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64-521: GID (or Gid , gid ) may refer to: Gender-related [ edit ] Gender identity disorder Gender, Institutions and Development Data Base , OECD gender-related data People [ edit ] Gid (Book of Mormon) , Nephite military officer Gid Gardner (1859–1914), American baseball player Gid Tanner (1885–1960), American musician Other [ edit ] Gid, Arkansas , United States, an unincorporated community Coenurosis ,

128-418: A Government Policy Concerning Transsexual People document that categorically states, "What transsexualism is not ... It is not a mental illness." In May 2009, the government of France declared that a transsexual gender identity will no longer be classified as a psychiatric condition, but according to French trans rights organizations, beyond the impact of the announcement itself, nothing changed. Denmark made

192-581: A National Weather Service forecast office (WFO ID GID) See also [ edit ] Gide GIDS (disambiguation) GYD (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title GID . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GID&oldid=1227964840 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

256-449: A " harm reduction " model. Medical, scientific, and governmental organizations have opposed conversion therapy , defined as treatment viewing gender nonconformity as pathological and something to be changed, instead supporting approaches that affirm children's diverse gender identities. People are more likely to keep having gender dysphoria the more intense their gender dysphoria, cross-gendered behavior, and verbal identification with

320-578: A category of its own. The diagnosis was renamed from gender identity disorder to gender dysphoria, after criticisms that the former term was stigmatizing. Subtyping by sexual orientation was deleted. The diagnosis for children was separated from that for adults, as " gender dysphoria in children ". The creation of a specific diagnosis for children reflects the lesser ability of children to have insight into what they are experiencing, or ability to express it if they have insight. Other specified gender dysphoria or unspecified gender dysphoria can be diagnosed if

384-539: A disorder. Because gender dysphoria had been classified as a disorder in medical texts (such as the previous DSM manual, the DSM-IV-TR, under the name "gender identity disorder"), many insurance companies are willing to cover some of the expenses of sex reassignment therapy. Without the classification of gender dysphoria as a medical disorder, sex reassignment therapy may be viewed as a cosmetic treatment, rather than medically necessary treatment, and may not be covered. In

448-865: A legal name change to a name of the opposite gender. Studies that measure transgender status by self-identification find even greater prevalence of gender identity different from sex assigned at birth (although some of those who identify as transgender or gender nonconforming may not experience clinically significant distress and so do not have gender dysphoria). A study in New Zealand found that 1 in 3,630 natal males (13 per 100k) and 1 in 22,714 (4 per 100k) natal females have changed their legal gender markers. A survey of Massachusetts adults found that 0.5% (500 per 100k) identify as transgender. A national survey in New Zealand of 8,500 randomly selected secondary school students from 91 randomly selected high schools found 1.2% (1,200 per 100k) of students responded "yes" to

512-619: A parasitic tapeworm infection, primarily of sheep General Intelligence Directorate (disambiguation) Geneva International Discussions , international negotiations about Georgia (the country) Gidar language , spoken in Cameroon and Chad Gitega Airport , in Burundi Grazing incidence diffraction , use of X-rays etc. to analyse surfaces Great icosidodecahedron , a geometrical figure Group identifier , on Unix-like systems National Weather Service Hastings, Nebraska,

576-423: A person does not meet the criteria for gender dysphoria but still has clinically significant distress or impairment. Intersex people are no longer excluded from the diagnosis of GD. The International Classification of Diseases ( ICD-11 ) lists three conditions related to gender identity: ICD-11 defines gender incongruence as "a marked and persistent incongruence between an individual's experienced gender and

640-549: A person's felt gender and assigned sex or gender (usually at birth) is the cardinal symptom of gender dysphoria. No particular sexual orientation indicates gender dysphoria. A 2021 review in Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience found no relation to sexual orientation, but acknowledged that historically the two were often erroneously conflated. The British National Health Service also stated "gender dysphoria

704-524: A review published in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery found that less than 1% of people who undergo gender-affirming surgery regret the decision. It concluded that "There is an extremely low prevalence of regret in transgender patients after GAS. We believe this study corroborates the improvements made in regard to selection criteria for GAS. However, there is high subjectivity in the assessment of regret and lack of standardized questionnaires, which highlight

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768-561: A similar pattern occurs in those assigned female at birth (AFAB), with those experiencing early-onset GD being most likely to be attracted to women and those with late-onset being most likely to be attracted to men and identify as gay. Symptoms of GD in children include preferences for opposite sex-typical toys, games, activities, or playmates as well as a great dislike of their own genitalia. Some children may also experience social isolation from their peers, anxiety , loneliness, and depression . In adolescents and adults, symptoms include

832-563: A similar statement in 2016. In the ICD-11, GID is reclassified as "gender incongruence", a condition related to sexual health. The working group responsible for this recategorization recommended keeping such a diagnosis in ICD-11 to preserve access to health services. Gender euphoria (GE) is a term for the satisfaction, enjoyment, or relief felt by trans and non-binary people when they feel their gender expression matches their personal gender identity . Psych Central 's definition

896-515: A symptom: Some drugs can produce dysphoria, including κ-opioid receptor agonists like salvinorin A (the active constituent of the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum ), butorphanol and pentazocine , μ-opioid receptor antagonists such as naltrexone and nalmefene , and antipsychotics like haloperidol and chlorpromazine (via blockade of dopamine receptors ), among others. Depressogenic and/or anxiogenic drugs may also be associated with dysphoria. Against Me! released

960-537: Is "deep joy when your internal gender identity matches your gender expression." It is proposed that feelings of gender euphoria require societal acceptance of gender expression. In academics and the medical field, a consensus has not yet been reached on a precise definition of the term, as it has been mainly used within a social context. The first attempt to rigorously define gender euphoria through an online survey took place in 2021, conducted by Will Beischel, Stéphanie Gauvin, and Sari van Anders. Transgender congruence

1024-491: Is also used to ascribe transgender individuals feeling genuine, authentic, and comfortable with their gender identity and external appearance. Dysphoria Intense states of distress and unease increase the risk of suicide , as well as being unpleasant in themselves. Relieving dysphoria is therefore a priority of psychiatric treatment. One may treat underlying causes such as depression (especially dysthymia or major depressive disorder ) or bipolar disorder as well as

1088-427: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Gender identity disorder Gender dysphoria ( GD ) is the distress a person experiences due to a mismatch between their gender identity —their personal sense of their own gender —and their sex assigned at birth . The term replaced the previous diagnostic label of gender identity disorder ( GID ) in 2013 with

1152-481: Is not a mental disorder, but rather that the diagnostic criteria reflect psychological distress in children that occurs when parents and others have trouble relating to their child's gender variance. Transgender people have often been harassed, socially excluded, and subjected to discrimination, abuse and violence, including murder. In December 2002, the British Lord Chancellor's office published

1216-409: Is not related to sexual orientation". Gender dysphoria in those assigned male at birth (AMAB) tends to follow one of two broad trajectories: early-onset or late-onset. Early-onset gender dysphoria is behaviorally visible in childhood but may temporarily subside, leading the person to identify as gay or homosexual for a period of time, followed by recurrence of gender dysphoria. A 2016 review in

1280-676: Is not the same thing as gender dysphoria and does not always lead to dysphoria or distress. The causes of gender incongruence are unknown but a gender identity likely reflects genetic, biological, environmental, and cultural factors. Diagnosis can be given at any age, although gender dysphoria in children and adolescents may manifest differently than in adults. Complications may include anxiety , depression , and eating disorders . Treatment for gender dysphoria includes social transitioning and often includes hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or gender-affirming surgeries , and psychotherapy . Some researchers and transgender people argue for

1344-424: Is not the same thing as gender dysphoria, and that "gender nonconformity is not in itself a mental disorder. The critical element of gender dysphoria is the presence of clinically significant distress associated with the condition." Individuals with gender dysphoria may or may not regard their own cross-gender feelings and behaviors as a disorder. Advantages and disadvantages exist to classifying gender dysphoria as

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1408-456: Is unclear whether or not gender dysphoria persists in cultures with third gender categories. The psychiatric diagnosis of gender identity disorder (now gender dysphoria) was introduced in DSM-III in 1980. Arlene Istar Lev and Deborah Rudacille have characterized the addition as a political maneuver to re-stigmatize homosexuality. (Homosexuality was declassified as a mental disorder in

1472-487: The fa'afafine , a group of feminine males , are mostly socially accepted. The fa'afafine appear similar to transgender women in terms of their lifelong identities and gendered behavior, but experience far less distress than do transgender women in Western cultures. This suggests that the distress of gender dysphoria is significantly increased by difficulties encountered from social disapproval by one's culture. Overall, it

1536-503: The American Psychiatric Association , "Due to the dynamic nature of puberty development, lack of gender-affirming interventions (i.e. social, psychological, and medical) is not a neutral decision; youth often experience worsening dysphoria and negative impact on mental health as the incongruent and unwanted puberty progresses. Trans-affirming treatment, such as the use of puberty suppression, is associated with

1600-687: The Archives of Sexual Behavior states this group is usually sexually attracted to members of their natal sex in adulthood, commonly identifying as heterosexual . Late-onset gender dysphoria does not include visible signs in early childhood, but some report having had wishes to be the opposite sex in childhood that they did not report to others. Likewise, according to the review, transgender people assigned male at birth who experience late-onset gender dysphoria will usually be attracted to women and may identify as lesbians or bisexual, while those with early-onset will usually be attracted to men . The review states

1664-745: The DSM-I (1952) nor the DSM-II (1968) contained a diagnosis analogous to gender dysphoria. Gender identity disorder first appeared as a diagnosis in the DSM-III (1980), where it appeared under "psychosexual disorders" but was used only for the childhood diagnosis. Adolescents and adults received a diagnosis of transsexualism (homosexual, heterosexual, or asexual type). The DSM-III-R (1987) added "Gender Identity Disorder of Adolescence and Adulthood, Non-Transsexual Type" (GIDAANT). DSM-V (2013) replaced gender identity disorder (GID) with gender dysphoria (GD) to avoid

1728-948: The Endocrine Society stated that there is durable evidence for a biological underpinning to gender identity and that pubertal suppression, hormone therapy, and medically indicated surgery are effective and relatively safe when monitored appropriately and have been established as the standard of care. They noted a decrease in suicidal ideation among youth who have access to gender-affirming care and comparable levels of depression to cisgender peers among socially transitioned pre-pubertal youth. A review published in Child and Adolescent Mental Health found that puberty blockers are fully reversible, and that they are associated with such positive outcomes as decreased suicidality in adulthood, improved affect and psychological functioning, and improved social life. More rigorous studies are needed to assess

1792-497: The etiology or pathogenesis of gender dysphoria do not exist. Evidence from studies of twins suggests that genetic factors play a role in the development of gender dysphoria. Gender identity is thought to likely reflect a complex interplay of biological, environmental, and cultural factors. Neurobiological basis of GD has been proven by the "distinct gray matter volume and brain activation and connectivity differences" in people with GD when compared to controls; and this "leads to

1856-433: The 1970s, psychotherapy was the primary treatment for gender dysphoria and generally was directed to helping the person adjust to their assigned sex. Psychotherapy is any therapeutic interaction that aims to treat a psychological problem. Psychotherapy may be used in addition to biological interventions, although some clinicians use only psychotherapy to treat gender dysphoria. Psychotherapeutic treatment of GD involves helping

1920-515: The DSM-II in 1974.) By contrast, Kenneth Zucker and Robert Spitzer argue that gender identity disorder was included in DSM-III because it "met the generally accepted criteria used by the framers of DSM-III for inclusion." Some researchers, including Spitzer and Paul J. Fink, contend that the behaviors and experiences seen in transsexualism are abnormal and constitute a dysfunction. The American Psychiatric Association stated that gender nonconformity

1984-457: The Dutch model (including having GD from early childhood on which intensifies at puberty and absence of psychiatric comorbidities that could challenge diagnosis or treatment) found reduction in gender dysphoria, although limitations to these outcome studies have been noted, such as lack of controls or considering alternatives like psychotherapy. In its position statement published December 2020,

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2048-556: The ICD-11. Other dysphoria may include dysphoria that may be based on social constructs like nationalism . Gender dysphoria is discomfort, unhappiness or distress due to the primary and secondary sex characteristics of one's sex observed at birth . The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , DSM-5 , uses the term "gender dysphoria" where it previously referred to "gender identity disorder." The following conditions may include dysphoria as

2112-584: The UK Department of Health found that there was very low certainty of quality of evidence about puberty blocker outcomes in terms of mental health, quality of life and impact on gender dysphoria. The Finnish government commissioned a review of the research evidence for treatment of minors and the Finnish Ministry of Health concluded that there are no research-based health care methods for minors with gender dysphoria. Nevertheless, they recommend

2176-527: The United States, transgender people are less likely than others to have health insurance, and often face hostility and insensitivity from healthcare providers. The Americans with Disabilities Act covers individuals with gender dysphoria, provides some legal protections against discrimination which may aid transgender people in accessing legal protections they otherwise may be unable to. Some researchers and transgender people support declassification of

2240-575: The age of 16 years in some adolescents with GD/gender incongruence". They recommend a multidisciplinary team of medical and mental health professionals manage the treatment for those under 18 and recommend "monitoring clinical pubertal development every 3 to 6 months and laboratory parameters every 6 to 12 months during sex hormone treatment". The World Professional Association for Transgender Health 's Standards of Care 8, published in 2022, declare puberty blocking medication as "medically necessary", and recommends them for usage in transgender adolescents once

2304-496: The assigned sex", with no requirement for significant distress or impairment. Treatment for a person diagnosed with GD may include psychological counseling, supporting the individual's gender expression , or may involve physical transition resulting from medical interventions such as hormonal treatment, genital surgery, electrolysis, laser hair removal, chest surgery, breast surgery or other reconstructive surgeries. The goal of treatment may simply be to reduce problems resulting from

2368-411: The concept of brain gender". The American Psychiatric Association permits a diagnosis of gender dysphoria in adolescents or adults if two or more of the following criteria are experienced for at least six months' duration: In addition, the condition must be associated with clinically significant distress or impairment. The DSM-5 moved this diagnosis out of the sexual disorders category and into

2432-488: The condition because they say the diagnosis pathologizes gender variance and reinforces the binary model of gender . An analysis of the Samoan third gender fa'afafine suggests that the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic component of distress is not inherent in the cross-gender identity; rather, it is related to social rejection and discrimination suffered by the individual. Psychology professor Darryl Hill insists that gender dysphoria

2496-504: The creators of the diagnosis state that it has rigorous scientific support, "it is impossible to scrutinize such claims, since the discussions, methodological processes, and promised field trials of the diagnosis have not been published." Some cultures have three or more defined genders . The existence of accepted social categories other than man or woman may alleviate the distress associated with cross-gender identity. For example, in Samoa ,

2560-438: The declassification of the condition because they say the diagnosis pathologizes gender variance and reinforces the binary model of gender . However, this declassification could carry implications for healthcare accessibility, as HRT and gender-affirming surgery could be deemed cosmetic by insurance providers, as opposed to medically necessary treatment, thereby affecting coverage. Distress arising from an incongruence between

2624-564: The desire to be and to be treated as a different gender. Adults with GD are at increased risk for stress, isolation, anxiety, depression, poor self-esteem , and suicide. Transgender people are also at heightened risk for eating disorders and substance abuse . According to the American Psychiatric Association , those who experience gender dysphoria later in life "often report having secretly hidden their gender dysphoric feelings from others when they were younger". The specific causes of gender dysphoria remain unknown, and treatments targeting

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2688-563: The desired/experienced gender are (i.e. stating that they are a different gender rather than wish to be a different gender). Professionals who treat gender dysphoria in children sometimes prescribe puberty blockers to delay the onset of puberty until a child is believed to be old enough to make an informed decision on whether hormonal or surgical gender reassignment is in their best interest. Short-term side effects of puberty blockers include headaches, fatigue, insomnia, muscle aches and changes in breast tissue, mood, and weight. Research on

2752-528: The discrepancy between an individual's physical body and gender identity. Biological treatments for GD are typically undertaken in conjunction with psychotherapy; however, the WPATH Standards of Care state that psychotherapy should not be an absolute requirement for biological treatments. Hormonal treatments have been shown to reduce a number of symptoms of psychiatric distress associated with gender dysphoria. A WPATH commissioned systematic review of

2816-602: The dysphoric symptoms themselves. The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) defines dysphoria as "an unpleasant mood state, which can include feelings of depression, anxiety, discontent, irritability, and unhappiness." The 5th revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) categorizes specific dysphorias in the obsessive–compulsive spectrum . Dissatisfaction with being able-bodied can be diagnosed as body integrity dysphoria in

2880-415: The early 2000s found that about 1 in 12,000 natal male adults (8 per 100k) and 1 in 30,000 (3 per 100k) natal female adults seek out gender-affirming surgery . Studies of hormonal treatment or legal name change find higher prevalence than sex reassignment, with, for example a 2010 Swedish study finding that 1 in 7,750 (13 per 100k) adult natal males and 1 in 13,120 (8 per 100k) adult natal females requested

2944-432: The effectiveness, safety, and long-term benefits and risks of hormonal and surgical treatments. For instance, a 2020 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to determine whether feminizing hormones were safe or effective, due to the lack of "completed studies that met [their] inclusion criteria." Several studies have found significant long-term psychological and psychiatric pathology after surgical treatments. In 2021,

3008-539: The importance of developing validated questionnaires in this population." Among youth, around 20% to 30% of individuals attending gender clinics meet the DSM criteria for an anxiety disorder . Gender dysphoria is also associated with an increased risk of eating disorders in transgender youth. A widely held view among clinicians is that there is an over-representation of neurodevelopmental conditions amongst individuals with GD, although this view has been questioned due to

3072-517: The lack of formal prevalence studies. A 2022 literature review reported that approximately 36% of adolescents assessed in specialized gender clinics were natal males, and 63% were natal females. One study highlighted in the review found no significant change in these proportions from 2014 to 2016. However, when comparing more recent data with earlier studies, there has been a shift favoring natal females (ratio of 1:3) as opposed to nearly equal proportions in earlier studies (ratios of 0.8–0.9:1). Neither

3136-399: The long-term effects on brain development, cognitive function, fertility, and sexual function is limited. A review published in Child and Adolescent Mental Health found that puberty blockers are reversible, and that they are associated with such positive outcomes as decreased suicidality in adulthood, improved affect and psychological functioning, and improved social life. According to

3200-787: The low quality of evidence. Studies on children and adolescents with gender dysphoria have found a high prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) traits or a confirmed diagnosis of ASD. Adults with gender dysphoria attending specialist gender clinics have also been shown to have high rates of ASD traits or an autism diagnosis as well. It has been estimated that children with ASD were over four times as likely to be diagnosed with GD, with ASD being reported from 6% to over 20% of teens referring to gender identity services. Children and adolescents with gender dysphoria are also more likely to have ADHD , depression and histories of suicidality , self-harm and adverse childhood experiences . Different studies have arrived at different conclusions about

3264-590: The original decision, ruled that children under 16 could give consent to receiving puberty blockers. In 2022, the National Board of Health and Welfare in Sweden issued new guidelines recommending that puberty blockers only be given in "exceptional cases" and said that their use was grounded in "uncertain science." Instead, they recommended child psychiatric treatment, psychosocial interventions, and suicide prevention measures to be offered by clinicians. Until

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3328-416: The outcome, though these studies have limitations including risk of bias (lack of randomization, lack of controlled studies, self-reported outcomes) and high loss to follow up. For adolescents, much is unknown, including persistence. Disagreement among practitioners regarding treatment of adolescents is in part due to the lack of long-term data. Young people qualifying for biomedical treatment according to

3392-559: The outcomes of hormone therapy "found evidence that gender-affirming hormone therapy may be associated with improvements in [quality of life] scores and decreases in depression and anxiety symptoms among transgender people." The strength of the evidence was low due to methodological limitations of the studies undertaken. Some literature suggests that gender-affirming surgery is associated with improvements in quality of life and decreased incidence of depression. Those who choose to undergo gender-affirming surgery report high satisfaction rates with

3456-475: The patient has reached Tanner stage 2 of development, and state that longitudinal data shows improved outcomes for transgender patients who receive them. Some medical professionals disagree that adolescents are cognitively mature enough to make a decision with regard to hormone therapy or surgery, and advise that irreversible genital procedures should not be performed on individuals under the age of legal consent in their respective country. A review commissioned by

3520-419: The patient to adapt to their gender incongruence or to explorative investigation of confounding co-occurring mental health issues. Attempts to alleviate GD by changing the patient's gender identity to reflect assigned sex have been ineffective and are regarded as conversion therapy by most health organizations. Biological treatments physically alter primary and secondary sex characteristics to reduce

3584-515: The person's transgender status, for example, counseling the patient in order to reduce guilt associated with cross-dressing. Guidelines have been established to aid clinicians. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Standards of Care are used by some clinicians as treatment guidelines. Others use guidelines outlined in Gianna Israel and Donald Tarver's Transgender Care . Guidelines for treatment generally follow

3648-652: The prevalence of gender dysphoria. The DSM-5 gives a gender dysphoria prevalence of 0.005% to 0.014% of people assigned male at birth (5-14 per 100k) and 0.002% to 0.003% of people assigned female at birth (2-3 per 100k). The DSM-5 states that these numbers are likely underestimates, being based on the number of referrals to specialty clinics. Not all adults seeking medical transition are referred to specialty clinics. According to Black's Medical Dictionary , gender dysphoria "occurs in one in 30,000 male births and one in 100,000 female births." Studies in European countries in

3712-449: The question "Do you think you are transgender?". Outside of a clinical setting, the stability of transgender or non-binary identities is unknown. Research indicates that among people who transition in adulthood, individuals are up to three times more likely to be male assigned at birth. However, among people transitioning in childhood, the sex ratio is closer to 1:1. The prevalence of gender dysphoria in children remains uncertain due to

3776-467: The release of the diagnostic manual DSM-5 . The condition was renamed to remove the stigma associated with the term disorder . The International Classification of Diseases uses the term gender incongruence instead of gender dysphoria , defined as a marked and persistent mismatch between gender identity and assigned gender, regardless of distress or impairment. People with gender dysphoria commonly identify as transgender . Gender nonconformity

3840-467: The relief of emotional distress, and notable gains in psychosocial and emotional development, in trans and gender diverse youth". In its position statement published December 2020, the Endocrine Society stated that there is durable evidence for a biological underpinning to gender identity and that pubertal suppression, hormone therapy, and medically indicated surgery are effective and relatively safe when monitored appropriately and have been established as

3904-548: The standard of care. They noted a decrease in suicidal ideation among youth who have access to gender-affirming care and comparable levels of depression to cisgender peers among socially transitioned pre-pubertal youth. In its 2017 guideline on treating those with gender dysphoria, it recommends puberty blockers be started when the child has started puberty ( Tanner Stage 2 for breast or genital development) and cross-sex hormones be started at 16, though they note "there may be compelling reasons to initiate sex hormone treatment prior to

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3968-471: The stigma of the term disorder . Researchers disagree about the nature of distress and impairment in people with GD. Some authors have suggested that people with GD suffer because they are stigmatized and victimized ; and that, if society had less strict gender divisions, transgender people would suffer less. Some controversy surrounds the creation of the GD diagnosis, with Davy et al. stating that although

4032-530: The use of puberty blockers for minors on a case-by-case basis, and the American Academy of Pediatrics state that "pubertal suppression in children who identify as TGD [transgender and gender diverse] generally leads to improved psychological functioning in adolescence and young adulthood." In the United States , several states have introduced or are considering legislation that would prohibit

4096-550: The use of puberty blockers in the treatment of transgender children. The American Medical Association , the Endocrine Society , the American Psychological Association , the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and the American Academy of Pediatrics oppose bans on puberty blockers for transgender children. In the UK, in the case of Bell v Tavistock , an appeal court, overturning

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