: The capacity to hold three to six passengers. It can be hired individually or on a sharing basis. The auto rickshaws are easily available at every major place, including the interstate bus terminal and the railway station at a nominal fare which varies from ₨ 10 to ₨ 30. Jugnoo, an on demand auto rickshaw application launched its operations in February 2015 to provide low cost, reliable, 24×7 service to
2769-400: The citizens of Ludhiana. Cycle rickshaws are widely used in Ludhiana. The rickshaw or tricycle is pulled by a person and is a relatively cheap way of travelling in the city, but has become pricey after the autos have been scrapped. Radio taxis are also easily available. This is the most used means of transport by the people of Ludhiana. Ola Cabs launched in the city on 7 October 2014. Uber
2840-407: The city is done mostly by auto-rickshaws, and cycle rickshaws , while latest Ludhiana BRTS was planned to be constructed but due to lack of funds allotted and weak planning and management the project too has been scrapped by the government thus worsening the traffic problems in the industrial city. The Auto rickshaw is a three-wheel drive vehicle, which is one way to travel in the city. They have
2911-537: The city-based Sahnewal Airport (( IATA : LUH , ICAO : VILD )), also known as Ludhiana Airport. It is located near the town of Sahnewal , 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Ludhiana on the Grand Trunk Road . The airport is spread over more than 130 acres (53 ha). The current airport arrival/departure halls can accommodate 40 passengers. A new airport in Ludhiana is coming up at Halwara Air Force Station with work under progress. Chandigarh Airport
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2982-475: The first medical school for women in Asia, was founded by Dame Edith Mary Brown in 1894. Christian Medical College is a major and reputed tertiary care hospital in India, also the location of the world's first face transplant. Dayanand Medical College and Hospital is another tertiary care teaching hospital in Ludhiana. Both these institutions are recognised by the Medical Council of India . The college
3053-449: The formulae he is stirring, whilst the inaugural Panj Piare watch-on. After Operation Blue Star, the surviving Akal Takht structure still contained historical artwork dating to the mid-to-late 18th century, such as ivory mosaic work, in-laid stone work ( jaratkari ), and wall paintings (murals). The murals had depicted Indic mythological scenes, deities, and bhagats and had been painted by expert Sikh artisans ( naqqashis ). Of
3124-501: The fort in Phillaur – although why this should be is debatable, as the Sutlej was the traditional dividing line between the principalities, often occupied by enemy forces (see History section). The ground is of yellow sandstone and granite, forming small hillocks, plateaus and dips. The tree of largest natural extraction was the kikar, or Acacia Indica , but has been supplanted by the eucalyptus, transplanted from rural Australia in
3195-406: The frescoes, there were depictions of Krishna accepting wet rice from Sudama , Rama , Bhagat Dhanna , Bhagat Dhruv , and of Bhagat Kabir at work as a weaver in a hut alongside Mai Loi (Kabir's wife). There also were lion figurines made of marble. They survived until January 1986, when the Takht was completely demolished to make way for the present-day structure. During the destruction of
3266-534: The government-sponsored kar seva work. Many institutions such as the Damdami Taksal , felt that the Nihang Singhs should not have taken money from the government to rebuild the Takht, and thus protested against the effort. Some Sikhs termed the government-sponsored kar seva work by Santa Singh as "sarkari seva" derogatorily since personnel and materials sourced from government departments was used for
3337-595: The head Granthi and manager of the Golden Temple. During the Misl era, Giani Soorat Singh commanded the moral authority of all Misls and all twelve Misls respected him and presented him with gifts and some Jagirs when needing spiritual support, the main Jagir was presented at Kalowal . Giani Soorat Singh was known for being the first in the lineage to be from the Giani family , who ruled over the Giani Samparda. Maharaja Ranjit Singh
3408-457: The historical structure, the original raised platform that Guru Hargobind had erected located at the base of the built-around structure (where the Guru used to address the gathered Sikh congregation from) was also at-risk of being demolished but protest by Giani Mohinder Singh (former SGPC secretary), then an elderly and respected Sikh, whom took the matter up with Gurdev Singh Kaunke, then Jathedar of
3479-624: The influence of Sikhism. Giani Pardoman Singh and his brother Giani Lehna Singh had founded the Gurmukhi Akhbar, a newspaper, from the Burj Gianian. After the death of Giani Pardoman Singh his son Giani Gurbaksh Singh, Barrister became the head, he was a proponent of Sikh education and worked on it during his period of heading the Samparda, till the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee disbanded
3550-706: The late 1950s by the Chief Minister Partap Singh Kairon . Gulmohars and jacarandas were planted by the British along the avenues of Civil Lines, as were other flowering trees, while the Old City contains almost no vegetation or parks, except for a few isolated pipal trees, holy to the Hindus, as it is supposed to be the abode of Lord Shiva. Ludhiana features a relatively dry monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate ( Cwa ) under
3621-466: The main site for Sikh spiritual belief and power till the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee and Damdami Taksal's arrival. During the Post-Gurudom period the Giani Samparda was possibly the most influential Samparda to exist, and this hold over Sikhism and Sikhs continued till the torture and subsequent death of Giani Gurmukh Singh at the hand of Hira Singh Dogra . The ownership of
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#17327729606513692-400: The name of Pritam Das (founder of Akhara Sangalwara, also located nearby) was responsible for originally installing the dual Nishan Sahibs at the Akal Takht. Hari Singh Nalwa , a general of Maharaja Ranjit Singh , decorated the Akal Takht with gold and is responsible for adding the golden dome at the top of the edifice. Maharaja Ranjit Singh's revamping of the building in the first half of
3763-515: The next in line, was put under house arrest in the Burj Gianian, but later escaped to Ludhiana with his three brothers. He returned after some time and won against the Dogras in court over the right to the Burj, though he was not able to recover the other three Bungas/Baradari around the complex due to the Anglo-Sikh Wars . The influence of the Giani Samparda decreased during this time, as did
3834-518: The patronage of Santa Singh was demolished in January 1986. Santa Singh was excommunicated from the Sikh religion in the aftermath by the Akal Takht's clergy as punishment for violating "Sikh maryada". However, Santa Singh rejoined the religion officially in March 2001. Originally, wall paintings had existed on the first and second stories of the building. Kanwarjit Singh Kang dates the execution of
3905-568: The present form of Ludhiana. The Lodhi Fort , or " Purana Qila ", is the only surviving structure in the city from this period; located in the neighbourhood of Fatehgarh , it was well-maintained under Ranjit Singh and the British after him, but then fell into disrepair. It was declared a state-protected monument in December 2013. The Semi Centennial Celebration of the American Presbyterian Lodiana Mission
3976-461: The present-day structure is designed differently from the original one. A kar seva group leader, Jagtar Singh (Dera Baba), was responsible for the renovations of the structure under the instruction of the SGPC. Enamel paint was apparently used in the present structure, Amrik Singh claims only water-based paints were used and they did not fade for over five years. The fresco work of the present structure
4047-415: The rebuilding. The government-sponsored rebuilding was swift, with it being completed in one and a half months. A contract had been given to a private company, Skipper Builders, operated by Tejwant Singh, for the reconstruction effort. Santa Singh defended his actions by saying the Akal Takht's Jathedar, clergy, and the SGPC had not opposed Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale holing himself and his supporters up in
4118-427: The retrieved stolen horses, Dilbagh and Gulbagh, to Guru Hargobind. Bhagat Kabir was depicted in the fourth mural taking care of daily chores alongside his family, Bhagat Sain in the fifth is depicted alongside Raja Rana, and saint Dharuva in the sixth. The seventh panel portrayed Krishna eating rice that was offered by his childhood friend, Sudama . The eighth panel depicted Rama seated alongside Sita on
4189-480: The second-story, three of them depicted themes related to Guru Hargobind. The first was the Guru meeting with Sri Chand, son of Guru Nanak. In this mural was also depicted the five children of the sixth guru, them namely being: Gurditta , Ani Rai, Suraj Mal, Atal Rai, and Tyag Mal (later Guru Tegh Bahadur). The second mural panel depicted a scene of Guru Hargobind listening to music being performed by instrumentalists. The third panel depicted Bidhi Chand presenting
4260-413: The shrine would not last very long, since they used artificially-sourced pigments and non-traditional methods, as opposed to the naturally-sourced pigments used by the traditional Sikh art school. Amrik Singh, the SGPC supervisor of the kar seva renovations at the Akal Takht, claims the new methods are better than the traditional methods and that the older methods are "impracticable". He further claims that
4331-464: The sixth Sikh Guru built a 9-foot-high concrete slab. When Guru Hargobind revealed the platform on 15 June 1606, he put on two swords : one indicated his spiritual authority ( piri ) and the other, his temporal authority ( miri ). According to Kanwarjit Singh Kang, the platform raised by Guru Hargobind was built in 1609, a later dating. The first-ever structure erected on the premises was an open brick platform consecrated by Guru Hargobind. Later,
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#17327729606514402-474: The structure. Buta Singh had approached many Sikh groups to gain their support in the kar seva work but all of them refused to work with the government on the reconstruction work unless government forces vacate from the shrine's premises. However, Santa Singh, alongside Narain Singh, decided to convene a Sarbat Khalsa on 11 August 1984, where it was decided that Santa Singh and his faction of Sikhs would assist with
4473-470: The use of synthetic and bright colours, which he decried as being alien to the traditional Sikh school of art. 31°37′14″N 74°52′31″E / 31.62056°N 74.87528°E / 31.62056; 74.87528 Ludhiana Ludhiana ( Punjabi: [lʊ́d̪ɪˈäːɳäː] ) is the most populous city in the Indian state of Punjab . The city has an estimated population of 1,618,879 as of
4544-404: The various Bungas, Burjs, or Sarais, was personal or community-based, this one was private property. They were centers of learning, places for religious and socio-political discourse, and also provided residential accommodation for pilgrims. Bunga Shahbadian of Karam Singh Nirmala was among the earliest structures built. This was the place where Giani Soorat Singh first arrived and stayed to serve as
4615-427: The wall paintings to the mid-19th century. Of the frescoes dating to the middle of the 19th century that once embellished the walls of the edifice, only 10 fresco panels survived by 1971. These frescoes had survived painted on the walls of the second-story of the structure. Their colours had been bleached and portions of the plaster at various places was peeling-off. Of the ten surviving murals documented in 1971 on
4686-590: The worst air pollution problems in India since 2011, with particulate matter being over six times the World Health Organization recommended standard, making it the 13th most polluted city in the world. Industrial water pollution is also of significant concern in portions of Ludhiana, notably along the Budha Dariya . Ludhiana has been ranked 31st best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India. As per
4757-409: Was a student of his, and so was his father, Maha Singh . Most Misl rulers sent their first-in-line to the throne to the Burj Gianian for religious studies, even three successive Jathedars of the Akal Takht , Phula Singh , Hanuman Singh and Prehlad Singh , had been sent to the Burj Gianian. The site was built in 1778 by Giani Soorat Singh, it was two storied with a large embroidered rooftop and had
4828-415: Was heavily damaged during this operation by the Indian Army. Bhindranwale was killed in action during an exchange of fire between the armed Militants and the Indian Army. After Operation Blue Star, the Akal Takht was rebuilt by the Jathedar of Budha Dal, Baba Santa Singh . Santa Singh had been approached by Buta Singh (the then union home minister, dispatched by Indira Gandhi) for the purpose of rebuilding
4899-406: Was held in Ludhiana from 3–7 December 1884. Ludhiana's Old City includes landmarks like the Lodhi Fort, Daresi Grounds, The Clock Tower, & Sood Family Haveli. Ludhiana is located at 30°54′N 75°51′E / 30.9°N 75.85°E / 30.9; 75.85 . It has an average elevation of 244 metres (801 ft). Ludhiana City, to its residents, consists of the Old City and
4970-407: Was mostly carried out by the artist Harbhajan Singh, who also had helped retouch frescoes located in the Golden Temple shrine. However, Sukhdev Singh, the state convener of INTACH (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage) requested that all the kar seva renovators use "old materials and styles, in consonance with what is in the sanctum sanctorum of the Golden Temple". He further criticized
5041-489: Was produced here- the Gurpratap Suraj Prakash Granth. Giani Gurmukh Singh continued this tradition and became a Court Granthi of the Sikh Raj, but when the Dogras started gaining more power he had tried to wrestle with the traitors including Bhai Ram Singh, Dhian Singh Dogra , Pandit Jalla and Hira Singh Dogra. He had assassinated Dhian Singh Dogra for treachery against the Khalsa and was supported by his father's student, Bhai Bir Singh Naurangabad. Giani Gurmukh Singh also built
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