Misplaced Pages

#271728

61-862: The City Museum is a cultural history museum. It displays Gothenburg and West Sweden's history, from the Viking Age to the present day. There is a permanent exhibition about the Swedish East India Company . The museum was founded in the East India House in 1861. Modelled on the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, it initially comprised natural history, art and books and covered art, science and industry. Its founders were Sven Adolf Hedlund, AF Ericsson, August Malm and Victor von Gegerfelt. The merchant John West Wilson paid for

122-533: A subconscious and instinctive level. Social perception is the part of perception that allows people to understand the individuals and groups of their social world. Thus, it is an element of social cognition . Speech perception is the process by which spoken language is heard, interpreted and understood. Research in this field seeks to understand how human listeners recognize the sound of speech (or phonetics ) and use such information to understand spoken language. Listeners manage to perceive words across

183-535: A discipline. Cultural history studies and interprets the record of human societies by denoting the various distinctive ways of living built up by a group of people under consideration. Cultural history involves the aggregate of past cultural activity, such as ceremony , class in practices, and the interaction with locales. It combines the approaches of anthropology and history to examine popular cultural traditions and cultural interpretations of historical experience. Many current cultural historians claim it to be

244-695: A fourth wing which opened in May 1891 shortly after his death. At the time of the Gothenburg Exhibition in 1923 the city's collections were split in two, with the art housed in the Gothenburg Museum of Art and the rest in the Gothenburg Natrual History Museum. Between 1993 and 1996, several of the city's museums on archaeology, general history and the history of industry, education and theatre merged to form

305-549: A new approach, but cultural history was already referred to by nineteenth-century historians, notably the Swiss scholar of Renaissance history Jacob Burckhardt . Cultural history overlaps in its approaches with the French movements of histoire des mentalités (Philippe Poirrier, 2004) and the so-called new history, and in the U.S. it is closely associated with the field of American studies . As originally conceived and practiced in

366-622: A particular phenomenon relates to matters of ideology , nationality , ethnicity , social class , and/or gender . The term was coined by Richard Hoggart in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies . It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall , who succeeded Hoggart as Director. The BBC has produced and broadcast a number of educational television programmes on different aspects of human cultural history: in 1969 Civilisation , in 1973 The Ascent of Man , in 1985 The Triumph of

427-466: A percept and rarely does a single stimulus translate into a percept. An ambiguous stimulus may sometimes be transduced into one or more percepts, experienced randomly, one at a time, in a process termed multistable perception . The same stimuli, or absence of them, may result in different percepts depending on subject's culture and previous experiences. Ambiguous figures demonstrate that a single stimulus can result in more than one percept. For example,

488-454: A person's concepts and expectations (or knowledge ) with restorative and selective mechanisms, such as attention , that influence perception. Perception depends on complex functions of the nervous system , but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside conscious awareness . Since the rise of experimental psychology in the 19th century, psychology's understanding of perception has progressed by combining

549-410: A physical standpoint. Smell is also a very interactive sense as scientists have begun to observe that olfaction comes into contact with the other sense in unexpected ways. It is also the most primal of the senses, as it is known to be the first indicator of safety or danger, therefore being the sense that drives the most basic of human survival skills. As such, it can be a catalyst for human behavior on

610-556: A telephone" is the percept. The different kinds of sensation (such as warmth, sound, and taste) are called sensory modalities or stimulus modalities . Psychologist Jerome Bruner developed a model of perception, in which people put "together the information contained in" a target and a situation to form "perceptions of ourselves and others based on social categories." This model is composed of three states: According to Alan Saks and Gary Johns, there are three components to perception: Stimuli are not necessarily translated into

671-487: A variety of techniques. Psychophysics quantitatively describes the relationships between the physical qualities of the sensory input and perception. Sensory neuroscience studies the neural mechanisms underlying perception. Perceptual systems can also be studied computationally , in terms of the information they process. Perceptual issues in philosophy include the extent to which sensory qualities such as sound , smell or color exist in objective reality rather than in

SECTION 10

#1732772866272

732-494: A wide range of conditions, as the sound of a word can vary widely according to words that surround it and the tempo of the speech, as well as the physical characteristics, accent , tone , and mood of the speaker. Reverberation , signifying the persistence of sound after the sound is produced, can also have a considerable impact on perception. Experiments have shown that people automatically compensate for this effect when hearing speech. The process of perceiving speech begins at

793-428: A word with a cough-like sound. His subjects restored the missing speech sound perceptually without any difficulty. Moreover, they were not able to accurately identify which phoneme had even been disturbed. Facial perception refers to cognitive processes specialized in handling human faces (including perceiving the identity of an individual) and facial expressions (such as emotional cues.) The somatosensory cortex

854-453: Is active exploration . The concept of haptic perception is related to the concept of extended physiological proprioception according to which, when using a tool such as a stick, perceptual experience is transparently transferred to the end of the tool. Taste (formally known as gustation ) is the ability to perceive the flavor of substances, including, but not limited to, food . Humans receive tastes through sensory organs concentrated on

915-456: Is a measurable difference between the making of a decision and the feeling of agency. Through methods such as the Libet experiment , a gap of half a second or more can be detected from the time when there are detectable neurological signs of a decision having been made to the time when the subject actually becomes conscious of the decision. There are also experiments in which an illusion of agency

976-458: Is a part of the brain that receives and encodes sensory information from receptors of the entire body. Affective touch is a type of sensory information that elicits an emotional reaction and is usually social in nature. Such information is actually coded differently than other sensory information. Though the intensity of affective touch is still encoded in the primary somatosensory cortex, the feeling of pleasantness associated with affective touch

1037-439: Is activated more in the anterior cingulate cortex . Increased blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast imaging, identified during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), shows that signals in the anterior cingulate cortex, as well as the prefrontal cortex , are highly correlated with pleasantness scores of affective touch. Inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the primary somatosensory cortex inhibits

1098-434: Is exploited in human technologies such as camouflage and biological mimicry . For example, the wings of European peacock butterflies bear eyespots that birds respond to as though they were the eyes of a dangerous predator. There is also evidence that the brain in some ways operates on a slight "delay" in order to allow nerve impulses from distant parts of the body to be integrated into simultaneous signals. Perception

1159-505: Is induced in psychologically normal subjects. In 1999, psychologists Wegner and Wheatley gave subjects instructions to move a mouse around a scene and point to an image about once every thirty seconds. However, a second person—acting as a test subject but actually a confederate—had their hand on the mouse at the same time, and controlled some of the movement. Experimenters were able to arrange for subjects to perceive certain "forced stops" as if they were their own choice. Recognition memory

1220-501: Is needed to associate the feeling with a specific source. Sexual stimulation is any stimulus (including bodily contact) that leads to, enhances, and maintains sexual arousal , possibly even leading to orgasm . Distinct from the general sense of touch , sexual stimulation is strongly tied to hormonal activity and chemical triggers in the body. Although sexual arousal may arise without physical stimulation , achieving orgasm usually requires physical sexual stimulation (stimulation of

1281-450: Is not necessarily uni-directional. Higher-level language processes connected with morphology , syntax , and/or semantics may also interact with basic speech perception processes to aid in recognition of speech sounds. It may be the case that it is not necessary (maybe not even possible) for a listener to recognize phonemes before recognizing higher units, such as words. In an experiment, professor Richard M. Warren replaced one phoneme of

SECTION 20

#1732772866272

1342-462: Is often characterized as replacing the allegedly dominant, allegedly Marxist , "social interpretation" which locates the causes of the Revolution in class dynamics. The revisionist approach has tended to put more emphasis on " political culture ". Reading ideas of political culture through Habermas' conception of the public sphere, historians of the Revolution in the past few decades have looked at

1403-429: Is one of the oldest fields in psychology. The oldest quantitative laws in psychology are Weber's law , which states that the smallest noticeable difference in stimulus intensity is proportional to the intensity of the reference; and Fechner's law , which quantifies the relationship between the intensity of the physical stimulus and its perceptual counterpart (e.g., testing how much darker a computer screen can get before

1464-444: Is rich enough to make this process unnecessary. The perceptual systems of the brain enable individuals to see the world around them as stable, even though the sensory information is typically incomplete and rapidly varying. Human and other animal brains are structured in a modular way , with different areas processing different kinds of sensory information. Some of these modules take the form of sensory maps , mapping some aspect of

1525-403: Is sometimes divided into two functions by neuroscientists: familiarity and recollection . A strong sense of familiarity can occur without any recollection, for example in cases of deja vu . The temporal lobe (specifically the perirhinal cortex ) responds differently to stimuli that feel novel compared to stimuli that feel familiar. Firing rates in the perirhinal cortex are connected with

1586-401: Is the process of absorbing molecules through olfactory organs , which are absorbed by humans through the nose . These molecules diffuse through a thick layer of mucus ; come into contact with one of thousands of cilia that are projected from sensory neurons; and are then absorbed into a receptor (one of 347 or so). It is this process that causes humans to understand the concept of smell from

1647-746: The Internet (culture of capitalism ). Its modern approaches come from art history , Annales , Marxist school, microhistory and new cultural history. Common theoretical touchstones for recent cultural history have included: Jürgen Habermas 's formulation of the public sphere in The Structural Transformation of the Bourgeois Public Sphere ; Clifford Geertz 's notion of ' thick description ' (expounded in The Interpretation of Cultures ); and

1708-464: The Rubin vase can be interpreted either as a vase or as two faces. The percept can bind sensations from multiple senses into a whole. A picture of a talking person on a television screen, for example, is bound to the sound of speech from speakers to form a percept of a talking person. In many ways, vision is the primary human sense. Light is taken in through each eye and focused in a way which sorts it on

1769-508: The sensory system . Vision involves light striking the retina of the eye ; smell is mediated by odor molecules ; and hearing involves pressure waves . Perception is not only the passive receipt of these signals , but it is also shaped by the recipient's learning , memory , expectation , and attention . Sensory input is a process that transforms this low-level information to higher-level information (e.g., extracts shapes for object recognition ). The following process connects

1830-433: The throat and lungs . In the case of visual perception, some people can see the percept shift in their mind's eye . Others, who are not picture thinkers , may not necessarily perceive the 'shape-shifting' as their world changes. This esemplastic nature has been demonstrated by an experiment that showed that ambiguous images have multiple interpretations on the perceptual level. The confusing ambiguity of perception

1891-663: The 'revisionist' approach retains the idea of the French Revolution as a watershed in the history of (so-called) modernity and that the problematic notion of modernity has itself attracted scant attention. Cultural studies is an academic discipline popular among a diverse group of scholars. It combines political economy , geography , sociology , social theory , literary theory , film/video studies , cultural anthropology , philosophy , and art history / criticism to study cultural phenomena in various societies. Cultural studies researchers often concentrate on how

Museum of Gothenburg - Misplaced Pages Continue

1952-567: The 19th century by Burckhardt, in relation to the Italian Renaissance , cultural history was oriented to the study of a particular historical period in its entirety, with regard not only to its painting, sculpture, and architecture, but to the economic basis underpinning society, and to the social institutions of its daily life. Echoes of Burkhardt's approach in the 20th century can be seen in Johan Huizinga 's The Waning of

2013-552: The Gothenburg City Museum. This article related to a museum in Sweden is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cultural history Cultural history records and interprets past events involving human beings through the social , cultural , and political milieu of or relating to the arts and manners that a group favors. Jacob Burckhardt (1818–1897) helped found cultural history as

2074-514: The Krause-Finger corpuscles found in erogenous zones of the body.) Other senses enable perception of body balance (vestibular sense ); acceleration , including gravity ; position of body parts (proprioception sense ). They can also enable perception of internal senses (interoception sense ), such as temperature, pain, suffocation , gag reflex , abdominal distension , fullness of rectum and urinary bladder , and sensations felt in

2135-804: The Middle Ages (1919). Most often the focus is on phenomena shared by non-elite groups in a society, such as: carnival , festival , and public rituals ; performance traditions of tale , epic , and other verbal forms; cultural evolutions in human relations (ideas, sciences, arts, techniques); and cultural expressions of social movements such as nationalism . Cultural history also examines main historical concepts as power , ideology , class , culture , cultural identity , attitude , race , perception and new historical methods as narration of body. Many studies consider adaptations of traditional culture to mass media (television, radio, newspapers, magazines, posters, etc.), from print to film and, now, to

2196-570: The West and in 2012 Andrew Marr's History of the World . Perception Perception (from Latin perceptio  'gathering, receiving') is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment. All perception involves signals that go through the nervous system , which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of

2257-407: The anomalous word, the human readers generated an event-related electrical potential alteration of their EEG at the left occipital-temporal channel, over the left occipital lobe and temporal lobe. Hearing (or audition ) is the ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations (i.e., sonic detection). Frequencies capable of being heard by humans are called audio or audible frequencies ,

2318-448: The brain proper via the optic nerve. The timing of perception of a visual event, at points along the visual circuit, have been measured. A sudden alteration of light at a spot in the environment first alters photoreceptor cells in the retina , which send a signal to the retina bipolar cell layer which, in turn, can activate a retinal ganglion neuron cell. A retinal ganglion cell is a bridging neuron that connects visual retinal input to

2379-441: The brain, the suprachiasmatic nucleus , is responsible for the circadian rhythm (commonly known as one's "internal clock"), while other cell clusters appear to be capable of shorter-range timekeeping, known as an ultradian rhythm . One or more dopaminergic pathways in the central nervous system appear to have a strong modulatory influence on mental chronometry , particularly interval timing. Sense of agency refers to

2440-539: The computationally complex task of separating out sources of interest, identifying them and often estimating their distance and direction. The process of recognizing objects through touch is known as haptic perception . It involves a combination of somatosensory perception of patterns on the skin surface (e.g., edges, curvature, and texture) and proprioception of hand position and conformation. People can rapidly and accurately identify three-dimensional objects by touch. This involves exploratory procedures, such as moving

2501-404: The fingers over the outer surface of the object or holding the entire object in the hand. Haptic perception relies on the forces experienced during touch. Professor Gibson defined the haptic system as "the sensibility of the individual to the world adjacent to his body by use of his body." Gibson and others emphasized the close link between body movement and haptic perception, where the latter

Museum of Gothenburg - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-543: The idea of memory as a cultural-historical category, as discussed in Paul Connerton 's How Societies Remember . The area where new-style cultural history is often pointed to as being almost a paradigm is the " revisionist " history of the French Revolution , dated somewhere since François Furet 's massively influential 1978 essay Interpreting the French Revolution . The "revisionist interpretation"

2623-425: The input energy into neural activity—a process called transduction . This raw pattern of neural activity is called the proximal stimulus . These neural signals are then transmitted to the brain and processed. The resulting mental re-creation of the distal stimulus is the percept . To explain the process of perception, an example could be an ordinary shoe. The shoe itself is the distal stimulus. When light from

2684-423: The level of the sound within the auditory signal and the process of audition . The initial auditory signal is compared with visual information—primarily lip movement—to extract acoustic cues and phonetic information. It is possible other sensory modalities are integrated at this stage as well. This speech information can then be used for higher-level language processes, such as word recognition . Speech perception

2745-447: The mind of the perceiver. Although people traditionally viewed the senses as passive receptors, the study of illusions and ambiguous images has demonstrated that the brain 's perceptual systems actively and pre-consciously attempt to make sense of their input. There is still active debate about the extent to which perception is an active process of hypothesis testing, analogous to science , or whether realistic sensory information

2806-536: The paradigmatic nature of the new history of the French Revolution. Colin Jones, for example, is no stranger to cultural history, Habermas , or Marxism, and has persistently argued that the Marxist interpretation is not dead, but can be revivified; after all, Habermas' logic was heavily indebted to a Marxist understanding. Meanwhile, Rebecca Spang has also recently argued that for all its emphasis on difference and newness,

2867-459: The perception of affective touch intensity, but not affective touch pleasantness. Therefore, the S1 is not directly involved in processing socially affective touch pleasantness, but still plays a role in discriminating touch location and intensity. Multi-modal perception refers to concurrent stimulation in more than one sensory modality and the effect such has on the perception of events and objects in

2928-453: The range of which is typically considered to be between 20  Hz and 20,000 Hz. Frequencies higher than audio are referred to as ultrasonic , while frequencies below audio are referred to as infrasonic . The auditory system includes the outer ears , which collect and filter sound waves; the middle ear , which transforms the sound pressure ( impedance matching ); and the inner ear , which produces neural signals in response to

2989-444: The retina according to direction of origin. A dense surface of photosensitive cells, including rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells captures information about the intensity, color, and position of incoming light. Some processing of texture and movement occurs within the neurons on the retina before the information is sent to the brain. In total, about 15 differing types of information are then forwarded to

3050-441: The role and position of cultural themes such as gender , ritual , and ideology in the context of pre-revolutionary French political culture. Historians who might be grouped under this umbrella are Roger Chartier , Robert Darnton , Patrice Higonnet , Lynn Hunt , Keith Baker, Joan Landes, Mona Ozouf, and Sarah Maza . Of course, these scholars all pursue fairly diverse interests, and perhaps too much emphasis has been placed on

3111-414: The same exploration behavior normally associated with novelty. Recent studies on lesions in the area concluded that rats with a damaged perirhinal cortex were still more interested in exploring when novel objects were present, but seemed unable to tell novel objects from familiar ones—they examined both equally. Thus, other brain regions are involved with noticing unfamiliarity, while the perirhinal cortex

SECTION 50

#1732772866272

3172-447: The sensation and flavor of food in the mouth. Other factors include smell , which is detected by the olfactory epithelium of the nose; texture , which is detected through a variety of mechanoreceptors , muscle nerves, etc.; and temperature, which is detected by thermoreceptors . All basic tastes are classified as either appetitive or aversive , depending upon whether the things they sense are harmful or beneficial. Smell

3233-418: The sense of familiarity in humans and other mammals. In tests, stimulating this area at 10–15 Hz caused animals to treat even novel images as familiar, and stimulation at 30–40 Hz caused novel images to be partially treated as familiar. In particular, stimulation at 30–40 Hz led to animals looking at a familiar image for longer periods, as they would for an unfamiliar one, though it did not lead to

3294-407: The shoe enters a person's eye and stimulates the retina, that stimulation is the proximal stimulus. The image of the shoe reconstructed by the brain of the person is the percept. Another example could be a ringing telephone. The ringing of the phone is the distal stimulus. The sound stimulating a person's auditory receptors is the proximal stimulus. The brain's interpretation of this as the "ringing of

3355-415: The sound. By the ascending auditory pathway these are led to the primary auditory cortex within the temporal lobe of the human brain, from where the auditory information then goes to the cerebral cortex for further processing. Sound does not usually come from a single source: in real situations, sounds from multiple sources and directions are superimposed as they arrive at the ears. Hearing involves

3416-436: The subjective feeling of having chosen a particular action. Some conditions, such as schizophrenia , can cause a loss of this sense, which may lead a person into delusions, such as feeling like a machine or like an outside source is controlling them. An opposite extreme can also occur, where people experience everything in their environment as though they had decided that it would happen. Even in non- pathological cases, there

3477-602: The upper surface of the tongue , called taste buds or gustatory calyculi . The human tongue has 100 to 150 taste receptor cells on each of its roughly-ten thousand taste buds. Traditionally, there have been four primary tastes: sweetness , bitterness , sourness , and saltiness . The recognition and awareness of umami , which is considered the fifth primary taste, is a relatively recent development in Western cuisine . Other tastes can be mimicked by combining these basic tastes, all of which contribute only partially to

3538-466: The visual processing centers within the central nervous system. Light-altered neuron activation occurs within about 5–20 milliseconds in a rabbit retinal ganglion, although in a mouse retinal ganglion cell the initial spike takes between 40 and 240 milliseconds before the initial activation. The initial activation can be detected by an action potential spike, a sudden spike in neuron membrane electric voltage. A perceptual visual event measured in humans

3599-428: The world across part of the brain's surface. These different modules are interconnected and influence each other. For instance, taste is strongly influenced by smell. The process of perception begins with an object in the real world, known as the distal stimulus or distal object . By means of light, sound, or another physical process, the object stimulates the body's sensory organs. These sensory organs transform

3660-443: The world. Chronoception refers to how the passage of time is perceived and experienced. Although the sense of time is not associated with a specific sensory system , the work of psychologists and neuroscientists indicates that human brains do have a system governing the perception of time, composed of a highly distributed system involving the cerebral cortex , cerebellum , and basal ganglia . One particular component of

3721-456: Was the presentation to individuals of an anomalous word. If these individuals are shown a sentence, presented as a sequence of single words on a computer screen, with a puzzling word out of place in the sequence, the perception of the puzzling word can register on an electroencephalogram (EEG). In an experiment, human readers wore an elastic cap with 64 embedded electrodes distributed over their scalp surface. Within 230 milliseconds of encountering

SECTION 60

#1732772866272
#271728