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55-560: [REDACTED] Look up c-note in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. C-Note may refer to: C-Note (album) , an album by the musician Prince C-Note (band) , an Orlando boy band C-Note (rapper) , an American rapper C-note (bill) , slang for the United States one-hundred-dollar bill C (musical note) , the first note of the C major scale C-Note ( Prison Break ) ,

110-493: A gold alloy. The B thumb keys typically have flat springs. Phosphor bronze is by far the most common material for needle springs because it is relatively inexpensive, makes a good spring, and is resistant to corrosion. Unfortunately, it is prone to metal fatigue. Stainless steel also makes a good spring and is resistant to corrosion. Gold springs are found mostly in high-end flutes because of gold's cost. An early version of Antonio Vivaldi 's La tempesta di mare flute concerto

165-507: A character in Prison Break cNote (film) , an animated short by Christopher Hinton The C Note , an episode of Recess "C Note", an instrumental by Body Count from Body Count See also [ edit ] Lil' C-Note, a stage name of Carlon Jeffery Lil C-Note, a stage name of Corey Jackson (rapper) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

220-601: A factory-trained technician. Student flutes are more likely to have pads bedded in thicker materials like wax or hot-melt glue. Larger-sized closed-hole pads are also held in with screws and washers. Synthetic pads appear more water-resistant but may be susceptible to mechanical failure (cracking). The keys can be made of the same or different metals as the tubing, nickel silver keys with silver tubing, for example. Flute key axles (or "steels") are typically made of drill rod or stainless steel. These mechanisms need periodic disassembly, cleaning, and relubrication, typically performed by

275-501: A fully chromatic scale. The player, by opening and closing holes, adjusts the effective length of the tube, and thus the rate of oscillation, which defines the audible pitch. In the 1950s, Albert Cooper modified the Boehm flute to make playing modern music easier. The flute was tuned to A440, and the embouchure hole was cut in a new way to change the timbre . These flutes became the most used flutes by professionals and amateurs. In

330-414: A half octaves starting from the note C 4 ( middle C ). The flute's highest pitch is usually given as C 7 or (in more modern flute literature) D 7 . More experienced flautists are able to reach up to F ♯ 7 , but notes above D 7 are difficult to produce. Modern flutes may have a longer foot joint, a B-footjoint , with an extra key to reach B 3 . From high to low, the members of

385-406: A particular shape amongst manufacturers. Acoustic impedance of the embouchure hole appears to be the most critical parameter. Critical variables affecting this acoustic impedance include: chimney length (the hole between lip-plate and head tube), chimney diameter, and radiuses or curvature of the ends of the chimney. Generally, the shorter the hole, the more quickly a flute can be played; the longer

440-553: A trained technician, for optimal performance. James Phelan, a flute maker and engineer, recommends single-weight motor oil (SAE 20 or 30) as a key lubricant demonstrating superior performance and reduced wear, in preference to commercial key oils). The keywork is constructed by lost-wax castings and machining, with mounting posts and ribs silver-soldered to the tube. On the best flutes, the castings are forged to increase their strength. Most keys have needle springs made of phosphor bronze , stainless steel , beryllium copper , or

495-564: Is called a “flautist” in British English , and a “flutist” in American English . This type of flute is used in many ensembles, including concert bands , military bands , marching bands , orchestras , flute ensembles , and occasionally jazz bands and big bands . Other flutes in this family include the piccolo , the alto flute , and the bass flute . A large repertory of works has been composed for flute. The flute

550-399: Is more complex than a truncated cone. The head joint is the most difficult part to construct because the lip plate and tone hole have critical dimensions, edges, and angles that vary slightly between manufacturers and in individual flutes, especially where they are handmade. Head joint geometry appears particularly critical to acoustic performance and tone, but there is no clear consensus on

605-544: Is one of the oldest and most widely used wind instruments. The precursors of the modern concert flute were keyless wooden transverse flutes similar to modern fifes . These were later modified to include between one and eight keys for chromatic notes. "Six-finger" D is the most common pitch for keyless wooden transverse flutes, which continue to be used today, particularly in Irish traditional music and historically informed performances of early music, including Baroque . During

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660-602: Is only made by the Brannen Brothers and Miyazawa Flutes. The flute is a transverse (or side-blown) woodwind instrument that is closed at the blown end. It is played by blowing a stream of air over the embouchure hole. The pitch is changed by opening or closing keys that cover circular tone holes (there are typically 16 tone holes). Opening and closing the holes produces higher and lower pitches. Higher pitches can also be achieved through over-blowing, like most other woodwind instruments. The direction and intensity of

715-422: Is reported that old Louis Lot French flutes have a particular sound by nature of their specific silver alloy. Gold/silver flutes are even more expensive. They can be either gold on the inside and silver on the outside, or vice versa. All-gold and all-platinum flutes also exist. Flutes can also be made out of wood, with African blackwood (grenadilla or Dalbergia melanoxylon ) being the most common today. Cocuswood

770-422: Is sealed by a cork (or plug that may be made out of various plastics, metals, or less commonly woods). It is possible to make fine adjustments to tuning by adjusting the headjoint cork, but usually it is left in the factory-recommended position around 17.3 mm (0.68 in) from the centre of the embouchure hole for best scale. Gross, temporary adjustments of pitch are made by moving the headjoint in and out of

825-408: The contra-alto flute (pitched in G, one octave below the alto), the subcontrabass flute (pitched in G, two octaves below the alto), and the double contrabass flute (pitched in C, one octave below the contrabass). The flute sizes other than the concert flute and piccolo are sometimes called harmony flutes . Concert flutes have three parts: the headjoint , body , and foot joint . The headjoint

880-423: The grand staff , middle C is notated with a ledger line above the top line of the bass staff or below the bottom line of the treble staff . Alternatively, it is written on the centre line of a staff using the alto clef , or on the fourth line from the bottom, or the second line from the top, of staves using the tenor clef . In vocal music, the term High C (sometimes called Top C ) can refer to either

935-469: The tenor voice. However, flutes varied greatly in size and range. This made transposition necessary, which led flautists to use Guidonian hexachords (used by singers and other musicians since their introduction in the 11th century) to transpose music more easily. During the 16th and early 17th centuries in Europe, the transverse flute was available in several sizes, in effect forming a consort in much

990-487: The "crutch" for the left hand and almost universal adoption of Briccialdi's thumb key mechanism and a closed-standing G ♯ key over an additional G ♯ tone hole. Boehm's key system , with minor variations, remains regarded as the most effective system of any modern woodwind, allowing trained instrumentalists to perform with facility and extraordinary velocity and brilliance in all keys. The modern flute has three octaves plus C 7 –C ♯ 7 –D 7 in

1045-410: The 1930s, he made one wooden flute to every 100 silver flutes. Unusual tubing materials include glass , carbon fiber , and palladium . Professionals tend to play more expensive flutes. However, the idea that different materials can significantly affect sound quality is under some contention, and some argue that different metals make less difference in sound quality than different flautists playing

1100-705: The 1940s. Since Theobald Boehm's fingering is used in saxophones as well as in concert flutes, many flute players "double" on saxophone for jazz and small ensembles and vice versa. Since 1950, a number of notable performers have used flutes in jazz. Frank Foster and Frank Wess ( Basie band ), Jerome Richardson ( Jones/Lewis big band ) and Lew Tabackin ( Akiyoshi/Tabackin big band ) used flutes in big band contexts. In small band contexts, notable performers included Bud Shank , Herbie Mann , Yusef Lateef , Mélanie De Biasio , Joe Farrell , Rahsaan Roland Kirk , Charles Lloyd , Hubert Laws and Moe Koffman . Several modal jazz and avant-garde jazz performers have utilized

1155-425: The 1980s, Johan Brögger modified the Boehm flute by fixing two major problems that had existed for nearly 150 years: maladjustment between certain keys and problems between the G and B ♭ keys. The result was non-rotating shafts, which gave a quieter sound and less friction on moving parts. Also, the modifications allowed for springs to be adjusted individually, and the flute was strengthened. The Brögger flute

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1210-580: The Baroque era the traditional transverse flute was redesigned and eventually developed as the modern traverso . Throughout the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries, transverse flutes were very uncommon in Europe, with the recorder being more prominent. The transverse flute arrived in Europe from Asia via the Byzantine Empire , where it migrated to Germany and France. These flutes became known as "German flutes" to distinguish them from others, such as

1265-402: The acoustical structure of the tube remains almost exactly as he designed it. Major innovations were the change to metal instead of wood, large straight tube bore, "parabolic" tapered headjoint bore, very large tone holes covered by keys, and the linked key system, which simplified fingering somewhat. The most substantial departures from Boehm's original description are the universal elimination of

1320-465: The airstream also affects the pitch, timbre, and dynamics. The piccolo is also commonly used in Western orchestras and bands. Alto flutes , pitched a fourth below the standard flute, and bass flutes , an octave below, are also used occasionally. The standard concert flute, also called C flute , Boehm flute , silver flute , or simply flute , is pitched in C and has a potential range of three and

1375-507: The ancient holed flute. Patented in 1897, the Giorgi flute was designed without any mechanical keys, though the patent allows for the addition of keys as options. Giorgi enabled the performer to play equally true in all musical keys, as does the Boehm system. Giorgi flutes are now rarities, found in museums and private collections. The underlying principles of both flute patterns are virtually identical, with tone holes spaced as required to produce

1430-407: The concert flute family include the following: Each of the above instruments has its own range. The piccolo reads music in C (like the standard flute), but sounds one octave higher. The alto flute is in the key of G, and the low register extends to the G below middle C; its highest note is a high G (4 ledger lines above the treble staff). The bass flute is an octave lower than the concert flute, and

1485-413: The contrabass flute is an octave lower than the bass flute. Less commonly seen flutes include the treble flute in G, pitched one octave higher than the alto flute; soprano flute, between the treble and concert; and tenor flute or flûte d'amour in B ♭ , A or A ♭ pitched between the concert and alto. Flutes pitched lower than the bass flute were developed in the 20th century. These include

1540-513: The easily confused scientific pitch . Middle C (the fourth C key from left on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is designated C 4 in scientific pitch notation , c ′ in Helmholtz pitch notation , and note number 60 in the MIDI standard. While the expression middle C is generally clear across instruments and clefs, some musicians naturally use the term to refer to the C note in

1595-462: The flute are found. Beginning in the 1470s, a military revival in Europe led to a revival in the flute. The Swiss army used flutes for signalling, and this helped the flute spread to all of Europe. In the late 16th century, flutes began to appear in court and theatre music (predecessors of the orchestra), and the first flute solos. Following the 16th-century court music, flutes began appearing in chamber ensembles . These flutes were often used as

1650-473: The flute began to change as well. During the Renaissance and Medieval eras, the flute was often only used in ensembles and group performances. With the onset of the Baroque era, the traverso began to take on a role as a soloist . In the Baroque era, composers began to write more music for the flute, such as operas , ballets , chamber music , and even solos. The first written work for the solo traverso

1705-629: The flute in pop and rock songs include The Moody Blues , Chicago , Australian groups Men at Work and King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard , the Canadian progressive rock group Harmonium , Dutch bands Focus and early Golden Earring , and the British groups Traffic , Genesis , Gong (although its flautist/saxophonist Didier Malherbe was French), Hawkwind , King Crimson , Camel , and Van der Graaf Generator . American singer Lizzo

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1760-500: The flute including Eric Dolphy , Sam Rivers and James Spaulding . Jethro Tull is probably the best-known rock group to make regular use of the flute, which is played by its frontman, Ian Anderson . An alto flute is briefly heard in The Beatles song " You've Got to Hide Your Love Away ", played by John Scott. The Beatles would later feature a flute more prominently in their single " Penny Lane ". Other groups that have used

1815-434: The fourth octave. Many modern composers used the high D ♯ 7 and, while such extremes are not commonly used, the modern flute can produce even higher notes. The Meyer flute was a popular flute in the mid 19th century. Including and derived from the instruments built by H.F. Meyer from 1850 to the late 1890s, it could have up to 12 keys and was built with head joints of either metal-lined ivory or wood. The final form

1870-406: The headjoint tenon. The flautist makes fine or rapid adjustments of pitch and timbre by adjusting the embouchure and/or position of the flute in relation to himself or herself, i.e., side and out. The head-joint tube is tapered slightly towards the closed end. Theobald Boehm described the shape of the taper as parabolic. Examination of his flutes did not reveal a true parabolic curve, but the taper

1925-869: The hole, the more complex the tone. Finding a particularly good example of a flute is dependent on play-testing. Head joint upgrades are usually suggested as a way to improve the tone of an instrument. Cheaper student models may be purchased with a curved head to allow younger children with shorter arms to play them. Less expensive flutes are usually constructed of brass , polished and then silver-plated and lacquered to prevent corrosion , or silver-plated nickel silver (nickel-bronze bell metal , 63% Cu , 29% Zn , 5.5% Ni , 1.25% Ag , .75% Pb , alloyed As , Sb , Fe , Sn ). Flutes that are more expensive are usually made of more precious metals, most commonly solid sterling silver (92.5% silver), and other alloys including French silver (95% silver, 5% copper), " coin silver " (90% silver), or Britannia silver (95.8% silver). It

1980-433: The middle of their specific instrument's range. C 4 (approximately 261.626 Hz ) may be called Low C by someone playing a Western concert flute , which has a higher and narrower playing range than the piano, while C 5 (523.251 Hz) would be middle C. This practice has led some to encourage standardizing on C 4 as the definitive middle C in instructional materials across all instruments. On

2035-404: The note one octave below middle C. In older stoplists it usually means that a rank was not yet full compass, omitting the bottom octave, until that octave was added later on. Western concert flute The Western concert flute is a family of transverse (side-blown) woodwind instruments made of metal or wood. It is the most common variant of the flute . A musician who plays the flute

2090-410: The orchestra. Additionally, when compared to the modern flute, the baroque flute requires the player to adjust with each note in order to make sure it is in tune. More adjustments are needed when playing notes outside of the D major scale. The flutist can change this pitch through small adjustments in the mouth and by turning the flute towards or away from the player. This need for continued adjustment

2145-456: The recorder. The flute became used in court music, along with the viol , and was used in secular music , although only in France and Germany. It would not spread to the rest of Europe for nearly a century. The first literary appearance of the transverse flute was made in 1285 by Adenet le Roi in a list of instruments he played. After this, a period of 70 years follows in which few references to

2200-567: The same flute. Even Verne Q. Powell , a flute-maker, admitted (in Needed: A Gold Flute or a Gold Lip? ) that "As far as tone is concerned, I contend that 90 percent of it is the man behind the flute". Most metal flutes are made of alloys that contain significant amounts of copper or silver. These alloys are biostatic because of the oligodynamic effect and thus suppress growth of unpleasant molds , fungi, and bacteria. Good quality flutes are designed to prevent or reduce galvanic corrosion between

2255-519: The same way recorders and other instruments were used in consorts. At this stage, the transverse flute was usually made in one section (or two for the larger sizes) and had a cylindrical bore. As a result, this flute had a rather soft sound and was used primarily in the "soft consort". During the Baroque period, the transverse flute was redesigned. Now often called the traverso (from the Italian), it

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2310-472: The soprano's C 6 (1046.502 Hz; c ′ ′ ′ in Helmholtz notation) or the tenor's C 5 ; soprano written as the C two ledger lines above the treble clef, with the tenor voice the space above concert A, sung an octave lower. Sometimes written with “8v” below the treble, to represent the octave (8 tones in a major scale). Tenor C is an organ builder 's term for small C or C 3 (130.813 Hz),

2365-637: The study of the Baroque flute. In 1707, Jacques Martin Hotteterre wrote the first method book on playing the flute: Principes de la flûte traversière . The 1730s brought an increase in operatic and chamber music feature of flutes. The end of this era found the publication of Essay of a Method of Playing the Transverse Flute by Quantz . When compared to the modern flute, the Baroque flute requires less airflow, and produces much softer, mellower sounds: often blending in with other instruments in

2420-471: The term Do is used interchangeably with C only in the context of fixed Do solfège ; in the movable Do system Do refers to the tonic of the prevailing key . Historically, concert pitch has varied. For an instrument in equal temperament tuned to the A440 pitch standard widely adopted in 1939, middle C has a frequency around 261.63 Hz (for other notes see piano key frequencies ). Scientific pitch

2475-458: The title C-Note . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C-Note&oldid=1240887718 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages C (musical note) In English

2530-423: The tube and key mechanism. Tone holes are stopped by pads constructed of fish skin (gold-beater's skin) over felt or silicone rubber on some very low-cost or "ruggedized" flutes. Accurate shimming of pads on professional flutes to ensure pad sealing is very demanding of technician time. In the traditional method, pads are seated on paper shims sealed with shellac . A recent development is "precision" pads fitted by

2585-523: The two body pieces (upper-body and lower-body) each contain three equally sized finger holes. There is one key on the baroque flute and it is on the foot-joint. This key is usually made out of metal . The traverso was made with a variety of materials including various types of wood, most often boxwood, as well as ivory and metal. While very few flutes remain from the Renaissance and Medieval eras, many Baroque flutes have been preserved. The role of

2640-524: The world playing music using Baroque instruments and performance techniques. In the nineteenth century, the great flautist, composer, acoustician, and silversmith Theobald Boehm began to make flutes. Keys were added to the flute, and the taper was changed to strengthen its lower register. The dimensions and key system of the modern western concert flute and its close relatives are strongly influenced by Boehm's design, which he patented in 1847. Minor additions to and variations on his key system are common, but

2695-507: Was a combination of a traditional keyed flute and the Viennese flute, and became the most common throughout Europe and America . This form had 12 keys, a body of wood, a head joint of metal and ivory, and was common at the end of the century. Quite at the opposite end of the spectrum, in terms of the complexity of the key system developed by Boehm, was the Giorgi flute , an advanced form of

2750-463: Was a piece written by Michael de la Barre entitled “Pièces pour la flute traversiere avec la basse-continue” in 1702. Other notable baroque flute composers include, Praetorius , Schütz , Rebillé , Quantz , J.S Bach , Telemann , Blavet , Vivaldi , Hotteterre , Handel and Frederick the Great . Aside from the composition of new music, several books were published during this time that dove into

2805-517: Was alleviated with the creation of more modern flutes. With the onset of the Romantic era , flutes began to lose favor: symphony orchestras rather featured brass and strings . However, the 21st century has brought a rise in the popularity of the Baroque flute, most notably led by flutist Barthold Kuijken , and others such as Frans Bruggen , Emi Ferguson , Peter Holtslag . These baroque flutists perform in popular Baroque orchestras that travel

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2860-470: Was formerly used, but this is hard to obtain today. Wooden flutes were far more common before the early 20th century. The silver flute was introduced by Boehm in 1847, but did not become common until later in the 20th century. William S. Haynes , a flute manufacturer in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, told Georges Barrère that in 1905 he made one silver flute to every 100 wooden flutes, but in

2915-416: Was made in three or four sections or joints (the head, upper-body, lower-body and foot joint). Additionally, the traverso was made with a conical bore from the head joint down. This conical bore design gave the flute a wider range and more penetrating sound without sacrificing the softer, expressive qualities. The head joint of the traverso contains one embouchure hole across which air is blown. Additionally,

2970-548: Was originally proposed in 1713 by French physicist Joseph Sauveur and based on the numerically convenient frequency of 256 Hz for middle C, all C's being powers of two . After the A440 pitch standard was adopted by musicians, the Acoustical Society of America published new frequency tables for scientific use. A movement to restore the older A435 standard has used the banners "Verdi tuning", "philosophical pitch" or

3025-427: Was possibly written around 1713–1716, and would thus have been the first concerto for the instrument, as well as the earliest scoring of a high F 6 , a problematic note for the Baroque flute of that period. Flutes were rarely used in early jazz . Drummer and bandleader Chick Webb was among the first to use flutes in jazz, beginning in the late 1930s. Frank Wess was among the first noteworthy flautists in jazz, in

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