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78-608: GLW may refer to: Corning Inc. , an American technology company with stock symbol GLW Gale warning Gilawala railway station , in Pakistan Glasgow Municipal Airport , in Kentucky, United States Glavda language Green Left Weekly , an Australian socialist newspaper Guitar and Lute Workshop , a defunct American instrument maker German equivalent water level Topics referred to by

156-510: A basis of his South African Ashram, and then introduced it as a part of the Indian Swaraj movement, aiming at establishing economic interdependence at village level throughout India. With Indian independence , despite the continuing work of Vinoba Bhave in encouraging grassroots land reform , India under its first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru adopted a mixed-economy approach, mixing elements of socialism and capitalism. During

234-636: A cash transaction approximately $ 900 million. Acquisition closed during 2018; 3M Communication Market Division became part of Corning Optical Communications business unit. As of 2024 : Community development Community development is also understood as a professional discipline, and is defined by the International Association for Community Development as "a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes participative democracy, sustainable development, rights, economic opportunity, equality and social justice, through

312-453: A chemically hardened outer layer, and its manufacture incorporated an ion exchange and a "fusion process" in special furnaces that Corning built in its Christiansburg, Virginia facility. Corning developed it as an alternative to laminated windshields with the intention of becoming an automotive industry supplier. After being installed as side glass in a limited run of 1968 Plymouth Barracudas and Dodge Darts, Chemcor windshields debuted on

390-453: A commission of inquiry into the future of rural community development, examining such issues as land reform and climate change. Carnegie funded over sixty rural community-development action-research projects across the UK and Ireland and national and international communities of practice to exchange experiences. This included the International Association for Community Development (IACD). In 1999

468-399: A concern for the wider holistic development of those communities – socio-economically, environmentally, culturally and politically. By bringing together these occupational groups this created for the first time a single recognised employment-sector of nearly 300,000 full- and part-time paid staff within the UK, approximately 10% of these staff being full-time. The NTO continued to recognise

546-529: A decade, losing 30 million dollars over the previous five years. In February 2011, Corning acquired MobileAccess Networks, an Israeli company that develops Distributed antenna systems , which are often used by universities, stadiums and airports to ensure seamless wireless coverage throughout a facility. MobileAccess Networks became part of Corning's telecommunications business unit. In July 2017, Corning acquired SpiderCloud Wireless . In December 2017, Corning acquired all of 3M Communication Market Division, in

624-459: A fiber with only 4 dB/km, using germanium oxide as the core dopant . Such low attenuations made fiber optics practical for telecommunications and networking . Corning became the world's leading manufacturer of optical fiber. In 1977, considerable attention was given to Corning's Z Glass project. Z Glass was a product used in television picture tubes. Due to a number of factors, the exact nature of which are subject to dispute, this project

702-723: A full or part-time worker funded by the Department for Social Security. Dr Jim Ife, formerly of Curtin University , organised a ground-breaking text-book on community development. Community planning techniques drawing on the history of utopian movements became important in the 1920s and 1930s in East Africa , where community development proposals were seen as a way of helping local people improve their own lives with indirect assistance from colonial authorities. Mohandas K. Gandhi adopted African community development ideals as

780-403: A high-purity fused silica employed in microlithography systems, a low expansion glass utilized in the construction of reflective mirror blanks, windows for U.S. Space Shuttles , and Steuben art glass . The number of Corning facilities employing the traditional tanks of molten glass has declined over the years, but it maintains the capacity to supply bulk or finished glass of many types. Corning

858-635: A number of institutions of higher education offer community development as an area of study and research such as the University of Toronto , Leiden University , SOAS University of London , and the Balsillie School of International Affairs , among others. There are complementary definitions of community development. The United Nations defines community development broadly as "a process where community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems." and

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936-505: A part of our human condition). He considers that poverty results from the failure to satisfy a particular human need, it is not just an absence of money. Whilst human needs are limited, Max Neef shows that the ways of satisfying human needs is potentially unlimited. Satisfiers also have different characteristics: they can be violators or destroyers, pseudosatisfiers, inhibiting satisfiers, singular satisfiers, or synergic satisfiers. Max-Neef shows that certain satisfiers, promoted as satisfying

1014-502: A particular need, in fact inhibit or destroy the possibility of satisfying other needs: e.g., the arms race , while ostensibly satisfying the need for protection, in fact then destroys subsistence, participation, affection and freedom; formal democracy , which is supposed to meet the need for participation often disempowers and alienates ; commercial television , while used to satisfy the need for recreation , interferes with understanding, creativity and identity. Synergic satisfiers, on

1092-404: A range of occupational settings and levels from development roles working with communities, through to managerial and strategic community planning roles. The Community Development Challenge report, which was produced by a working party comprising leading UK organizations in the field including the (now defunct) Community Development Foundation, the (now defunct) Community Development Exchange and

1170-405: A research methodology that allows local people to share and evaluate their own life conditions, was introduced to Vietnam in the early 1990s to help reform the way that government approaches local communities and development. PRA was used as a tool for mostly outsiders to learn about the local community, which did not effect substantial change. The village/ commune development (VDP/CDP) approach

1248-447: Is also a major manufacturer of ceramic emission control devices for catalytic converters in cars and light trucks that use gasoline engines. The company is also investing in the production of ceramic emission control products for diesel engines as a result of tighter emission standards for those engines both in the U.S. and abroad. In 2007, Corning introduced an optic fiber, ClearCurve , which uses nanostructure technology to facilitate

1326-616: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Corning Inc. Corning Incorporated is an American multinational technology company that specializes in specialty glass , ceramics , and related materials and technologies including advanced optics , primarily for industrial and scientific applications. The company was named Corning Glass Works until 1989. Corning divested its consumer product lines (including CorningWare and Visions Pyroceram -based cookware, Corelle Vitrelle tableware, and Pyrex glass bakeware) in 1998 by selling

1404-500: Is engaged in research and development on green lasers , mercury abatement, microreactors , photovoltaics, and silicon on glass. Through its Life Sciences division, the company offers products to support life science research, including stem-cell culture products. In September 2019, Apple announced that it would invest $ 250 million in Corning, in an effort to develop and manufacture the glass needed for many of its products, including

1482-729: Is mainly due to the fact that NGOs in Vietnam are mostly donor-driven, urban, and elite-based organizations that employ staff with ties to the Communist Party and Central government. NGOs are also overlooked by the Vietnam Fatherland Front , an umbrella organization that reports observations directly to the Party and Central government. Since NGOs in Vietnam are not entirely non-governmental, they have been coined instead as 'VNGOs.' Most VNGOs have originated from either

1560-536: Is one of the main suppliers to Apple Inc. Since working with Steve Jobs in 2007, to develop the iPhone ; Corning develops and manufactures Gorilla Glass , which is used by many smartphone makers. It is one of the world's biggest glassmakers. Corning won the National Medal of Technology and Innovation four times for its product and process innovations. Corning continues to maintain its world headquarters at Corning, N.Y. The firm also established one of

1638-443: Is to build communities based on justice, equality and mutual respect. Community development involves changing the relationships between ordinary people and people in positions of power, so that everyone can take part in the issues that affect their lives. It starts from the principle that within any community there is a wealth of knowledge and experience which, if used in creative ways, can be channeled into collective action to achieve

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1716-782: Is understood by IACD as being to work with communities to achieve participative democracy, sustainable development, rights, economic opportunity, equality and social justice. This practice is carried out by people in different roles and contexts, including people explicitly called professional community workers (and people taking on essentially the same role but with a different job title), together with professionals in other occupations ranging from social work , adult education , youth work , health disciplines , environmental education , local economic development , to urban planning , regeneration , architecture and more who seek to apply community development values and adopt community development methods. Community development practice also encompasses

1794-677: The Labour Government established a UK-wide organisation responsible for setting professional-training standards for all education and development practitioners working within local communities. This organisation, PAULO – the National Training Organisation for Community Learning and Development, was named after Paulo Freire (1921-1997). It was formally recognised by David Blunkett , the Secretary of State for Education and Employment . Its first chair

1872-403: The (now defunct) Federation for Community Development Learning defines community development as: A set of values and practices which plays a special role in overcoming poverty and disadvantage, knitting society together at the grass roots and deepening democracy. There is a community development profession, defined by national occupational standards and a body of theory and experience going back

1950-439: The 1970 model year Javelins and AMXs built by American Motors Corporation (AMC) . As there were no mandatory safety standards for motor vehicle windshields, the larger automakers had no financial incentive to change from the cheaper existing products. Corning terminated its windshield project in 1971, after it turned out to be one of the company's "biggest and most expensive failures." However, like many Corning innovations,

2028-556: The 1970s and 1980s, community development became a part of "Integrated Rural Development", a strategy promoted by United Nations Agencies and the World Bank . Central to these policies of community development were: In the 1990s, following critiques of the mixed success of "top down" government programs, and drawing on the work of Robert Putnam , in the rediscovery of social capital , community development internationally became concerned with social capital formation. In particular

2106-971: The 1974 Housing and Community Development Act , provided a way for state and municipal governments to channel funds to CDCs and to other nonprofit organizations . National organizations such as the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation (founded in 1978 and known since 2005 as NeighborWorks America ), the Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC) (founded in 1980), and the Enterprise Foundation (founded in 1981) have built extensive networks of affiliated local nonprofit organizations to which they help provide financing for numerous physical- and social-development programs in urban and rural communities . The CDCs and similar organizations have been credited by some with starting

2184-608: The Corning Consumer Products Company subsidiary (later Corelle Brands ) to Borden . As of 2014 , Corning had five major business sectors: display technologies, environmental technologies, life sciences, optical communications, and specialty materials. Corning is involved in two joint ventures : Dow Corning and Pittsburgh Corning. The company completed the corporate spin-offs of Quest Diagnostics and Covance (now Fortrea ) in January 1997. Corning

2262-870: The Dragon Dreaming Project Management techniques have spread to 37 countries and are engaged in an estimated 3,250 projects worldwide. In the 19th century, the work of the Welsh early socialist thinker Robert Owen (1771–1851), sought to develop a more perfect community. At New Lanark and at later communities such as Oneida in the USA and the New Australia Movement in Australia, groups of people came together to create utopian or intentional communities , with mixed success. Some such communities, formed ex nihilo , contrast

2340-649: The International Association for Community Development (IACD). IACD, formed in the USA in 1953, moved to Belgium in 1978 and was restructured and relaunched in Scotland in 1999. Community development in Canada has roots in the development of co-operatives, credit unions and caisses populaires . The Antigonish Movement which started in the 1920s in Nova Scotia , through the work of Doctor Moses Coady and Father James Tompkins , has been particularly influential in

2418-534: The International Association for Community Development defines it as both a practice based profession and an academic discipline. Following the adoption of the IACD definition in 2016, the association has gone on to produce International Standards for Community Development Practice. The values and ethos that should underpin practice can be expressed as: Commitment to rights, solidarity, democracy, equality, environmental and social justice. The purpose of community development

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2496-512: The National Training Organisation (NTO) for Social Care. The Community Learning and Development NTO represented all the main employers, trades unions, professional associations and national-development agencies working in this area across the four nations of the UK. The new body used the wording "community learning and development" to acknowledge that all of these occupations worked primarily within local communities, and that this work encompassed not just providing less formal learning support but also

2574-437: The best part of a century. There are active citizens who use community development techniques on a voluntary basis, and there are also other professions and agencies which use a community development approach or some aspects of it. Community Development Exchange defines community development as: both an occupation (such as a community development worker in a local authority) and a way of working with communities. Its key purpose

2652-474: The communities' desired goals. Community development practitioners work alongside people in communities to help build relationships with key people and organizations and to identify common concerns. They create opportunities for :the community to learn new skills and, by enabling people to act together, community development practitioners help to foster social inclusion and equality. There are numerous overlapping approaches to community development. Some focus on

2730-538: The company known today as Owens Corning . Owens Corning was spun off as a separate company in 1938. The company had a history of science-based innovations following World War II and the strategy by management was research and "disruptive" and "on demand" product innovation. In 1962, Corning developed Chemcor, a new toughened automobile windshield designed to be thinner and lighter than existing windshields, which reduced danger of personal injury by shattering into small granules when smashed. This toughened glass had

2808-502: The concepts of the development of a community at a later stage. In the United States in the 1960s, the term "community development" began to complement and generally replace the idea of urban renewal , which typically focused on physical development projects - often at the expense of working-class communities. One of the earliest proponents of the term in the United States was social scientist William W. Biddle (100-1973). In

2886-741: The context of larger social institutions . Community development as a term has taken off widely in anglophone countries, i.e. the United States , United Kingdom , Australia , Canada , New Zealand , as well as other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations . It is also used in some countries in Eastern Europe with active community development associations in Hungary and Romania . The Community Development Journal , published by Oxford University Press , since 1966 has aimed to be

2964-557: The development of community development in the UK from the latter 1960s to the 1980s. This included recommending that there be a national institute or centre for community development, able to support practice and to advise government and local authorities on policy. This resulted in the forma establishment in 1991 of the Community Development Foundation. In 2004 the Carnegie UK Trust established

3042-414: The dot-com market had a major impact on the company, and Corning stock plummeted to $ 1 per share. However, as of 2007 the company had posted five straight years of improving financial performance. The turning point for Corning came when Apple approached it to develop a robust display screen for its upcoming iPhone . Later, other companies also adopted its Gorilla Glass screen. In 2011, Corning announced

3120-644: The expansion of existing facilities and the construction of a Gen 10 facility co-located with the Sharp Corporation manufacturing complex in Sakai, Osaka , Japan. The LCD glass substrate is produced without heavy metals. Corning is a leading manufacturer of the glass used in liquid crystal displays . The company continues to produce optical fiber and cable for the communications industry at its Wilmington and Concord plants in North Carolina. It

3198-480: The fifties and sixties, India ran a massive community development programme with focus on rural development activities through government support. This was later expanded in scope and was called integrated rural development scheme [IRDP]. A large number of initiatives that can come under the community development umbrella have come up in recent years. The main objective of community development in India remains to develop

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3276-415: The first industrial research labs there in 1908. It continues to expand the nearby research and development facility, as well as operations associated with catalytic converters and diesel engine filter product lines. Corning has a long history of community development and has assured community leaders that it intends to remain headquartered in its small upstate New York hometown. Corning Glass Works

3354-441: The first-ever consumer cooking products made with temperature-resistant glass, in 1915. The California Institute of Technology 's 200-inch (5.1 m) telescope mirror at Palomar Observatory was cast by Corning during 1934–1936, out of low expansion borosilicate glass. In 1932, George Ellery Hale approached Corning with the challenge of fabricating the required optic for his Palomar project. A previous effort to fabricate

3432-447: The governmental system is difficult because the Communist Party and Central government's policies on decentralization are not enforced in reality. Non-governmental organizations (NGO) in Vietnam, legalized in 1991, have claimed goals to develop civil society , which was essentially nonexistent prior to the Đổi Mới economic reforms. NGO operations in Vietnam do not exactly live up to their claimed goals to expand civil society. This

3510-463: The iPhone, Apple Watch, and iPad. Though not confirmed by either company, the investment could be used to develop new products in the future. Apple had already invested $ 200 million in Corning in 2017. In November 2024, The European Commission announced that Corning Inc. was under investigation for potential antitrust violations related to exclusive supply agreements with mobile phone manufacturers and raw glass processors, which may hinder competition in

3588-518: The influence of such educators as Paulo Freire and his focus upon this work. Other key people who have influenced this field are Saul Alinsky ( Rules for Radicals ) and E. F. Schumacher ( Small Is Beautiful ). There are a number of international organisations that support community development, for example, Oxfam , UNICEF , The Hunger Project and Freedom from Hunger, run community development programs based upon community development initiatives for relief and prevention of malnutrition. Since 2006

3666-726: The late 1960s, philanthropies such as the Ford Foundation and government officials such as Senator Robert F. Kennedy took an interest in local nonprofit organizations. A pioneer was the Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation in Brooklyn, which attempted to apply business and management skills to the social mission of uplifting low-income residents and their neighborhoods. Eventually such groups became known as " Community development corporations " or CDCs. Federal laws, beginning with

3744-414: The late 1990s during the dot-com boom, and Corning expanded its fiber operations significantly through the acquisition of telecommunications company Oak Industries and building several new plants. The company also entered the photonics market, investing heavily with the intent of becoming the leading provider of complete fiber-optic systems. Failure to succeed in photonics and the collapse in 2000 of

3822-536: The latter 1960s and 1970s. The main example of this activity, the CDP (Community Development Programme), piloted local area-based community development. This influenced a number of largely urban local authorities, in particular in Scotland with Strathclyde Region's major community-development programme (the largest at the time in Europe). The Gulbenkian Foundation was a key funder of commissions and reports which influenced

3900-459: The major forum for research and dissemination of international community development theory and practice. Community development approaches are recognised internationally. These methods and approaches have been acknowledged as significant for local social, economic, cultural, environmental and political development by such organisations as the UN, WHO, OECD, World Bank, Council of Europe and EU. There are

3978-414: The nineteen sixties and seventies through the various anti poverty programmes in both developed and developing countries, community development practitioners have been influenced by structural analyses as to the causes of disadvantage and poverty i.e. inequalities in the distribution of wealth, income, land, etc. and especially political power and the need to mobilise people power to affect social change. Thus

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4056-501: The optic from fused quartz had failed. Corning's first attempt was a failure, the cast blank having voids. Using lessons learned, Corning was successful in the casting of the second blank. After a year of cooling, during which it was almost lost to a flood, in 1935, the blank was completed. The first blank now resides in Corning's Museum of Glass. In 1935, Corning formed a partnership with bottle maker Owens-Illinois , which formed

4134-523: The organisation, education and empowerment of people within their communities, whether these be of locality, identity or interest, in urban and rural settings". Community development seeks to empower individuals and groups of people with the skills they need to effect change within their communities. These skills are often created through the formation of social groups working for a common agenda. Community developers must understand both how to work with individuals and how to affect communities' positions within

4212-418: The other hand, not only satisfy one particular need, but also lead to satisfaction in other areas: some examples are breastfeeding ; self-managed production; popular education ; democratic community organizations ; preventative medicine ; meditation; educational games. Community development in India was initiated by Government of India through Community Development Programme ( CDP ) in 1952. The focus of CDP

4290-579: The outstanding success of the work of Muhammad Yunus in Bangladesh with the Grameen Bank from its inception in 1976, has led to the attempts to spread microenterprise credit schemes around the world. Yunus saw that social problems like poverty and disease were not being solved by the market system on its own. Thus, he established a banking system which lends to the poor with very little interest, allowing them access to entrepreneurship. This work

4368-492: The participation of local people, transparency and equality, and unity within local communities. Social and economic development planning (SDEP) in Vietnam uses top-down centralized planning methods and decision-making processes which do not consider local context and local participation. The plans created by SDEP are ineffective and serve mainly for administrative purposes. Local people are not informed of these development plans. The participatory rural appraisal (PRA) approach,

4446-476: The police and health workers to planners and architects, who have been influenced by community development approaches. Amongst the earliest community development approaches were those developed in Kenya and British East Africa during the 1930s. Community development practitioners have over many years developed a range of approaches for working within local communities and in particular with disadvantaged people. Since

4524-404: The presence of participatory governance institutions supports the implementation of poverty alleviation programs by local governments. The " human scale development " work of Right Livelihood Award -winning Chilean economist Manfred Max Neef promotes the idea of development based upon fundamental human needs, which are considered to be limited, universal and invariant to all human beings (being

4602-610: The primary mirror in the Hubble Space Telescope . In 1982, Corning launched Chameleon ® Sunglasses and Serengeti ® sunglasses at retail, featuring the exclusive combination of Photochromic and Spectral Control ® technologies in the lenses. In July 2008, Corning announced the sale of Steuben Glass Works to Steuben Glass LLC, an affiliate of the private equity firm Schottenstein Stores Corporation . Steuben Glass had been unprofitable for more than

4680-643: The process that stabilized and revived seemingly hopeless inner-city areas such as the South Bronx in New York City. In the UK, community development has had two main traditions. The first was as an approach for preparing for the independence of countries from the former British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s. Domestically, community development first came into public prominence with the Labour Government's anti deprivation programmes of

4758-400: The processes, some on the outcomes/ objectives. They include: There are a myriad of job titles for community development workers and their employers include public authorities and voluntary or non-governmental organisations, funded by the state and by independent grant making bodies. Since the nineteen seventies the prefix word 'community' has also been adopted by several other occupations from

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4836-469: The range of occupations within it, for example specialists who work primarily with young people, but all agreed that they shared a core set of professional approaches to their work. In 2002 the NTO became part of a wider Sector Skills Council for lifelong learning. The UK currently hosts the only global network of practitioners and activists working towards social justice through community development approach,

4914-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title GLW . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GLW&oldid=1131022739 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

4992-845: The small radius bending found in FTTX installations. Gorilla Glass, an outgrowth of the 1960s Chemcor project, is a high-strength alkali- aluminosilicate thin sheet glass used as a protective cover glass offering scratch resistance and durability in many touchscreens. According to the book Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson, Gorilla Glass was used in the first iPhone released in 2007. On October 25, 2011, Corning unveiled Lotus Glass , an environmentally friendly and high-performance glass developed for OLED and LCD displays. Corning invests about 10% of revenue in research and development , and has allocated US$ 300 million towards further expansion of its Sullivan Park research facility near headquarters in Corning, New York. Corning Incorporated manufactures

5070-424: The specialty glass market. Corning employs roughly 61,200 people worldwide and had sales of $ 14.08 billion in 2021. The company has been listed for many years among Fortune magazine's 500 largest companies, and was ranked #297 in 2015. Although the company has long been publicly owned, James R. Houghton , great-great-grandson of the founder, served as chairman of the board of directors from 2001 to 2007. Over

5148-707: The state, hospital or university groups, or individuals not previously associated with any groups. VNGOs have not yet reached those most in need, such as the rural poor, due to the entrenched power networks' opposition to lobbying for issues such the rural poor's land rights. Authoritarianism is prevalent in nearly all Vietnamese civic organizations. Authoritarian practices are more present in inner-organizational functions than in organization leaders' worldviews. These leaders often reveal both authoritarian and libertarian values in contradiction. Representatives of Vietnam's NGO's stated that disagreements are normal, but conflicts within an organization should be avoided, demonstrating

5226-542: The subsequent expansion of community economic development work across Canada. Community development in Australia has often focussed on Aboriginal Australian communities, and during the period of the 1980s to the early 21st century funds channelled through the Community Employment Development Program, where Aboriginal people could be employed in "a work for the dole" scheme, gave the chance for non-government organisations to apply for

5304-664: The support of government organizations. Although VDP/CDP has been tested in many regions in Vietnam, it has not been fully implemented for a couple reasons. The methods applied in VDP/CDP are human resource and capacity building intensive, especially at the early stages. It also requires the local people to have an "initiative-taking" attitude. People in the remote areas where VDP/CDP has been tested have mostly passive attitudes because they already receive assistance from outsiders. There also are no sufficient monitoring practices to ensure effective plan implementation. Integrating VDP/CDP into

5382-438: The unique process to manufacture this automotive glass was resurrected and is today the basis of their very profitable LCD glass business. In the fall of 1970, the company announced that researchers Robert D. Maurer, Donald Keck, Peter C. Schultz, and Frank Zimar had demonstrated an optical fiber with a low optical attenuation of 17 dB per kilometer by doping silica glass with titanium . A few years later they produced

5460-611: The villages and to help the villagers help themselves to fight against poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, etc. The beauty of Indian model of community development lies in the homogeneity of villagers and high level of participation. Community development became a part of the Ujamaa Villages established in Tanzania by Julius Nyerere , where it had some success in assisting with the delivery of education services throughout rural areas, but has elsewhere met with mixed success. In

5538-530: The years Houghton family ownership has declined to about 2%. Wendell P. Weeks has been with the company since 1983 and as of March 2013 was chairman, chief executive officer, and president. Over its 160-year history Corning invented a process for rapid and inexpensive production of light bulbs , including developing the glass for Thomas Edison 's light bulb. Corning was the glass supplier for lightbulbs for General Electric after Edison General Electric merged with Thomson-Houston Electric Company in 1892. It

5616-572: Was Charlie McConnell, the Chief Executive of the Scottish Community Education Council , who had played a lead role in bringing together a range of occupational interests under a single national-training standards body, including community education , community development and development education. The inclusion of community development was significant as it was initially uncertain as to whether it would join

5694-413: Was an early major manufacturer of glass panels and funnels for television tubes, invented and produced Vycor (high temperature glass with high thermal shock resistance). Corning invented and produced Pyrex , CorningWare and Visions Pyroceram glass-ceramic cookware, and Corelle durable glass dinnerware. Corning manufactured the windows for US crewed space vehicles , and supplied the glass blank for

5772-575: Was considered a steep loss in profit and productivity. The following year the project made a partial recovery. This incident has been cited as a case study by the Harvard School of Business. In 1998, the kitchenware division of Corning Inc. responsible for the development of Pyrex spun off from its parent company as Corning Consumer Products Company, subsequently renamed Corelle Brands. Corning Inc. no longer manufactures or markets consumer products, only industrial ones. Company profits soared in

5850-561: Was developed as a more fitting approach than PRA to analyze local context and address the needs of rural communities. VDP/CDP participatory planning is centered around Ho Chi Minh's saying that "People know, people discuss and people supervise." VDP/CDP is often useful in Vietnam for shifting centralized management to more decentralization, helping develop local governance at the grassroots level. Local people use their knowledge to solve local issues. They create mid-term and yearly plans that help improve existing community development plans with

5928-655: Was founded in 1851 by Amory Houghton , in Somerville, Massachusetts , originally as the Bay State Glass Co. It later moved to Williamsburg, Brooklyn , and operated as the Brooklyn Flint Glass Works. The company moved again to its ultimate home and eponym, the city of Corning, New York , in 1868, under leadership of the founder's son, Amory Houghton, Jr. In 1915, Corning created an improved heat resistant glass formula and launched Pyrex,

6006-474: Was honoured by the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize . Another alternative to "top down" government programs is the participatory government institution. Participatory governance institutions are organizations which aim to facilitate the participation of citizens within larger decision making and action implementing processes in society. A case study done on municipal councils and social housing programs in Brazil found that

6084-610: Was on rural communities. But, professionally trained social workers concentrated their practice in urban areas. Thus, although the focus of community organization was rural, the major thrust of Social Work gave an urban character which gave a balance in service for the program. International organizations apply the term community in Vietnam to the local administrative unit, each with a traditional identity based on traditional, cultural, and kinship relations. Community development strategies in Vietnam aim to organize communities in ways that increase their capacities to partner with institutions,

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