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47-449: With advances in graphics cards, new features have been added to allow for increased flexibility in the rendering pipeline at the vertex and fragment level. Programmability at this level is achieved with the use of fragment and vertex shaders . Originally, this functionality was achieved by writing shaders in ARB assembly language – a complex and unintuitive task. The OpenGL ARB created

94-467: A cross-platform compiler and runtime environment for the C# programming language. A decade later, Microsoft released Visual Studio Code (code editor), Roslyn (compiler), and the unified .NET platform (software framework), all of which support C# and are free, open-source, and cross-platform. Mono also joined Microsoft but was not merged into .NET. As of November 2024, the most recent stable version of

141-422: A semitone higher in pitch . This is similar to the language name of C++ , where "++" indicates that a variable should be incremented by 1 after being evaluated. The sharp symbol also resembles a ligature of four "+" symbols (in a two-by-two grid), further implying that the language is an increment of C++. Due to technical limits of display (standard fonts, browsers, etc.), and most keyboard layouts lacking

188-420: A backing field, or implement arbitrary getter and setter functions. A property is read-only if there's no setter. Like with fields, there can be class and instance properties. The underlying methods can be virtual or abstract like any other method. Since C# 3.0 the syntactic sugar of auto-implemented properties is available, where the accessor (getter) and mutator (setter) encapsulate operations on

235-419: A class can implement any number of " interfaces " (fully abstract classes). This was a design decision by the language's lead architect to avoid complications and to simplify architectural requirements throughout CLI. When implementing multiple interfaces that contain a method with the same name and taking parameters of the same type in the same order (i.e. the same signature ), similar to Java , C# allows both

282-475: A database, parsing an XML file, or searching through a data structure, shifting the emphasis onto the actual program logic to help improve readability and maintainability. C# used to have a mascot called Andy (named after Anders Hejlsberg ). It was retired on January 29, 2004. C# was originally submitted to the ISO/IEC JTC 1 subcommittee SC 22 for review, under ISO/IEC 23270:2003, was withdrawn and

329-603: A function (i.e. hiding the former implementation). To do the latter, you have to specify the new keyword. Extension methods in C# allow programmers to use static methods as if they were methods from a class's method table, allowing programmers to virtually add instance methods to a class that they feel should exist on that kind of objects (and instances of the respective derived classes). The type dynamic allows for run-time method binding, allowing for JavaScript-like method calls and run-time object composition . C# has support for strongly-typed function pointers via

376-419: A pointer to the respective object. Due to their special handling of the equality operator, strings will nevertheless behave as if they were values, for all practical purposes. You can even use them as case labels. Where necessary, value types will be boxed automatically. C# supports a strict Boolean data type , bool . Statements that take conditions, such as while and if , require an expression of

423-591: A sharp symbol ( U+266F ♯ MUSIC SHARP SIGN ( ♯ )), the number sign ( U+0023 # NUMBER SIGN ( # )) was chosen to approximate the sharp symbol in the written name of the programming language. This convention is reflected in the ECMA-334 C# Language Specification. The "sharp" suffix has been used by a number of other .NET languages that are variants of existing languages, including J# (a .NET language also designed by Microsoft that

470-434: A single attribute of a class. A C# namespace provides the same level of code isolation as a Java package or a C++ namespace , with very similar rules and features to a package . Namespaces can be imported with the "using" syntax. In C#, memory address pointers can only be used within blocks specifically marked as unsafe , and programs with unsafe code need appropriate permissions to run. Most object access

517-496: A single method to cover all interfaces and if necessary specific methods for each interface. However, unlike Java, C# supports operator overloading . C# also offers function overloading (a.k.a. ad-hoc-polymorphism). Since version 2.0, C# offers parametric polymorphism , i.e. classes with arbitrary or constrained type parameters, e.g. List<T> , a variable-sized array which only can contain elements of type T . There are certain kinds of constraints you can specify for

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564-616: A type that implements the true operator, such as the Boolean type. While C++ also has a Boolean type, it can be freely converted to and from integers, and expressions such as if (a) require only that a is convertible to bool, allowing a to be an int, or a pointer. C# disallows this "integer meaning true or false" approach, on the grounds that forcing programmers to use expressions that return exactly bool can prevent certain types of programming mistakes such as if (a = b) (use of assignment = instead of equality == ). C#

611-439: Is a general-purpose high-level programming language supporting multiple paradigms . C# encompasses static typing, strong typing , lexically scoped , imperative , declarative , functional , generic , object-oriented ( class -based), and component-oriented programming disciplines. The principal inventors of the C# programming language were Anders Hejlsberg , Scott Wiltamuth, and Peter Golde from Microsoft . It

658-446: Is a member of a class that can be invoked as a function (a sequence of instructions), rather than the mere value-holding capability of a field (i.e. class or instance variable ). As in other syntactically similar languages, such as C++ and ANSI C , the signature of a method is a declaration comprising in order: any optional accessibility keywords (such as private ), the explicit specification of its return type (such as int , or

705-413: Is derived from Java 1.1), A# (from Ada ), and the functional programming language F# . The original implementation of Eiffel for .NET was called Eiffel#, a name retired since the full Eiffel language is now supported. The suffix has also been used for libraries , such as Gtk# (a .NET wrapper for GTK and other GNOME libraries) and Cocoa# (a wrapper for Cocoa ). The core syntax of

752-455: Is done through safe object references, which always either point to a "live" object or have the well-defined null value; it is impossible to obtain a reference to a "dead" object (one that has been garbage collected), or to a random block of memory. An unsafe pointer can point to an instance of an unmanaged value type that does not contain any references to objects subject to garbage collections such as class instances, arrays or strings. Code that

799-740: Is more type safe than C++. The only implicit conversions by default are those that are considered safe, such as widening of integers. This is enforced at compile-time, during JIT , and, in some cases, at runtime. No implicit conversions occur between Booleans and integers, nor between enumeration members and integers (except for literal 0, which can be implicitly converted to any enumerated type). Any user-defined conversion must be explicitly marked as explicit or implicit, unlike C++ copy constructors and conversion operators, which are both implicit by default. C# has explicit support for covariance and contravariance in generic types, unlike C++ which has some degree of support for contravariance simply through

846-490: Is not marked as unsafe can still store and manipulate pointers through the System.IntPtr type, but it cannot dereference them. Managed memory cannot be explicitly freed; instead, it is automatically garbage collected. Garbage collection addresses the problem of memory leaks by freeing the programmer of responsibility for releasing memory that is no longer needed in most cases. Code that retains references to objects longer than

893-550: Is required can still experience higher memory usage than necessary, however once the final reference to an object is released the memory is available for garbage collection. A range of standard exceptions are available to programmers. Methods in standard libraries regularly throw system exceptions in some circumstances and the range of exceptions thrown is normally documented. Custom exception classes can be defined for classes allowing handling to be put in place for particular circumstances as needed. The syntax for handling exceptions

940-482: Is the following: Depending on your plans, the "finally" part can be left out. If error handling is not required, the (Exception ex) parameter can be omitted as well. Also, there can be several "catch" parts handling different kinds of exceptions. Checked exceptions are not present in C# (in contrast to Java). This has been a conscious decision based on the issues of scalability and versionability. Unlike C++ , C# does not support multiple inheritance , although

987-512: The Java programming language in 1994, and Bill Joy , a co-founder of Sun Microsystems , the originator of Java, called C# an "imitation" of Java; Gosling further said that "[C# is] sort of Java with reliability, productivity and security deleted." In July 2000, Hejlsberg said that C# is "not a Java clone" and is "much closer to C++" in its design. Since the release of C# 2.0 in November 2005,

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1034-487: The LINQ extensions released with C# 3.0 and its supporting framework of lambda expressions , extension methods , and anonymous types . These features enable C# programmers to use functional programming techniques, such as closures , when it is advantageous to their application. The LINQ extensions and the functional imports help developers reduce the amount of boilerplate code that is included in common tasks like querying

1081-520: The C# and Java languages have evolved on increasingly divergent trajectories, becoming two quite different languages. One of the first major departures came with the addition of generics to both languages, with vastly different implementations. C# makes use of reification to provide "first-class" generic objects that can be used like any other class, with code generation performed at class-load time. Furthermore, C# has added several major features to accommodate functional-style programming, culminating in

1128-470: The C# language is similar to that of other C-style languages such as C, C++ and Java, particularly: Some notable features of C# that distinguish it from C, C++, and Java where noted, are: By design, C# is the programming language that most directly reflects the underlying Common Language Infrastructure  (CLI). Most of its intrinsic types correspond to value-types implemented by the CLI framework. However,

1175-467: The OpenGL API, which is available on many different platforms (e.g., Linux , macOS , Windows ). There are language bindings for C , C++ , C# , JavaScript , Delphi , Java , and many more. GLSL shaders themselves are simply a set of strings that are passed to the hardware vendor's driver for compilation from within an application using the OpenGL API's entry points. Shaders can be created on

1222-469: The OpenGL API. It is only with OpenGL versions 3.3 and above that the GLSL and OpenGL major and minor version numbers match. These versions for GLSL and OpenGL are related in the following table: OpenGL ES and WebGL use OpenGL ES Shading Language (abbreviated: GLSL ES or ESSL ). The two languages are related but not directly compatible. They can be interconverted through SPIRV-Cross . GLSL contains

1269-710: The OpenGL Shading Language to provide a more intuitive method for programming the graphics processing unit while maintaining the open standards advantage that has driven OpenGL throughout its history. Originally introduced as an extension to OpenGL 1.4, GLSL was formally included into the OpenGL 2.0 core in 2004 by the OpenGL ARB. It was the first major revision to OpenGL since the creation of OpenGL 1.0 in 1992. Some benefits of using GLSL are: GLSL versions have evolved alongside specific versions of

1316-468: The calling site, and you can choose between ref and out , the latter allowing handing over an uninitialized variable which will have a definite value on return. Additionally, you can specify a variable-sized argument list by applying the params keyword to the last parameter. Certain specific kinds of methods, such as those that simply get or set a field's value by returning or assigning it, do not require an explicitly stated full signature, but in

1363-507: The design of Turbo Pascal , Embarcadero Delphi (formerly CodeGear Delphi, Inprise Delphi and Borland Delphi), and Visual J++ . In interviews and technical papers, he has stated that flaws in most major programming languages (e.g. C++ , Java , Delphi , and Smalltalk ) drove the fundamentals of the Common Language Runtime (CLR), which, in turn, drove the design of the C# language. James Gosling , who created

1410-452: The extensions: GLSL shaders can also be used with Vulkan , and are a common way of using shaders in Vulkan. GLSL shaders are precompiled before use, or at runtime, into a binary bytecode format called SPIR-V , usually using offline compiler. Vertex (computer graphics) A vertex (plural vertices ) in computer graphics is a data structure that describes certain attributes, like

1457-456: The fly from within an application, or read-in as text files, but must be sent to the driver in the form of a string. The set of APIs used to compile, link, and pass parameters to GLSL programs are specified in three OpenGL extensions, and became part of core OpenGL as of OpenGL Version 2.0. The API was expanded with geometry shaders in OpenGL 3.2, tessellation shaders in OpenGL 4.0 and compute shaders in OpenGL 4.3. These OpenGL APIs are found in

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1504-404: The general case, the definition of a class includes the full signature declaration of its methods. Like C++, and unlike Java, C# programmers must use the scope modifier keyword virtual to allow methods to be overridden by subclasses. Unlike C++, you have to explicitly specify the keyword override when doing so. This is supposed to avoid confusion between overriding and newly overloading

1551-905: The hardware level. Many of these functions are similar to those in the math library of the C programming language while others are specific to graphics programming. Most of the built-in functions and operators, can operate both on scalars and vectors (up to 4 elements), for one or both operands. Common built-in functions that are provided and are commonly used for graphics purposes are: mix , smoothstep , normalize , inversesqrt , clamp , length , distance , dot , cross , reflect , refract and vector min and max . Other functions like abs , sin , pow , etc, are provided but they can also all operate on vector quantities, i.e. pow(vec3(1.5, 2.0, 2.5), abs(vec3(0.1, -0.2, 0.3))) . GLSL supports function overloading (for both built-in functions and operators, and user-defined functions), so there might be multiple function definitions with

1598-526: The keyword delegate . Like the Qt framework's pseudo-C++ signal and slot , C# has semantics specifically surrounding publish-subscribe style events, though C# uses delegates to do so. C# offers Java-like synchronized method calls, via the attribute [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.Synchronized)] , and has support for mutually-exclusive locks via the keyword lock . C# supports classes with properties . The properties can be simple accessor functions with

1645-402: The keyword var , and implicitly typed arrays with the keyword new[] followed by a collection initializer. Its type system is split into two families: Value types, like the built-in numeric types and user-defined structs, which are automatically handed over as copies when used as parameters, and reference types, including arrays, instances of classes, and strings, which only hand over

1692-403: The keyword void if no value is returned), the name of the method, and finally, a parenthesized sequence of comma-separated parameter specifications, each consisting of a parameter's type, its formal name and optionally, a default value to be used whenever none is provided. Different from most other languages, call-by-reference parameters have to be marked both at the function definition and at

1739-475: The language is C# 13.0, which was released in 2024 in .NET 9.0. The Ecma standard lists these design goals for C#: During the development of the .NET Framework , the class libraries were originally written using a managed code compiler system named Simple Managed C (SMC). In January 1999, Anders Hejlsberg formed a team to build a new language at the time called Cool, which stood for " C-like Object Oriented Language". Microsoft had considered keeping

1786-432: The language specification does not state the code generation requirements of the compiler: that is, it does not state that a C# compiler must target a Common Language Runtime, or generate Common Intermediate Language (CIL), or generate any other specific format. Some C# compilers can also generate machine code like traditional compilers of C++ or Fortran . C# supports strongly, implicitly typed variable declarations with

1833-462: The name "Cool" as the final name of the language, but chose not to do so for trademark reasons. By the time the .NET project was publicly announced at the July 2000 Professional Developers Conference , the language had been renamed C#, and the class libraries and ASP.NET runtime had been ported to C#. Hejlsberg is C#'s principal designer and lead architect at Microsoft, and was previously involved with

1880-592: The object correctly. Most attributes of a vertex represent vectors in the space to be rendered . These vectors are typically 1 ( x ), 2 ( x, y ), or 3 ( x, y, z ) dimensional and can include a fourth homogeneous coordinate ( w ). These values are given meaning by a material description. In real-time rendering these properties are used by a vertex shader or vertex pipeline . Such attributes can include: For how vertices are processed on 3D graphics cards, see shader . C sharp (programming language) C# ( / ˌ s iː ˈ ʃ ɑːr p / see SHARP )

1927-460: The position of a point in 2D or 3D space , or multiple points on a surface . 3D models are most often represented as triangulated polyhedra forming a triangle mesh . Non-triangular surfaces can be converted to an array of triangles through tessellation . Attributes from the vertices are typically interpolated across mesh surfaces. The vertices of triangles are associated not only with spatial position but also with other values used to render

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1974-1056: The same name, having different number of parameters or parameter types. Each of them can have own independent return type. GLSL defines a subset of the C preprocessor (CPP), combined with its own special directives for specifying versions and OpenGL extensions. The parts removed from CPP are those relating to file names such as #include and __FILE__ . The GL_ARB_shading_language_include extension (implemented for example in Nvidia drivers on Windows and Linux, and all Mesa 20.0.0 drivers on Linux, FreeBSD and Android) implements ability to use #include in source code, allowing easier sharing of code and definitions between many shaders without extra manual pre-processing. Similar extension GL_GOOGLE_include_directive and GL_GOOGLE_cpp_style_line_directive exist for using GLSL with Vulkan, and are supported in reference SPIR-V compiler ( glslang aka glslangValidator). GLSL shaders are not stand-alone applications; they require an application that utilizes

2021-454: The same operators as the operators in C and C++ , with the exception of pointers . Bitwise operators were added in version 1.30. Similar to the C programming language , GLSL supports loops and branching, for instance: if-else, for, switch, etc. Recursion is forbidden and checked for during compilation. User-defined functions are supported and built-in functions are provided. The graphics card manufacturer may optimize built-in functions at

2068-473: The semantics of return types on virtual methods. Enumeration members are placed in their own scope . The C# language does not allow for global variables or functions. All methods and members must be declared within classes. Static members of public classes can substitute for global variables and functions. Local variables cannot shadow variables of the enclosing block, unlike C and C++. Metaprogramming can be achieved in several ways: A method in C#

2115-413: The type parameters: Has to be type X ( or one derived from it ), has to implement a certain interface, has to be a reference type, has to be a value type, has to implement a public parameterless constructor . Most of them can be combined, and you can specify any number of interfaces. C# has the ability to utilize LINQ through the .NET Framework. A developer can query a variety of data sources, provided

2162-429: Was first widely distributed in July 2000 and was later approved as an international standard by Ecma (ECMA-334) in 2002 and ISO / IEC (ISO/IEC 23270 and 20619 ) in 2003. Microsoft introduced C# along with .NET Framework and Visual Studio , both of which were closed-source . At the time, Microsoft had no open-source products. Four years later, in 2004, a free and open-source project called Mono began, providing

2209-429: Was then approved under ISO/IEC 23270:2006. The 23270:2006 is withdrawn under 23270:2018 and approved with this version. Microsoft first used the name C# in 1988 for a variant of the C language designed for incremental compilation. That project was not completed, and the name was later reused. The name "C sharp" was inspired by the musical notation whereby a sharp symbol indicates that the written note should be made

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