51-607: The Hirst Research Centre , also known as the GEC Hirst Research Centre or GEC Research Laboratories, was established in 1919 at Wembley, Middlesex, by the General Electric Company . Formally opened in 1923, the site at East Lane, Wembley was one of the first specialised industrial research laboratories to be built in Britain. The centre was named after Hugo Hirst , one of the founders of
102-630: A debt-for-equity swap , the firm's creditors received 99.5% of the new company's shares. In October 2003, the company announced that it intended to pursue listing on the Nasdaq . In 2005, the company failed to secure any part of BT's 21st Century Network (21CN) programme, surprising commentators and sending the company's shares tumbling. Before the announcement, the investment bank Dresdner Kleinwort had said, "[Marconi is] so advanced with its products and so entrenched with BT Group plc that its selection looks certain." Various bids were received for
153-489: A new joint venture, GEC-Alsthom. In May 1989, GEC-Alsthom bought British rail vehicle manufacturer Metro-Cammell . In early 1996, the Otis Elevator Company acquired The Express Lift Company from GEC. By the mid-1990s, GEC was making profits of £1 billion, had cash reserves of £3 billion, and was valued at £10 billion. The move towards electronics and modern technology, particularly in
204-593: A risky strategy of pursuing fast growth via rapid acquisition of numerous other companies, particularly within the United States. In February 1998, Marconi Instruments , the test equipment arm of GEC, was sold to IFR Systems . In March 1998, GEC announced the merger of its radar and avionics business with Alenia Difesa to form Alenia Marconi Systems . In June 1998, it completed the $ 1.4bn acquisition of major American defence contractor Tracor , which became part of MES. The same month, GEC sold its share of
255-538: A sector that proved to be immensely profitable in the long term. The GEC was heavily impacted by the outbreak of the First World War , supplying various goods to the military, and thus becoming a major player in the electrical industry. In 1921, a new purpose-built company headquarters (Magnet House) was opened in Kingsway, London ; two years later, GEC's industrial research laboratories at Wembley (later named
306-579: A separate company, GEC Industrial Locomotives Ltd). The company had manufacturing sites at Manchester , Preston and Sheffield . The company continued to expand with the acquisition in 1979 of weighing machine maker W & T Avery , renamed GEC Avery. In April 1981, GEC acquired Cincinnati Electronics (CE), in Cincinnati , Ohio, at the time owned by George J Mealey. CE was a leader in military radios and infrared technology, space electronics, and other high-security products, doing business throughout
357-604: The Express Lift Company in Northampton , England. During the interwar period , GEC expanded to become a global corporation and national institution. The takeover of Fraser and Chalmers in 1918 took GEC into heavy engineering and bolstered their claim to supply 'everything electrical'. In the same year, the maker of electricity meters, Chamberlain and Hookham, was also acquired by GEC. In 1919, GEC merged its radio valve manufacturing interests with those of
408-687: The Hirst Research Centre ) also opened. In the 1920s, the company was heavily involved in the creation and roll-out of Britain's National Grid . During the Second World War , GEC made several significant contributions to the Allied war effort, such as the development of the cavity magnetron for radar , various advances in communications technology, and the mass production of valves , lamps, and lighting equipment. In 1961, GEC merged with Radio & Allied Industries . Throughout
459-616: The Marconi Company to form the Marconi-Osram Valve Company . In the 1920s, the company was heavily involved in the creation of the UK-wide National Grid . The opening of a new purpose-built company headquarters (Magnet House) in Kingsway, London in 1921, and the pioneering industrial research laboratories at Wembley in 1923 (later named the Hirst Research Centre ), were symbolic of
510-600: The Marconi Company , Ruston & Hornsby , Robert Stephenson & Hawthorns , the Vulcan Foundry , Willans & Robinson and Dick, Kerr & Co . The Elliot computer company became GEC Computers , whose products were successful in academic computing and real-time process control in the 1970s and 1980s. The Birmingham Witton works remained one of the company's biggest sites, producing high-voltage switchgear and transformers , large generators, small motors, mercury arc rectifiers and traction components, until
561-470: The 1920s to the 1960s. With the death of Gustav Byng in 1910, Hugo Hirst became the chairman as well as managing director, a position he had assumed in 1906. Hirst's shrewd investment in lamp manufacture was proving extremely profitable. In 1909, Osram began production of the most successful tungsten filament lamps in the industry. Rapidly growing private and commercial use of electricity created huge demand. The company expanded both at home and overseas, with
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#1732780505811612-471: The 1980s, the company was Britain's largest private employer with over 250,000 employees; becoming one of the first companies in the new FTSE 100 Index in 1984. It made profits in excess of £1 billion per year at its peak in the 1990s. In June 1998, GEC sold its share of the joint venture GEC-Alsthom on the Paris stock exchange . During December 1999, GEC's defence arm, Marconi Electronic Systems (MES),
663-901: The Atlas Works in West Bromwich, the Mill Lane Works in Birmingham and the Moat Lane Works in Digbeth. In 1891 the business became a limited company with a board of directors and in 1894 the shares were quoted on the London Stock Exchange. In 1895 the company bought the legendary Soho Foundry in Smethwick, a former steam engine factory owned by James Watt & Co. In 1897 the move was complete and
714-569: The GPO; GEC supplied a large CB manual exchange for Glasgow in 1910. The British telephone system had been taken over and was operated by the General Post Office (GPO or BPO, a government department). The telephone manufacturing section moved from Manchester to Coventry in 1919, and GEC was one of the "ring" of four (later five) companies supplying the GPO with Strowger automatic telephone exchanges (called "Step-by-Step" or SXS) in use from
765-676: The bulk of the company; what was left of the business was renamed Telent . GEC had its origins in the G. Binswanger and Company , an electrical goods wholesaler established in London in the 1880s by a German-Jewish immigrant, Gustav Binswanger (later Gustav Byng). Regarded as the year GEC was founded, 1886 saw a fellow immigrant, Hugo Hirst , join Byng, and the company changed its name to The General Electric Apparatus Company (G. Binswanger) . Their small business found early success with its unorthodox method of supplying electrical components over
816-592: The burgeoning demand for electric lighting was to make GEC's fortune. In 1900, GEC was incorporated as a public limited company , The General Electric Company (1900) Ltd (the '1900' was dropped three years later). In 1902, its first purpose-built factory, the Witton Engineering Works, was opened near Birmingham . In 1907, GEC set up the Peel-Connor Telephone Works to manufacture telephone exchanges and telephones for
867-436: The bursting of the bubble in 2001 took a heavy toll on Marconi. While the company initially chose to deny any impact to sales, the delayed issue of a profit warning spooked investors. In July 2001, Marconi plc suffered a 54% drop in its share price following the suspension of trading of its shares, profit warning, and redundancies. Having accumulated a sizable debt pile that was continuing to mount due to heavy losses, Marconi
918-492: The business was incorporated as a private company known as the General Electric Company Ltd . The company was expanding rapidly, opening new branches and factories and trading in 'everything electrical', a phrase that was to become synonymous with GEC. In 1893, it decided to invest in the manufacture of lamps. The resulting company, (to become Osram in 1909), was to lead the way in lamp design, and
969-501: The business, including one from Huawei Technologies , with whom Marconi already had a joint venture. Prior to the collapse of the Marconi group in 2005 and 2006, the company was a major supplier of Asynchronous Transfer Mode , Gigabit Ethernet , and Internet Protocol products. The majority of Marconi Corporation's businesses (including Marconi Communications and the rights to the Marconi name) were sold to Ericsson in 2005, and
1020-616: The commercial brand of Avery Weigh-Tronix. In September 2007, Illinois Tool Works acquired Avery Berkel from Avery Weigh-Tronix. Illinois Tool Works acquired Avery Weigh-Tronix one year later, but kept the two companies separate. In 2015, the Avery museum, which had existed for almost nine decades, was closed and the collection dispersed. Avery Berkel is a brand and major manufacturer of commercial weighing machines owned by Illinois Tool Works . The Avery Berkel product range includes: The company has made several large acquisition over
1071-530: The company that would become the General Electric Company. One of the centre's most famous achievements was the production of the cavity magnetron during World War II , the concept of which was established by Randall and Boot working at Birmingham University . Staff of the centre were also important in developing radars for use during the war. The 60 m radio mast at the back of the building became, along with Wembley Stadium , one of
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#17327805058111122-460: The company was taken over by GEC in 1979. Keith Hodgkinson, managing director at the time, completed the turn-around from mechanical to electronic weighing with a complete overhaul of the product range of retail scales and industrial platform scales. Avery Berkel started in 1993 when the British conglomerate General Electric Company combined their GEC Avery (formerly W & T Avery) business with
1173-511: The continuing expansion of both GEC and the electrical industry. During the Second World War , GEC was a major manufacturer of electrical and engineering products for the British armed forces. Significant contributions to the war effort included the development in 1940 of the cavity magnetron for radar , by the scientists John Randall and Harry Boot at the University of Birmingham , as well as advances in communications technology and
1224-532: The counter. Hugo Hirst was an entrepreneurial salesman who saw the potential of electricity and was able to direct the standardisation of an industry in its infancy. He travelled across Europe with an eye for the latest products, and in 1887 the company published the first electrical catalogue of its kind. The following year, the company acquired its first factory in Salford , where electric bells , telephones, ceiling roses and switches were manufactured. In 1889,
1275-724: The deal was yet to be completed, GEC used much of the anticipated proceeds of the MES sale to buy companies in 1999. This move was part of a major realignment of the firm to focus on the burgeoning telecoms sector, and it became a radio, telecommunications and internet equipment manufacturer. At the time, financial markets approved of the strategy; GEC's share value set new all-time highs during early 1999. In 1999, Marconi plc purchased two American equipment-makers: RELTEC Corporation in March for £1.3bn, and FORE Systems in April for £2.8bn, to complement
1326-473: The defence business. In 1997, it made an ultimately unsuccessful bid to the French government to privatise Thomson-CSF and merge it with MES. A merger of UK companies soon became the most likely development. In mid-January 1999, GEC and British Aerospace confirmed they were holding talks. On 19 January, it was announced British Aerospace was to acquire Marconi Electronic Systems for £7.7bn ($ 12.75bn). While
1377-541: The defence sector, was a departure from the domestic electrical goods market. GEC acquired the Edinburgh based Ferranti Defence Systems Group in 1990 as well as part of Ferranti International's assets in Italy. It also bought Vickers Shipbuilding & Engineering (VSE) in 1995. VSE was willing to participate in a merger with a larger company to reduce its exposure to cycles in warship production, particularly in light of
1428-660: The entire British electrical industry, beginning with the internal rejuvenation of GEC. In a drive for efficiency, Weinstock made cut-backs and instigated mergers, resulting in new growth for the company. GEC returned to profit and the financial markets' confidence was restored. During the late 1960s, the electrical industry was revolutionised as GEC acquired Associated Electrical Industries (AEI) in 1967, which encompassed Metropolitan-Vickers , British Thomson-Houston , Edison Swan , Siemens Brothers & Co , Hotpoint , William Thomas Henley and Birlec . In 1968, GEC merged with English Electric , incorporating Elliott Brothers ,
1479-473: The establishment of agencies in Europe, Japan, Australia, South Africa, and India . It also did substantial trade with South America. The outbreak of the First World War transformed GEC into a major player in the electrical industry. The company was heavily involved in the war effort, supplying products such as radios, signal lamps , and the arc-lamp carbons used in searchlights . In 1917, GEC created
1530-471: The face of competition and internal disorganisation. In 1961, GEC merged with Sir Michael Sobell's Radio & Allied Industries , and with it emerged the new power behind GEC, Sobell's son-in-law Arnold Weinstock , who became the managing director of GEC in 1963, and moved its headquarters from Kingsway to a new building at 1 Stanhope Gate in Mayfair . Weinstock embarked on a programme to rationalise
1581-506: The first 1.0T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) unit. In 1998, it acquired the CT division of Elscint In 1999, the company changed its name to Marconi Medical Systems. In 2001, Philips bought Marconi Medical Systems for $ 1.1 billion. GEC had become the UK's largest and most successful company and private employer, with about 250,000 employees. In 1984, it became one of the first companies in
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1632-436: The growth continued with the addition of specialised shops for cast parts, enamel paints and weighbridge assembly and the product range diversified into counting machines, testing machines, automatic packing machines and petrol pumps. During the second world war the company also produced various types of heavy guns. At that time the site underwent severe damage from parachute mines and incendiary bombs, some of many which landed on
1683-551: The joint venture GEC-Alsthom on the Paris stock exchange. After most of its US acquisitions failed, GEC began to make a loss. The cash reserves that Lord Weinstock had built up during the 1980s and early 1990s had been all but depleted, and the company was heavily in debt. In July 1998, reports began linking British Aerospace (BAe) with the German aerospace group DASA to create a new European Aerospace and Defence Company. GEC
1734-566: The landmarks of the area. Hirst was instrumental in setting up the National Grid system which provides power to the whole of the UK. The centre also worked on the design of electrical power systems for the British railway network. In the 1990s the organisation moved to Borehamwood , Hertfordshire. After GEC left the Wembley site, it was used as the set for some scenes of the 1995 film The Young Poisoner's Handbook . Clifford Paterson
1785-503: The mid-to-late 1960s, GEC's new managing director, Arnold Weinstock , sought to rationalise the British electrical industry and boost efficiency via a series of cut-backs and mergers that returned the company to profit. GEC acquired Associated Electrical Industries (AEI) in 1967, and merged with English Electric one year later. The company continued to expand via acquisitions; between 1979 and 1981, GEC acquired W & T Avery , Cincinnati Electronics , and Picker Corporation . During
1836-575: The new FTSE 100 Index , ranking third in value behind British Petroleum and Shell Transport and Trading . In 1985, GEC acquired Yarrow Shipbuilders from British Shipbuilders . In 1988, GEC Plessey Telecommunications (GPT) was created when GEC bought Plessey . The following year, GEC and Siemens formed a joint company, GEC Siemens plc, to take over Plessey. As part of the deal, GEC took control of Plessey's avionics and naval systems businesses. In early 1989, GEC and French company Alsthom merged their power generation and transport businesses in
1887-532: The newly acquired Berkel company. The group continued as a subsidiary of GEC (and later Marconi plc ) until March 2000 when the business was in turn acquired for £102.5 million by the US-American company Weigh-Tronix to form Avery Weigh-Tronix . Avery Berkel continued to operate as a brand of the newly created company with GEC Avery being absorbed by the Avery Berkel brand. Avery Berkel continued as
1938-492: The ongoing mass production of valves , lamps and lighting equipment. The post-war years saw a decline in GEC's expansion. After the death of Hugo Hirst in 1943, his son-in-law Leslie Gamage (elder son of the founder of Gamages ), along with Harry Railing, took over as joint managing directors. Despite the huge demand for electrical consumer goods, and large investments in heavy engineering and nuclear power , profits began to fall in
1989-464: The plant was gradually sold off by Weinstock in 1969. In 1969, a new subsidiary company was born, English Electric-AEI Traction Ltd. This new organisation slowly integrated together the traction divisions of both AEI and EE, culminating in 1972 when the company was renamed GEC Traction Ltd. Also added to the company was the industrial locomotive division of the former English Electric which was based at Vulcan Works, Newton-le-Willows (this later became
2040-597: The post- Cold War " Options for Change " defence review. Following GEC's purchase, VSE became Marconi Marine. During 1996, Lord Weinstock retired as GEC's managing director and was replaced by George Simpson . In July 1997, the company announced the outcomes of a major review: it would move away from its joint ventures and focus on moving toward "global leadership" in defence and aerospace ( Marconi Electronic Systems ), industrial electronics (GEC Industrial Electronics), and communications ( GEC Communications ). Simpson, along with finance director John Mayo, decided to pursue
2091-479: The remainder was renamed Telent plc. W %26 T Avery W & T Avery Ltd. (later GEC Avery ) was a British manufacturer of weighing machines . The company was founded in the early 18th century and took the name W & T Avery in 1818. Having been taken over by GEC in 1979 the company was later renamed into GEC-Avery. The company became Avery Berkel in 1993 when GEC acquired the Dutch company Berkel. After
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2142-415: The steam engine business was gradually converted to pure manufacture of weighing machines. The turn of the century was marked by managing director William Hipkins' determined efforts to broaden the renown of the Avery brand and transform the business into a specialist manufacturer of weighing machines. By 1914 the company occupied an area of 32,000 m² and had some 3000 employees. In the inter-war period,
2193-663: The take over by Weigh-Tronix in 2000 the company was again renamed to be called Avery Weigh-Tronix with Avery Berkel continuing to operate as a brand. The company is based in Smethwick , West Midlands, United Kingdom. The undocumented origin of the company goes back to 1730 when James Ford established the business in Digbeth . On Joseph Balden the then owner's death in 1813 William and Thomas Avery took over his scalemaking business and in 1818 renamed it W & T Avery. The business rapidly expanded and in 1885 they owned three factories:
2244-422: The telecommunication business of its subsidiary Marconi Communications . Later that year, GEC acquired Kvaerner 's Govan shipyard. In April 2000, it acquired Mobile Systems International in exchange for £391m. Consolidating and monitoring the finances of these acquisitions soon added to the future difficulties encountered by Marconi. These acquisitions were made at the height of the dot-com bubble , and
2295-496: The town of Smethwick. From 1931 to 1973 the company occupied the 18th-century Middlesex Sessions House in Clerkenwell as its headquarters. Changes in weighing machine technology after World War II led to the closure of the foundry, the introduction of load cells and electronic weighing with the simultaneous gradual disappearance of purely mechanical devices. After almost a century of national and international expansion
2346-512: The world. (Now owned by L-3 Cincinnati Electronics.) In 1981, GEC acquired Picker Corporation, an American manufacturer of medical imaging equipment. GEC merged Picker with Cambridge Instruments, GEC Medical, and American Optical to form Picker International (PI). GEC Medical was itself an amalgamation of Watson & Sons Ltd, formed in the early 20th century in London and long a part of GEC, and A E Dean & Co of Croydon . In 1982, PI introduced
2397-493: Was also seen as a potential partner in a three-way merger with BAe and DASA. In December 1998, reports emerged that GEC was seeking a partner for MES, the value of which was greatly increased by the Tracor acquisition. Prospective partners included Thomson-CSF (by 1998 on the path to privatisation) and various American defence contractors (e.g. Lockheed Martin and TRW ). GEC had already been active in pursuing consolidation in
2448-567: Was facing bankruptcy. In September 2011, Simpson was forced to resign from Marconi and a new management team was brought in under Mike Parton, the new chief executive. Shares that had been worth £12.50 at GEC's peak had fallen to £0.04. Lord Weinstock's own stake, once worth £480 million, was reduced to £2 million. On 19 May 2003, Marconi plc underwent a restructuring and became Marconi Corporation plc , advised by Lazard and Morgan Stanley . Marconi shareholders received one Marconi Corporation share for every 559 Marconi shares. In
2499-432: Was originally founded in 1886 as G. Binswanger and Company as an electrical goods wholesaler based in London . It quickly adopted a then-unorthodox business model of supplying electrical components over the counter. In 1889, the business was incorporated as the General Electric Company Ltd , and became a public limited company 11 years later. During the 1890s and 1900s, the company heavily invested into electric lighting,
2550-517: Was sold to British Aerospace , forming BAE Systems . The rest of GEC, mainly telecommunications equipment manufacturing, continued as Marconi Communications . After buying several US telecoms manufacturers at the top of the market, losses following the bursting of the dot-com bubble in 2001 led to the restructuring in 2003 of Marconi plc into Marconi Corporation plc . During 2005, the company failed to secure any part of BT's 21st Century Network (21CN) programme; that same year, Ericsson acquired
2601-426: Was the organisation's first director, and held that position until his death in 1948. Others working there included: 51°33′50″N 0°18′07″W / 51.564°N 0.302°W / 51.564; -0.302 General Electric Company The General Electric Company ( GEC ) was a major British industrial conglomerate involved in consumer and defence electronics, communications, and engineering. It
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